长臂网作业的渔船改装和渔捞操作

长臂拖网亦称双臂架拖网(Double rig trawl)，即一船两网作业。和众所周知的桁拖、舷拖、尾拖、双沲一样，是底拖网作业的基本型式之一。这种作业在世界许多地区流行，常用于捕捞贴底栖息的虾类和底层鱼。其渔具渔法有一定的独到之处，生产效果较好，尤其在捕虾和鳎鱼时，效果优于其它拖网作业方式。使用这种作业船长应有较高的技术，并要求海底基本平坦、海面风浪不大。     

烟威渔场底栖动物拖网技术改进研究

调查了烟威渔场主要底栖动物种类及使用拖网进行捕捞情况，分析了４０马力渔船所用２种拖网的结构、性能、渔捞效果，对１００－１８５马力渔船的传统拖网提出了采用双底纲、低口长袖、单拖作业等技术改进方向。     

海南岛近岸春秋季游泳动物多样性分析

根据2017年4月和9月在海南岛近岸海域进行的2个航次底拖网调查资料,分析该海域游泳动物的种类组成和群落特征。结果表明:海南岛近岸海域共采集到游泳动物215种,隶属于23目97科153属,春季和秋季的渔业资源生物量均值分别为751.61 kg/km~2和1 426.03 kg/km~2。以生物量为单位计算生物群落多样性,Shannon-Wiener种类多样性指数H′的春季和秋季平均值分别为3.44和3.63;Margalef种类丰富度指数D的春季和秋季平均值为4.38和5.29;Pielou种类均匀度指数J的春季和秋季平均值分别为0.68和0.69,生物多样性处于较好水平。优势种有日本发光鲷(Acropoma japonicum)、竹筴鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、口虾蛄(Squilla oratoria)和银光梭子蟹(Portunus argentatus)。春季优势种呈现出小型化和低质化状态,秋季主要种类中经济种类比例有所提高。根据ABC曲线和W值结果显示,游泳动物群落处于严重干扰状态,群落结构稳定性较差。     

春、秋季东海大桥海上风电场水域大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为探明工程建设后东海大桥风电场水域大型底栖动物群落结构特征,利用底层拖网资料和环境调查数据,采用相对重要性指数、等级聚类、多元统计等方法对该水域大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系进行分析。春、秋季共发现17种大型底栖动物种类,隶属5目10科14属,十足目占绝对优势,其比率为76.5%,其中以长臂虾科和梭子蟹科占优,比率分别为29.4%和17.6%。春季优势种为葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravieri)、三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)和安氏白虾(Exopalaemon annandalei),秋季优势种为安氏白虾和葛氏长臂虾,春、秋季对底栖动物资源量贡献最大的种类不同。春、秋季底栖动物Margalef丰富度指数(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J')和Shannon多样性指数(H')平均值分别为1.05、0.47和0.83,多样性指数季节间变异不显著。等级聚类(CLUSTER)和非度量多维标序排序(NMDS)表明,东海大桥风电场水域大型底栖动物群落可分为春季和秋季2个组群,单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)表明2个组群差异极显著(R=0.954,P0.01)。冗余分析(RDA)表明,温度和盐度是影响东海大桥风电场水域大型底栖动物群落结构变异的最主要环境因子,其季节变异主要体现在繁殖群体的季节演替上。东海大桥风电场水域是安氏白虾、葛氏长臂虾和三疣梭子蟹等重要渔业资源的栖息地和繁殖场所,群落结构的变异与底栖动物的繁殖生态习性密切相关,具有典型的季节特征。     

福建底拖网捕捞能力的分析

根据2002年福建闽南地区双船底拖网和单船底拖网的生产调查及全省渔业统计，结合相关的渔捞记录，应用DEA法，分析了福建各地，市底拖网的捕捞能力和闽南地区不同作业方式捕捞能力及其影响因素，并与单位捕捞努力量渔获量计算进行比较。结果表明：福建各地、市实际拥有底拖网的渔船数量、功率和吨位可能达到的最大产出量的“能力利用度”差异悬殊，1999年和2001年最低的仅为19．4％、19．9％；全省底拖网平均“能力利用度”偏低，1999年和2001年分别为64．3％、67．5％，全省底拖网作业仍然存在渔船的投人数量过多、功率和吨位偏大的问题；因捕捞方式不同，影响捕捞能力的因子有所不同，但投入功率和作业天数都是影响双船底拖网和单船底拖网捕捞能力的主要因素；在考虑将单位捕捞努力量渔获量数据转换为“能力利用度”时，其前提条件是计算采用的因子必须一致。但单位捕捞努力量渔获量在考虑计算投入因子的数量上有很大的局限性，采用DEA法可获得各种投入要素下捕捞能力变化的信息，结果比较符合客观实际。     

莱州湾东部海域底层游泳动物群落结构特征及其季节变化

为了解莱州湾东部海域底层游泳动物的群落结构特征及季节变化规律,基于2020—2021年在该海域开展的秋季和冬季底拖网调查结果,利用物种相似性指数(J)、相对重要性指数(IRI)、聚类分析(Cluster)、非度量多维标度分析(nMDS)、生态位宽度和重叠度指数以及食物网拓扑结构网络分析等方法,探究了该水域内底层游泳动物的群落结构特征及其季节变化趋势。结果显示,秋季、冬季分别捕获底层游泳动物47种、40种,秋季优势种包括短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyeri)、口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)、矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)、鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)、日本枪乌贼(Loligo japonica)和三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)6种,冬季优势种包括矛尾虾虎鱼、绯(Callionymus beniteguri)和日本褐虾(Crangon hakodatei)3种,底层游泳动物种类组成和优势种季节更替较为明显;底层游泳动物群落分组在相似性49%的基础上极为显著(...     

北京密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其时空变化

为了研究南水北调中线调水工程运行对密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其生物多样性的影响,2014-2016年在密云水库设置了7个采样点每月采样1次(冰封期除外),进行底栖动物调查,分析了底栖动物群落结构、密度、生物量、优势种及其生物指数变化。结果显示,调查期间共检出底栖动物17种,其中摇蚊幼虫12种,环节动物5种。底栖动物平均密度为455.0个/m~2,平均生物量为2.70g/m~2,其中优势种为红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerus akamusi)和克拉泊水丝蚓(Limnodrilus claparedianus)。底栖动物群落呈现出明显的时空变化,11月密度和生物量达最大值,分别为808.9个/m~2、6.94g/m~2;8月出现最小值,分别为180.4个/m~2、0.72g/m~2。水平分布上,水库中心底栖动物密度和生物量达最大值,分别为916.7个/m~2、6.08g/m~2;白河坝为最小值,分别为307.1个/m~2、0.70g/m~2。底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数均在4月达最大值,分别为1.43、1.13、1.14;9月出现最小值,分别为0.38、0.27、0.31;3项指数在潮河口达最大值,分别为1.08、0.64、1.01,在潮河坝、白河坝指数相对较低。同时分析了随着密云水库水深增加,底栖动物群落的结构变化。研究表明,受调水的影响,目前密云水库底栖动物群落结构不稳定,处于重构期。     

日本以西底拖网渔业的现状及动向

一、日本以西底拖网渔业的现状 日本以西底拖网渔业至今已有50多年的历史。1920年前后，岛根县的渔船开始在长崎县五岛列岛近海进行对拖作业，这就是以西底拖渔业的开端。之后，渔场逐步向外海扩展，发展到东海和黄海。现在日本所称的以西底拖网渔业，系指东经128度30分以西、以东黄海为渔场的机轮底拖网渔业。最大的基地是九州西部的长崎。     

秋季红旗泡水库及周边水域底栖动物群落结构研究

2013年9月调查了红旗泡水库及周边水域底栖动物群落结构,鉴定出底栖动物19种,隶属于3门、7目、12科,其中软体动物门10种,占总物种数的52.63%;环节动物门4种,占总物种数的21.05%;节肢动物门5种,占总物种数的26.32%。红旗泡水库的底栖动物优势种为截口土蜗Galba truncatula及斯蒂齿斑摇蚊Stictochironomus sticticus,而红旗泡水库周边水域底栖动物优势种为椭圆萝卜螺Radix swinhoei、划蝽Sigra distanei及霍甫水丝蚓Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri。秋季红旗泡水库及周边水域底栖动物的密度分别为(150.4±152.88)ind·m-2和(229.33±192.89)ind·m-2。红旗泡水库的Magalef丰富度指数、Shannon-wiener多样性指数及Simpson多样性指数均低于周边水域,而Pielou均匀度指数高于周边水域,说明红旗泡水库的底栖动物生物多样性低于周边水域,但均匀度较高。红旗泡水库底栖动物功能摄食群主要是杂食者,而周边水域主要是捕食者。     

珠江口万山群岛海域春季渔业资源群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

万山群岛海域是我国传统渔场之一, 但目前对于该海域的渔业资源状况缺乏深入了解, 特别是岩礁性渔业资源数据非常缺乏。本研究于 2021 年春季在该海域开展了底拖网和三重刺网作业调查, 对渔业资源群落组成、优势种及数量分布、生物多样性进行了分析, 结果显示: 调查共鉴定出渔业生物 220 种(三重刺网 187 种, 底拖网 52 种), 隶属于 15 目 72 科 137 属, 其中, 鱼类和甲壳类分别为 176 种和 38 种, 分别占总种类数的 80.0%和 17.3%; 相对重要性指数(IRI)分析表明(IRI≥1000 为优势种), 三重刺网调查优势种为云斑海猪鱼(Halichoeres nigrescens)和黄斑蓝子鱼 (Siganus canaliculatus), 而底拖网调查优势种为竹筴鱼 (Trachurus japonicus)、短吻鲾 (Leiognathus brevirostris)和赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis); 三重刺网与底拖网作业渔获的 Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数(H'')平均值分别为 2.50 和 1.35, Margalef 丰富度指数(D)平均值分别为 5.85 和 2.52, Peilou 均匀度指数(J'')平均值分别为 0.77 和 0.54; 渔业资源群落特征与水温和硅酸盐浓度呈不同程度的正相关性。总体而言, 万山群岛三重刺网调查发现的渔业资源种类数和多样性要明显高于底拖网, 两种调查方式的渔业资源种类组成差异也较大, 万山群岛岩礁性渔业资源丰富, 但经济价值较高的岩礁性渔业资源量较少。     

Food web feedbacks drive the response of benthic macrofauna to bottom trawling

Bottom trawl fisheries have significant effects on benthic habitats and communities, and these effects have been studied intensively in the last decades. Most of these studies have related the changes in benthic community composition to direct effect of trawl gears on benthos, through imposed mortality. This line of argumentation ignores the fact that benthic organisms themselves form a complex food web and that bottom trawling may trigger secondary effects through this food web. We studied the potential consequences of such food web effects using a model of benthic predators, filter feeders, deposit feeders and fish. Our analysis shows how inclusion of ecological interactions complicates the relationship between bottom trawling intensity and the state of the benthic community and causes a non‐linear and non‐monotonic response of the benthic community to trawling. This shows that indirect food web effects can fundamentally alter the response of a benthic ecosystem to bottom trawling, compared to the direct effects of mortality. In light of our results, we argue that indicators of fishing impact on benthos need to account for positive as well as negative effects of bottom trawling, in order to accurately quantify the impact. Our findings highlight that understanding the food web ecology of the benthic ecosystem is crucial for understanding and predicting the effects of trawling on the seafloor. Work that promotes such understanding of the food web ecology seems a more productive research strategy than conducting ever more empirical trawling effect measurements.     

Origins of the bottom trawling controversy in the British Isles: 19th century witness testimonies reveal evidence of early fishery declines

Bottom trawling (nets towed along the seabed) spread around the British Isles from the 1820s, yet the collection of national fisheries statistics did not begin until 1886. Consequently, analysis of the impacts of trawling on fish stocks and habitats during this early period is difficult, yet without this information, we risk underestimating the extent of changes that have occurred as a result of trawling activities. We examined witness testimonies recorded during two Royal Commissions of Enquiry (1863–66 and 1883–85). These enquiries interviewed hundreds of fishers about the early effects of sail trawling and the changes they were witnessing to fish stocks, habitats and fishing practises during this time. We converted all quantitative statements of perceived change in fish stocks and fishing practices to relative change. Witnesses from the north‐east of England interviewed during 1863 revealed an average perceived decline in whitefish of 64% during their careers, which many blamed upon trawling. Between 1867 and 1892, trawl‐landing records from the same location suggest that this trajectory continued, with fish availability declining by 66% during the period. Fishers adapted to these declines by increasing distances travelled to fishing grounds and increasing gear size and quantity. However, inshore declines continued and by the early 1880s even trawl owners were calling for closures of territorial waters to trawling in order to protect fish nursery and spawning grounds. Until now, these testimonies have been largely forgotten, yet they reveal that alterations to near‐shore habitats as a result of trawling began long before official data collection was initiated.     

Distribution and intensity of bottom trawl fisheries in the Patagonian Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem and its relationship with marine fronts

Trawling is a major concern worldwide and there is considerable debate about its impact on marine ecosystems. The Patagonian Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem (PSLME) is an important fishing area in the Southwest Atlantic where bottom trawling is the dominant fishing method. We investigated the distribution of bottom trawl fishing within this region, defining the areas of highest trawling intensity (hotspots) and evaluating their relationship with marine fronts. We focused on the three main oceanographic fronts, the shelf‐break front, the southern Patagonia front and the mid‐shelf front. To estimate fishing effort and trawled areas, we used VMS data from 2006 to 2012. Despite being almost a fully trawlable shelf, we found that the spatial distribution of trawling activity is patchy and trawling hotspots were small, comprising annually <5% of the shelf extension or <7% of the total trawlable area. Contrary to what is believed worldwide, our findings suggest that over the PSLME the magnitude of habitat effects as a result of bottom trawling is relatively small. Regarding the three frontal systems studied, only the shelf‐break front showed a positive relationship with trawl fishing activity. Although trawling hotspots did not overlap with marine fronts, the shelf‐break front receives more trawling effort than expected. We hypothesize that this pattern is due to aggregation of species near or at the front taking advantage of the opportunities provided by this area.     

Estuarine fishes in two large eastern Australian coastal rivers—does prawn trawling influence fish community structure?

Fish communities were sampled quarterly over a 2-year period at sites along the estuarine gradient of two large coastal rivers, the Richmond and Clarence, located in eastern Australian (NSW). A total of 175 582 fish from 73 species was captured, with two species making up 65% of this total. Many fish species of economic importance in local coastal waters were captured, predominantly as juveniles. Multivariate analysis revealed three significantly different groupings of sites corresponding to the marine, brackish and tidal-freshwater zones of the two rivers. The two rivers were remarkably similar in terms of overall abundance and diversity of fish, and structuring of fish communities, despite a large-scale and intensive prawn trawling industry operating on the Clarence River. Dependency of fishes on estuarine habitats and the distribution of some of the dominant fish species in relation to estuarine gradients are discussed.     

The fishery for Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the central Adriatic Sea (Italy): Preliminary observations comparing bottom trawl and baited creels

The Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, is mainly targeted by bottom trawlers whose selectivity (mesh size = 40 mm stretch) with respect to this species is poor producing large quantities of discards both in terms of demersal fish species and undersized Nephrops. The Pomo pit (central Adriatic Sea) is a very important nursery area for European hake, Merluccius merluccius, but is also the main trawling ground for the Adriatic fleet exploiting Nephrops. The use of baited creels may constitute an alternative to bottom trawling. This paper summarises experimental data collected from the western Pomo pit in order to compare bottom trawl and baited creel catches with the aim of evaluating the ecological consequences of creeling. Because of high scavenger activity in the area, the effect of this on the creel fishery was also investigated.A large fraction of the trawl catch was composed of juvenile undersized individuals of commercial species, the same was not true for creels. Composition of Nephrops catches differed markedly between creels and the bottom trawl. Scavenger activity was very high. The results indicate that ecologically the use of baited creels appears to be a valid alternative to bottom trawling but, unfortunately, may not comprise an economically viable solution in the investigated area, which is 30 nautical miles offshore.     

涉海建设项目中深水海域渔业资源调查问题的研究

为解决涉海工程深水渔业资源评估的问题,于2014~2015年在南海北部局部海域开展底拖网与灯光罩网联合调查渔业资源活动。结果表明:在深水区底拖网渔获组成与灯光罩网有明显的不同,并受到季节与海域的影响(P0.05)。拖网渔获物中鱼类平均占渔获总尾数的93.36%,头足类占3.53%,甲壳类占3.11%;灯光罩网渔获物中鱼类平均占渔获总尾数的63.33%,头足类占36.65%,甲壳类占0.02%。两种调查的相同渔获物1~6种,主要为鱼类和头足类,在拖网中所占比值较低,平均占渔获总尾数的2.07%,而在灯光罩网中比值极高,平均占渔获总尾数的67.03%。灯光罩网与底拖网调查的渔业资源密度直接比值平均为0.06,灯光罩网与底拖网扣除相同渔获种类后的资源密度比值平均为0.06,相应的质量密度直接比值平均为0.62,扣除相同渔获种类后的比值平均为0.67。研究认为,深水海域的渔业资源量应该是两种渔具调查结果之和,对两种渔具调查中出现的相同渔获物,宜取其评估数据的平均值。由于各站点调查结果差异较大,采用所有站点的平均值来计算评估海域的损害赔偿较为合适。建议对SC/T9110-2007技术规程修订,规范中上层渔业资源调查方法。     

东海区拖网新伏季休渔渔业生态和资源增殖效果的分析

为了更好地养护和合理利用海洋渔业资源,中国政府于2009年开始实施新的伏季休渔制度,其中从6月1日~9月15日在东海区禁止拖网作业,较原3个月的伏季休渔期提前增加半个月。本研究依据2006~2008年每年6月上半月拖网监测资料,从渔业生态和资源增殖的角度,着重分析研究拖网在6月上半月这一时段休渔的渔业生态效果和资源增殖效果。结果表明,6月上半月禁止拖网作业,主要养护了带鱼、小黄鱼和日本鲭等资源群体,并在一定程度上保护了带鱼的产卵亲体繁殖,对带鱼资源数量的补充起到了增殖作用,同时在较大程度上养护了带鱼和日本鲭幼鱼的自然生长,起到了资源增重作用,但对分布在拖网渔场外的小黄鱼幼鱼保护作用甚微。应用R icher动态综合模型估算,以带鱼为代表种,提前增加半个月伏季休渔期其资源增殖效果较以往3个月伏季休渔期可使年平均资源量增加11.86%,渔获量增加8.06%,平均渔获体重增加9.33%。东海区以拖网占捕捞主导地位的伏季休渔时间的延长,可进一步改善繁殖群体栖息地生态环境。     

刚性分离栅对网板虾拖作业渔获物的分离效果

根据2002—2003年在福建中南部海区的网板虾拖网作业,应用刚性鱼虾分离栅进行释放经济幼鱼和鱼虾分离试验的资料,文章对试验期间的渔获物进行统计分析。结果表明：网板虾拖作业网具采用刚性分离栅对鱼类和虾类的分离特别明显,对体形较大的蟹类也有一定的分离效果,而对头足类的分离不是很明显。放大囊网网目尺寸的网袋可减少对主要经济种类幼体和其它种类的捕捞,从而达到有选择性的捕捞,保护渔业资源。     

春季黄河口海域2种网具渔获物组成的比较分析

根据2007年5月在黄河口海域弓子网和小型单船底拖网渔业资源调查资料,分析了2种网具的渔获物种类组成,并分别计算了Sorensen相似性指数（SS）、种类丰富度指数（R）、Shannon—Wiener多样性指数（H＇）、Pielou均匀度指数（J＇）和相对重要性指数（index of relative importance,IRI）。弓子网和底拖网的SS指数为0．63,2种网具渔获物组成的相似性较差。弓子网和底拖网的R、H’、J’指数分别为3．61、2．28、0．64和3．55、2．40、0．72,底拖网渔获物多样性程度高于弓子网。分析结果表明,2种网具的单位功率渔获量（catch per unit effort,CPUE）均不高,且存在选择性差和对幼体生物伤害严重的问题。     

Incidental capture and mortality of sea turtles in the industrial double‐rig‐bottom trawl fishery in south‐eastern Brazil

1. Incidental capture by fisheries is one of the principal threats to sea turtles. This study analysed spatial and temporal patterns of sea turtle bycatch, and estimated the direct initial mortality rate of these animals, in the industrial double‐rig‐bottom trawl fishery in south‐eastern Brazil. This is also the first attempt to relate bycatch/at‐sea mortality in bottom trawling to stranded turtles found along the adjacent coast.
2. The fishery was monitored from October 2015 to April 2018 through data collected voluntarily by the captains of eight industrial double‐rig trawlers. Two hundred and one sea turtles were captured during 9362 tows (43,657.52 trawling hours), resulting in a catch per unit effort (CPUE) of 0.0025 ± 0.0032 turtles h^?1 with a standard net of 30.5 m headrope, with no significant difference between the estimated CPUEs for licensed shrimp and demersal fish trawlers.
3. Caretta caretta (52.24%) and Lepidochelys olivacea (38.81%) were the most frequently captured species. According to Generalized Linear Models, C. caretta bycatch was significantly higher during winter, at lower latitudes (?24° to ?23°) and higher longitudes (?42° to ?40°), while the L. olivacea bycatch was significantly higher at higher latitudes (?23° to ?21°). The direct initial mortality rate of sea turtles in the shrimp trawlers was 7.65 ± 3.85%. However, none of the dead individuals subsequently released with plastic tags (n = 10) were found stranded on the coast. Mortality was not significantly related to the depth or duration of the trawling.
4. The results of this study suggest the need for improvements to the current management of the bottom trawl fishery in Brazil, moving from a species‐based to a spatial and seasonal‐based approach. There is also a need to develop turtle excluder devices adapted to local fishing conditions.