硒对镉胁迫下寒地水稻镉含量与分配的影响

【目的】研究施硒对不同镉污染土壤上镉在水稻各器官中的分配及稻米中镉含量的影响,探讨通过施硒降低水稻镉吸收量及在稻米中分配的可行性。【方法】采用盆栽试验,以垦鉴稻6号为材料,研究添加不同浓度镉(0、2、4和8 mg/kg土壤)的条件下,施硒(0、0.07和0.14 mg/kg土壤)对水稻不同器官镉含量和镉分配的影响。成熟期整盆收获,分别测定叶片、叶鞘、茎秆、根系和糙米、精米镉含量、硒含量和干物重,计算镉积累量和分配比例。【结果】1)当土壤镉浓度在0 4 mg/kg时,水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米中镉含量随土壤镉浓度增高而显著增加,但当土壤中镉浓度4 mg/kg时,糙米和精米中镉含量增加不显著。未施硒(Se0)时,Cd2(4 mg/kg)和Cd3(8mg/kg)处理糙米中镉含量分别为0.221 mg/kg和0.234 mg/kg,分别是Cd0处理的15.8和16.7倍,均超过我国国家食品安全标准中稻米镉的限量(0.2 mg/kg),精米镉含量未超过国家食品安全规定的限量,Cd3处理精米中镉含量最高,为0.174 mg/kg。2)相同镉浓度下,随着硒浓度的增加,水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米的镉含量和镉积累量均显著下降,糙米和精米的镉含量均低于我国国家食品安全规定的稻米镉限量,且Se2(0.14 mg/kg)处理优于Se1(0.07 mg/kg)处理。其中Cd1(2 mg/kg)浓度时,Se2处理的精米镉含量下降幅度最大,比Se0降低31.5%(P0.01)。3)镉在各器官中的分配比例为根系茎鞘稻谷叶片。随着硒浓度的增加,镉在根系中的分配比例增加,在地上部的分配比例减少,在稻壳中的分配比例增加,在精米中的分配比例下降。在Cd1浓度时,根系镉分配比例范围为60.9%67.8%,稻谷镉分配比例为12.6%13.8%;Se2处理稻壳中镉分配比例比Se0增加5.2个百分点,而精米中镉分配比例则下降了6.2个百分点。4)相同镉浓度下,随着硒浓度的增加,植株各营养器官干物重均增加,Se2处理对干物重的影响优于Se1处理。Cd1、Cd2和Cd3浓度下,Se2处理比Se0处理稻谷干物重分别增加了6.4%(P0.01)、5.2%(P0.05)和11.3%(P0.01)。【结论】施硒可降低镉污染土壤上水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米的镉含量,并能显著降低精米中镉的分配比例,保证稻米的食用安全性,尤其在Cd加入量为2mg/kg土浓度下,施硒效果最显著,以施Se量为0.07 mg/kg处理的效果最好。     

硒对镉胁迫下寒地水稻Cd、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn含量的影响

研究了镉胁迫下施硒后水稻各器官Cd、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn含量的变化,并探讨了施硒对缓解镉胁迫下水稻养分吸收的可行性。采用人工模拟镉胁迫的盆栽试验方法,研究不同镉浓度(0,2,4,8mg/kg土壤)下,施硒(0,0.07,0.14mg/kg土壤)对水稻不同器官Cd、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn含量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着土壤镉浓度的增加,水稻各器官镉含量均增加,不同器官镉含量表现为根系茎鞘叶片精米。(2)相同镉浓度下,随着硒浓度的增加,各器官中镉含量下降,Se2(0.14 mg/kg)优于Se1(0.07 mg/kg)处理。Cd1(2mg/kg)浓度时,Se2处理精米镉含量比Se0降低31.5%(P0.01)。(3)镉胁迫下,施硒对水稻各器官中Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn含量影响不同。相同镉浓度下,随着硒浓度的增加,叶片Zn含量下降,Fe含量增加;茎鞘Zn、Fe含量下降,而Cu含量增加;根系Zn、Cu含量下降,而Fe、Mn含量增加;精米Zn、Mn、Cu、Fe含量增加。其中Cd2(4mg/kg)浓度时,与Se0处理相比,Se2处理茎鞘Zn含量降低了36.2%;叶片和根系Fe含量增加了15.4%和11.4%;精米Zn、Mn、Cu、Fe显著含量增加,分别增加了43.3%,15.8%,52.6%,20.5%(P0.01)。施硒能显著降低镉胁迫下寒地水稻镉含量,Cd1浓度下,施硒后精米镉含量下降幅度最大;镉胁迫下施硒影响水稻对Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn的吸收,尤其Cd2浓度下,施硒对精米Zn、Mn、Cu、Fe含量影响较大,Se2处理效果最佳。     

外源褪黑素对养分胁迫下苹果砧木幼苗氮代谢相关酶活性及基因表达的影响

【目的】探究外源褪黑素对养分胁迫下苹果砧木幼苗内源褪黑素合成、氮代谢关键酶活性及氮代谢和氮转运相关基因表达的影响。【方法】水培试验材料为7～8片叶的平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)幼苗。幼苗在1/2 Hoagland营养液中生长12天，然后分为两组，一组营养液中添加褪黑素(0.1μmol/L)，一组不添加作为对照。第15天时，两组幼苗的营养液浓度又分为1/2和1/20 Hoagland营养液两个养分水平，形成4个处理：1/2 Hoagland营养液(CK)、1/2 Hoagland营养液+0.1μmol/L褪黑素(MCK)、1/20 Hoagland营养液(ST)、1/20Hoagland营养液+0.1μmol/L褪黑素(MST)。第35天时(处理20天)，取平邑甜茶幼苗叶片和根系样品，测定褪黑素含量、氮代谢相关酶活性、褪黑素合成关键酶和氮转运代谢相关基因的相对表达量。【结果】与CK相比，养分胁迫(ST)上调了平邑甜茶幼苗叶片中褪黑素合成相关基因MdTDC、MdT5H、MdAANAT和MdASMT的表达，显著增加了内源褪黑素含量，降低了幼苗叶片及根中的硝酸还原酶...     

土壤镉污染条件下叶面硒肥对生菜镉积累的影响

为探讨叶面硒肥对生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)镉胁迫的改善作用,通过盆栽试验,设置2个镉污染浓度(1 mg/kg,Cd1;3 mg/kg,Cd3)和3个叶面硒肥浓度(0 mg/L,Se0;1 mg/L,Se1;3 mg/L,Se3),研究了不同浓度叶面硒肥对生菜镉积累的影响。结果表明:①叶面硒肥的喷施可不同程度降低生菜对镉的吸收积累,较之Cd1+Se0处理,Cd1+Se1处理可显著降低生菜叶镉含量,降幅为26.29%;较之Cd3+Se0处理,Cd3+Se3处理下生菜叶镉含量显著降低49.05%。②喷施适宜浓度的叶面硒肥可不同程度提升生菜过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,Cd1+Se1处理下,生菜的CAT、SOD活性分别显著高于Cd1+Se0处理40.38%、68.71%,而MDA含量则显著降低44.48%;Cd3+Se3处理下,生菜的CAT、SOD活性较Cd3+Se0处理分别显著提升77.48%、51.70%,而MDA含量则显著降低48.90%。因此,喷施适量的叶面硒肥可明显提升生菜抗逆特性,进而有效阻控生菜对镉的吸收,其中土壤镉含量为1 mg/kg(Cd1)时,叶面硒肥喷施浓度以 1 mg/L效果最佳,土壤镉含量为3 mg/kg(Cd3)时,叶面硒肥喷施浓度以 3 mg/L效果为最优。     

硅提高旱稻生理功能和硒耐受性的机理

【目的】研究硅酸钠与亚硒酸钠对旱稻叶片表面硅化细胞结构及其体内抗氧化物质的影响,为干旱地区富硒旱稻高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验在新疆石河子进行,设置基施硒肥0、7.2 kg/hm² (Se0、Se)两个硒水平,基施硅肥0、250、500 kg/hm² (Si0、Si250、Si500) 3个硅水平,共计6个处理,供试硅肥和硒肥为分析纯硅酸钠和亚硒酸钠。在旱稻分蘖、孕穗、齐穗和灌浆中期,取叶片样品和根系样品测定丙二醛含量、抗氧化保护酶活性及叶片叶绿素(SPAD值)含量,齐穗期测定叶片中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和非酶类抗氧化物质含量,并观察叶片表面微观结构,成熟期测定旱稻稻米硒含量、产量和品质等指标,以明确施硅对旱稻生理特性、硒吸收及品质的影响。【结果】与Se0-Si0相比,施硅后水稻叶片表面松散的硅化细胞排列更加整齐均匀,形成梯状硅质体,提高了机械强度;施硅显著增加了旱稻叶片气孔开度和叶绿素含量,以Se0-Si500处理叶绿素含量最高,各生育期较Se0-Si0增加10.9%～16.9%;施硅提高了旱稻抗氧化能力,Se0-Si500处理各生...     

不同价态硒缓解小油菜镉胁迫的生理机制

【目的】 硒有利于提高植物对环境胁迫的抗性,缓解植物受到的非生物胁迫。研究不同价态硒对小油菜缓解重金属镉胁迫的影响,可为治理农田土壤重金属镉污染提供参考。 【方法】 采用盆栽试验,选取三种价态硒,分别为硒代甲硫氨酸 Se (–2)、亚硒酸钠 Se (+4) 和硒酸钠 Se (+6),硒浓度均为 1 mg/kg,设置镉胁迫浓度 0、低浓度镉 (2 mg/kg) 和高浓度镉 (5 mg/kg),共计 12 个处理,采用原子吸收光谱法测定植物的镉含量,分析调查了对小油菜生长及生理特性的影响。 【结果】 未加外源镉时,与对照 (CK₀) 相比,各价态 Se 均能显著促进小油菜生长,且 Se (–2) 处理对小油菜生物量、株高、根长的促进效果优于无机硒 Se (+4) 和 Se (+6) 处理;低浓度镉胁迫下,与对照 (CK₂) 相比,经 Se (–2) 和 Se (+4) 处理后,小油菜地上部镉含量分别降低 13% 和 5%,而 Se (+6) 处理却增加了 25%;在高镉胁迫下,与对照 (CK₅) 相比,经 Se (–2) 和 Se (+4) 处理后,小油菜根部及地上部镉含量降幅可达 13%～41%,而 Se (+6) 处理后,小油菜根部及地上部镉含量分别增加了 38% 和 17%。当存在镉胁迫时,施用 Se (–2) 和 Se (+4) 处理可有效提高植物体内超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (POD) 和过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 等酶的活性,增加小油菜叶片内抗坏血酸 (AsA) 和还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 的含量,但Se (+6) 降低了其抗氧化酶的活性,减少了小油菜叶片中 AsA、GSH 的含量。 【结论】 在镉胁迫下,Se (–2) 在促进小油菜生长、抑制镉在小油菜体内的积累及增强小油菜生理特性方面的作用均优于 Se (+4) 和 Se (+6)。因此,Se (–2) 处理最能有效缓解小油菜镉胁迫,Se (+4) 次之,Se (+6) 却增加了镉对小油菜的胁迫作用。      

镉安全水稻材料根系细胞壁果胶对镉的响应特征

【目的】研究镉(Cd)处理下水稻根系细胞壁果胶对Cd胁迫的响应,进一步深化Cd安全水稻材料根系细胞壁Cd的固持机制。【方法】以Cd安全水稻材料D62B为研究对象,普通材料Luhui17为对照进行水培试验。设4个Cd质量浓度处理：0 mg/L (CK)、0.5 mg/L (Cd0.5)、1.0 mg/L (Cd1)、2.0 mg/L (Cd2)。在水稻分蘖期采集根系样品,分析细胞壁多糖中果胶、半纤维1、半纤维2以及残渣部分的Cd含量,测定果胶糖醛酸含量、果胶酯化度、果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性、根系过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量以及细胞壁过氧化物酶(POD)活性,进而分析根系细胞壁果胶对Cd的响应特征。【结果】1) Cd胁迫下,D62B和Luhui17根系细胞壁果胶合成增加,根系细胞壁低酯化和高酯化果胶糖醛酸含量均表现为D62B高于Luhui17。Cd处理下D62B根系细胞壁低酯化和高酯化果胶糖醛酸含量较对照分别增加了13.21%～71.82%和22.10%～64.27%,Luhui17分别增加了24.14%～137.86%和13.12%～41.26%。...     

施硅对镉胁迫下生育前期水稻生长及其植株体内抗氧化酶活性的影响

【目的】探究在北方水稻土中施硅对镉胁迫下水稻生长、光合特性以及抗氧化系统的影响，为进一步应用硅缓解水稻镉毒害提供理论依据。【方法】通过盆栽试验方法，研究在不同浓度镉添加水平(0、1、3、5 mg kg^-1)下，施加不同浓度的硅(0、100、300、500 mg kg^-1)对生育前期(至分蘖期)水稻生长、叶片光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响。【结果】不同浓度镉胁迫均显著降低了水稻株高、根长和生物量(地上部和根部鲜重)，增加了水稻茎叶中镉含量，降低了水稻叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、胞间CO2和蒸腾速率。施镉量为3和5 mg kg^-1时，水稻叶片气孔导度显著下降。镉胁迫下，施硅增加了水稻叶片叶绿素含量，降低了水稻茎叶中镉含量，改善了水稻叶片光合特性；水稻的株高、根长和生物量也随着硅的施入而得到提高。对于抗氧化系统来说，与空白对照(Si0Cd0)相比，施镉量为3和5 mg kg^-1时，水稻叶片超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著降低、降幅达16.9%、26.3%和9.3%、15.7%，而过氧化物酶活性显著提高、提高...     

钼对苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗硝态氮吸收、转化及分配的影响

【目的】氮肥利用率低是制约果树产业可持续发展的重要因素之一。过量施用氮肥以及不当的农业措施造成当前多数苹果果园发生不同程度的土壤酸化,而钼在酸性土壤中有效含量的降低会影响氮素吸收利用效率。本试验旨在探索能提高氮肥吸收利用效率的适宜钼用量,了解钼对苹果砧木平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)幼苗硝态氮吸收、转化和分配利用特性的影响,为苹果生产中钼肥与氮肥的合理施用提供科学数据。【方法】以平邑甜茶幼苗为试验材料,采用全硝态氮霍格兰营养液进行培养。试验设置5个供钼水平:营养液不含钼(CK);营养液含0.25μmol/L钼酸(M1);营养液含0.5μmol/L钼酸(M2);营养液含1.5μmol/L钼酸(M3);叶片喷0.04%钼酸,营养液不含钼(M4)。运用15N同位素示踪技术,研究不同供钼水平对幼苗15N吸收量、全氮量、分配率和利用率的影响,同时测定钼对不同时期幼苗叶片和根系硝酸还原酶活性的影响。【结果】供钼处理幼苗的根系活力不同程度地高于不施钼处理(对照),其中营养液含0.5μmol/L钼酸的处理(M2)效果最佳。培养8 d内M2处理的平邑甜茶幼苗的根系硝酸还原酶活性一直高于其他处理,且与对照差异显著;培养4 d时各种处理的叶片硝酸还原酶活性上升至最高值,随后下降,8 d后又出现上升和下降的趋势,但上升幅度明显小于培养4 d。M1、M2、M3和M4处理的植株总干重分别比CK提高3.88%、21.12%、12.38%和19.90%。与对照相比,0.5μmol/L钼酸处理幼苗的15N吸收量增加的比例最大,全氮量表现出相同的趋势。供钼处理的氮肥利用率均明显高于对照,其中以0.5μmol/L钼酸处理的效果最显著,利用率为13.97%,比对照高48.92%。施钼处理对幼苗的15N分配率有一定的影响,0.5μmol/L钼酸处理(M2)和叶片喷施0.04%钼酸处理(M4)的茎和叶片的15N分配率明显高于对照,对照根系中15N分配率最高。0.5μmol/L钼酸处理叶片、茎和根的Ndff均达到最高,分别为对照同一部位的1.59倍、1.56倍和1.33倍。以上结果表明适量供钼可促进幼苗对肥料15N的吸收征调利用。【结论】供钼可以提高苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量、根系活力、15N吸收量、全氮量和15N利用率,其中经过0.5μmol/L钼酸处理(M2),其对平邑甜茶幼苗生长及硝态氮吸收、转化和分配利用的影响最显著。     

不同基因型冬小麦镉累积差异及其与根系形态的关系

为了探讨不同冬小麦品种对镉吸收的差异性及其与根系形态的关系,利用水培试验研究不同浓度Cd处理下籽粒镉含量较高的新麦9817(XM)和籽粒镉含量较低的洛优9909(LY)2个小麦品种吸收、累积镉的差异及其根系形态变化特征。结果表明:同一镉浓度下,LY的生物量高于XM,且单株镉累积量高于XM,其对镉胁迫有更好的适应性。中高浓度镉(50,100μmol/L)处理下,LY根系中Cd含量高于XM,而Cd迁移系数低于XM。植株体内镉迁移系数低是造成小麦籽粒中Cd含量低的主要原因。低浓度镉(10μmol/L)胁迫对LY的粗根系的根长、根表面积、根体积有促进作用,XM则表现为抑制作用。中高浓度镉(50,100μmol/L)处理,对XM和LY根系均为抑制作用。XM植株体内镉累积量与根系总根长、根系表面积、根体积的相关系数分别为-0.868,-0.864,-0.838,均为极显著负相关;LY镉累积量与根系总长根系总根长、根系表面积、根体积均为极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.936,-0.933,-0.875。根系直径与镉累积量不存在相关关系。     

Relative toxicity of cadmium,lead, and zinc on barley

Abstract

The relative toxicity of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) on the growth performance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was measured. Lead and Zn resulted in an increase in dry matter production at the lower additions. All the Cd and the higher Pb and Zn additions resulted in significant decreases in growth over the controls, the roots showing a greater decrease in dry matter accumulation than did shoots. Roots accumulated higher amounts of Cd, Pb, and Zn in direct proportion to that soil‐applied. A significant inverse relationship between relative yield and tissue element concentration was observed. Toxicity occurred in the following order: Cd > Pb > Zn. Threshold concentration, critical tissue concentrations, and loading rates to produce a 10% yield reduction were also calculated. Our study indicates the possibility of estimating barley yield based on plant tissue Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations.     

植物对重金属镉的吸收转运和累积机制

Cd是土壤污染的主要因素之一,痕量的Cd2 不仅对植物生长有毒害作用,同时对人体健康产生极大的危害.研究植物如何从土壤中吸收Cd2 ,并在整个植物体内运输和积累的机理,对开发植物修复技术及生态环境的恢复具有重要意义.近年研究表明:土壤微环境影响植物对Cd2 的吸收;植物根细胞壁通过选择性吸收可以吸附和固定土壤中的Cd2 ,其中大部分Cd2 被截留在细胞壁中,其余的则通过协助扩散或主动运输等方式透过细胞膜进入根细胞中;在根细胞中Cd部分累积在液泡中,部分则通过木质部运输到地上部分;茎叶部的大部分Cd2 通过络合作用被固定在液泡中,少量被截留在细胞壁和细胞质中.在植物结实期,Cd通过韧皮部进入籽实中,而籽粒中的Cd几乎不能运输到其他部分,主要通过食物链进入动物和人体中.本文综述了植物对Cd的吸收和运输机制方面的研究进展.     

Speciation of cadmium,copper, lead,and zinc in contaminated soils

Abstract

To investigate the activity of free cadmium (Cd²⁺), copper (Cu²⁺), lead (Pb²⁺), and zinc (Zn²⁺) ions and analyze their dependence on pH and other soil properties, ten contaminated soils were sampled and analyzed for total contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn (Cd_T, Cu_T, Pb_T, and Zn_T, respectively), 0.43 MHNO₃‐extractable Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn (Cd_N, Cu_N, Pb_N, and Zn_N, respectively), pH, dissolved organic matter (DOC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), ammonium oxalate extractable aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe), and dissolved calcium [Ca²⁺]. The activity of free Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions in soil solutions was determined using Donnan equilibrium/graphite furnace atomic absorption (DE/GFAA). The solubility of Cd in soils varied from 0.16 to 0.94 μg L^‐1, Cu from 3.43 to 7.42 μg L^‐1, Pb from 1.23 to 5.8 μg L^‐1, and Zn from 24.5 to 34.3 μg L^‐. In saturation soil extracts, the activity of free Cd²⁺ ions constituted 42 to 82% of the dissolved fraction, for Cu²⁺the range was 0.1 to 7.8%, for Pb²⁺ 0.1 to 5.1% and for Zn²⁺2 to 72%. The principal species of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the soil solution is free metal ions and hydrolyzed ions. Soil pH displayed a pronounced effect on the activity of free Cd²⁺, Cu^2t, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions.     

Effect of cadmium,copper, and zinc on the growth of blackgram

Blackgram (Vigna mungo, L.) growth was measured in a glasshouse earthen‐pot experiment. Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were applied in different concentrations to the soil. The plant and soil samples were analysed 45 days after sowing using ICP‐AES. The dry matter yield of tissue showed highly significant reduction (at the 1% level) for Cd and Cu, and nonsignificant variation for Zn. This shows that phytotoxicity for Cd and Cu was greater than that for Zn. Further, the observed higher correlation coefficients suggest that the concentration of the elements in tissue is linearly related to that applied to the soil.     

Plant availability of lead,cadmium, and boron in amended coal ash

Reclamation and revegetation of coal combustion products (ash) are often complicated by high concentrations of metals. The effects of manure and soil additions on the extractability and plant availability of Pb, Cd, and B were examined in ash reclamation plots located in eastern Kansas. Concentrations extracted from the ash by ammonium bicarbonate DTPA were strongly affected by ash type and amendment, but were unaffected by crops. Plant uptake was affected by ash type and plant species and, to a smaller extent, by amendment. Extractable and plant concentrations were very high in some of the material, which was consistent with observed toxicity symptoms. Plant concentrations showed strong, positive correlations with extractable for Cd and B (r values 0.7 to 0.9), but plant Pb was negatively correlated with extractable concentrations (r = –0.66). Correlations were similar for plant uptake vs extractable for Cd and Pb but were much poorer for B.     

Effects of cadmium,nickel, copper,and zinc on nitrogen fixation by soybeans

With analogy to the nitric anion, aqueous NO₂ ^? codissolved with chloride is found to promote photochlorination of some reactive organic compounds in contact with those solutions. Both overall patterns of the process and the quantum yields of this chlorine transfer into the organic phase, are found to be very similar to the patterns and yields of reactions which involved nitrates and were carried out under artificial illumination. With further analogy to those photoreactions of nitrate-chloride systems, the overall kinetics outlined in the laboratory for systems comprising nitrites are also followed, with higher quantum yields, under sunlight illumination.     

Effect of cadmium contamination with sewage sludge and phosphate fertiliser amendments on soil enzyme activities, microbial structure and available cadmium

The effect of Cd pollution (50 mg kg^-1), with and without sewage sludge (Sw) and PO₄^3- fertiliser (P) addition, on soil biochemical activity and available Cd was assessed in a 112-day soil incubation experiment. The availability of Cd decreased with incubation time and was reduced by the Sw and P additions resulting in the following order of treatments: Cd>P+Cd>Sw+Cd. With the exception of urease and N-acetylglucosaminidase activities, all enzyme activities were negatively correlated with available Cd. The total culturable bacterial population was significantly higher with the addition of Sw alone than in the control during the incubation period (P<0.05). The number of fluorescent pseudomonads decreased with time, but was significantly increased by the addition of Sw. The total fungal populations decreased with time in all treatments, whilst the addition of Sw and PO₄^3- fertilisers relatively increased the fungal population. Addition of Sw in the presence of Cd increased the fungal populations in relation to the addition of Cd alone. The results support the view that Cd contamination has a large detrimental effect on nutrient cycling and microbial activity and that the effects of Cd are reduced by P and Sw additions.     

Extractors for barium,cadmium, copper,nickel, and zinc in tropical soils

ABSTRACT

The accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the soil can pose risks to human health, and precise risk assessment dealing with the production and consumption of plants is required. The 0.43 M of nitric acid (HNO?) solution was suggested by the International Organization for Standardization for reactive fraction of PTEs in the soil. The efficiency of some extractors was evaluated in tropical soils. Contents of barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) were extracted in accordance with the methods of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 3051A, Aqua Regia, Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, 0.43 M HNO? and 0.01 M of calcium chloride (CaCl?), and these contents correlated with the contents of PTEs in roots, shoots, and fruits of vegetables. Mehlich-3 had the highest correlation with Ni and Zn contents extracted by the plants. Contents extracted with 0.43 M HNO? had high correlation with the amounts extracted by DTPA and Mehlich-3, as well as with the amounts of PTEs accumulated by plants.     

Common hydrophytes as bioindicators of nickel,chromium and cadmium pollution

Twelve Mediterranean hydrophyte species collected inLebanon were evaluated for their potential asbioindicator species for heavy metal pollution innutrient cultures enriched with 1 ppm Cr, Ni and Cd.These were: Nasturtium officinale R.Br, Apium nodiflorum L., Veronica beccabunga L., Veronica anagallis aquatica L., Veronicalysimachioides L., Veronica anagalloides L., Mentha longifolia L., Mentha aquatica L., Mentha pulegium L., Potentilla reptansL., Mentha sylvestris L., and Cardamine uliginosa L.. Large variability in responseto exposure to the heavy metals was observed. Growthrates remained high during the experimental period,indicating that the plants were little affected by thepresence of the metal at the experimentalconcentration. Metal accumulation and bioconcentrationvaried within at least one order of magnitude, andranged from less than 10 to over 200. Cr waspreferentially accumulated in the roots. All speciesbut M. pulegium, P. reptans and V. anagallisaquatica accumulated and bioconcentrated sufficientCr to qualify as bioindicator species. Five of thespecies that accumulated Cr also accumulated Ni, withthe same partitioning into the root. These were: N. officinale, C. uliginosa sp., M. longifolia, M. aquatica and M. sylvestris, all of which mayalso be used as bioindicators of Ni pollution. Onlyone species, M. aquatica, accumulated Cdsignificantly, and may, therefore, be used as abioindicator for all three metals.     

Effect of soil application of cadmium contaminated lime on soil cadmium distribution and cadmium concentration in strawberry leaves and fruit

Heavy metal environmental pollution which occurs as a result of lime contaminated with cadmium (Cd) poses a potential health hazard. This investigation was undertaken to study uptake of Cd by strawberry plants grown in soil amended with three different sources and two different rates of industry waste lime containing 3.4, 14.3, and 60.0 mg Cd/kg, respectively. The effects of Cd applied to the soil were investigated, including its distribution in the soil and effect on Cd concentration in strawberry cv. Senga Sengana (Fragaria anassa) leaves and fruit in response to soil organic matter content and lime rates. Cadmium accumulated mainly in the plough layer, increasing from 0.170 mg Cd/kg (background level) to a maximum of 1.2 mg Cd/kg. Fruit had very high, hazardous Cd concentrations regardless of its content in the soil. This indicates that Cd was easily taken up by strawberry plants and accumulated in upper plant parts, including the fruit. Soil Cd content had no effect on concentration of this element in strawberry fruit. However, plant Cd uptake and fruit concentration was increased in acid soils even when soil Cd concentration was low.