湖北省水库产业经济发展与水生态保护对策

湖北省现有水库5 844座,水库水生态安全威胁主要来自水库渔业、库区种植业、林业、畜禽养殖业和水利旅游业等产业经济发展。通过对全省水库产业发展现状的调查,分析了水库产业经济发展带来的水生态问题,包括水资源污染、水生态环境破坏、水库经营管理粗放、忽视水生态保护与修复等,提出了加强污染物控制、重视水生态保护与修复、提高库区管理水平、健全法律法规体系、加强科普宣传等对策与建议。     

山后水库库区水源涵养林保护的思考

通过对山后水库库区水源涵养林状况和作用的分析,认为水源涵养林是水库水源的生态基础,在水资源安全中起着重要作用,需要加强对小型水库的库区水源涵养林进行产权界定,并探讨了在新形势下如何进行库区水源涵养林的保护,认为要建立必要的补偿机制,治水与治林相结合。     

沙埋对红砂幼苗出土和生长的影响

东圳水库是莆田市的重要水源,其水质好坏对莆田市经济社会发展具有至关重要的意义.近年来库区人为活动剧烈,库区生态系统呈退化趋势.通过野外调查和对东圳水库水质监测分析,结果表明,东圳水库水质监测主要指标均呈逐年上升的总趋势,水库水质逐渐恶化,呈"水质型缺水"现象;库区水源地大规模山地开发造成水土流失及农业非点源污染严重.人为活动剧烈及库区底泥等是影响水库水质的主要因素.提出了加大宣传力度,发展生态果园,改善生态环境,实施生态补偿机制,完善监测体系建设,加强非点源污染管理及控制的研究等综合整治措施.     

青山湖生态清洁小流域

<正>青山湖水库位于万盛经开区金桥镇,距万盛城区7 km,是一座以供水为主,兼有农业灌溉、农村人畜饮水和发电等综合利用的中型水库,坝控流域面积40.3 km~2,其中万盛境内流域面积22.8 km~2。长期以来青山湖面临严重的环境污染和水土流失,为了治理库区水土流失,改善生态环境,万盛经开区决定在库区开展生态清洁小流域建设,以水源保护为中心,以控制水土流失和治理面源污染为目标,坚持生态优先和人工治理与自然修复相结合的原则,把青山湖小流域划分为生态自然修复区、生态综合治理区和库岸生态保     

金沙江干热河谷水电站库区消落带的生态重建技术初探

针对金沙江干热河谷电站水库建成之后所形成的消落带的特点,以及存在的水土流失,水体污染,生态系统破坏等生态环境问题,提出利用香根草和工程综合技术来治理的思路。并对库区可能存在的生态环境问题、香根节特性及其在消落带可发挥的作用进行了简要介绍,初步制定出库区消落带生态治理方案,以期最终建立可持续发展的生态系统工程。     

大伙房水库库区水土保持生态服务功能价值估算研究

相对于传统强制性控制方式而言,基于生态服务功能评估的生态补偿,可以有效提升水库区域水土保持工程成本效益。以辽宁省大伙房水库库区为研究对象,依据辽宁省输水工程文件及生态保护建设现状,对基于大伙房水库库区水土保持的生态服务功能价值估算方法进行了简单的分析,提出了几点基于大伙房水库库区水土保持生态服务功能生态补偿措施。     

浅谈大中型水库上游水土保持方略

水库淤积是危及水库寿命的一大难题。解决库区泥沙淤积应从水土保持入手,绿化库区山川。将库区上游流域按自然条件,分部治理。依辽西气候条件、经济发展现状,其水土流失治理方略为:山顶部石质山薄层土区营造分水岭生态防护林带;腹部石质山中层土区宜发展腹部薪炭林、经济林带;坡脚山麓厚层土区以发展农业为主,并配套各种水土保持措施。水库边缘淤积土区是库区塌岸的主要区域,其防治方法可采取岸顶截排、岸坡防浪、坡脚防冲加固。以水土保持为基础,以绿化山区为主线,开展多种经营,实现提高环境容量,减轻上游流域生态压力;提高居民经济收入,减轻上游流域水土流失,延长水库使用寿命的目的。     

基于综合水质标识指数法的四川升钟水库富营养化研究

利用综合水质标识指数法,参照湖泊(水库)富营养化评价指标,选取总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、叶绿素(α)、透明度(D)等5项指标,对升钟水库2006—2010年水体富营养化进行评价。结果表明:综合水质指数Iwq排序为3.2312010<3.7412009<4.0422007<4.3522006<4.652200(8指数越大,水质越差);升钟水库近5年综合水质标识指数在不同的时点上具有"高—低"演化规律,总体趋向好转;2008年的指数最大,富营养化最严重,2006—2008年水质指数呈波动变化,2009年、2010年水质有所改善;综合水质标识指数Iwq随时间t变化的二次函数关系式为:Iwq=-0.137 2 t2+550.8 t-552 742;升钟水库水体氮、磷严重超标。     

重庆市水土保持科技需求及重点领域

重庆市位于三峡库区腹地,库区城镇搬迁、移民后靠安置、经济建设活动等使得人为水土流失加剧,做好其水土保持工作对三峡工程长期安全运行、长江中下游防洪与生态安全等具有重要意义。根据重庆市大城市、大农村、大库区的特点,提出水土保持科技发展的7个重点领域,包括区域土壤侵蚀环境和侵蚀类型辨识、小流域水沙规律及治理模式、生产建设项目侵蚀特征及调控技术、流域水土流失面源污染机理及调控技术、水土保持措施防蚀机理及适宜性评价、流域生态补偿机制及标准、水土流失快速调查及监测评价技术等。此外,还应密切关注基础性水土保持监测站点建设、三峡库区典型小流域治理模式探索、生产建设项目水土流失定量化分析、新技术新材料新方法推广应用等。     

三峡水库库周生态屏障建设对策研究

175m蓄水后的三峡库区,生态环境极为脆弱,为应对防护林带管护、农业面源污染防治、小流域综合治理等有关库周生态屏障建设的宏观部署提供支持,2010年6月,中国工程院启动"三峡库区生态环境保护与建设战略咨询项目",组织数十位院士和专家,深入重庆三峡库区、北京怀柔密云水库、浙江千岛湖、云南滇池、洱海等我国重要水库及周边地区进行实地考察,先后在重庆、北京、杭州、昆明等地召开"三峡库区生态环境保护与建设研究"座谈会,邀请相关管理和技术专家介绍当地在保护水库生态环境和发展当地经济的成功经验,对目前三峡库周生态屏障的现状、取得的进展、存在的问题和对策建议开展了研讨,形成的对策建议分别送国务院三峡工程建设委员会办公室、中国长江三峡集团公司、环保部和重庆市政府相关部门征求意见,项目组综合各相关单位反馈的意见和建议,提出巩固和继续加强三峡库区重点生态专项工程建设;减少库区的人口压力,实现库区人口的合理有序转移;库区生态环境建设一定要与农民的增收致富相结合;加大投入,建设库区社会主义新农村;清洁小流域建设要纳入规划,开展治理试点工作;建立监管目标考核和库区生态补偿的长效机制等6点建议,为各级政府在三峡水库库周生态屏障建设决策时提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.