彭泽鲫“一年两茬”高产高效养殖模式研究

为建立彭泽鲫“一年两茬”养殖模式，在15×667 m²标准化池塘中进行养殖试验。结果显示：第一茬放养规格为130 g/尾的彭泽鲫冬片，收获成鱼规格为310 g/尾，667 m²产1395 kg;第二茬放养规格25 g/尾的彭泽鲫鱼苗，收获冬片规格130 g/尾，667 m²产617.5 kg。全年“一年两茬”养殖模式达到了667 m²产2012.5 kg,每667m²利润10192元的养殖效益，对彭泽鲫“一年两茬”养殖模式的推广和优化具有一定的参考价值。     

墨瑞鳕大棚水泥池养殖技术试验

为调整上海郊区的水产养殖结构,开发水产新品种,提升养殖效益,2021年在上海市郊某合作社开展了墨瑞鳕(Maccullochella peelii)大棚水泥池养殖试验。试验采用2口大棚水泥池,投放经标粗培育的平均体质量为150 g/尾的墨瑞鳕大规格鱼种,放养密度为25尾/m²,全程投喂粗蛋白质质量分数43%的海水鱼膨化饲料。经过13个月养殖,共收获墨瑞鳕商品鱼9 576 kg(单位产量13.3 kg/m³,平均规格696.2 g/尾),饲料系数为1.58,单位产值为1 030元/m³。墨瑞鳕大棚水泥池养殖试验成功,对水产养殖结构调优具有一定的借鉴作用。     

七彩神仙鱼工厂化养殖技术初探

为探究七彩神仙鱼工厂化养殖技术,在水温28～30℃的室内水泥池中开展了七彩神仙鱼养殖试验,放养的幼鱼全长1.5～2.0 cm,放养密度为200尾/m³。经过约120 d养殖,试验鱼全长达9.0～10.0 cm,达到商品规格。结果表明,七彩神仙鱼每年可养殖3茬,平均成活率达87.8%,平均单位水体产出达175.6尾/m³。工厂化养殖系统可全年生产运转,水质相对稳定,单位水体养殖密度较高。     

大宗淡水鱼坑塘设置网箱养殖大口黑鲈试验

在河北地区采用在大宗淡水鱼坑塘中设置网箱养殖大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)的模式,4月份网箱放养大口黑鲈鱼种75尾/m²,规格126～158 g/尾;10月份网箱产量41.44 kg/m²,平均规格595 g/尾,成活率92%,饲料系数1.33,利润294.48元/m²,投入与产出比1∶1.32。网箱外坑塘大宗淡水鱼鱼种平均产量11 115 kg/hm²,饲料系数为1.08。该模式当年投放大规格大口黑鲈鱼种,可当年养成,当年销售见效益。     

黄河三角洲地区拟穴青蟹盐碱水池塘养殖技术研究

为解决拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)供不应求的难题,在黄河三角洲地区开展了盐碱水池塘养殖拟穴青蟹的试验。试验准备了3个2 000 m²的盐碱水池塘,共放养4 500只幼蟹,经122 d养殖,收获青蟹488.25 kg,平均产量2 441 kg/hm²,养成后青蟹的平均体重为311 g,最大体重为396 g。     

郴州高山禾花鱼高效生态养殖技术研究

为研究高海拔山区稻田养殖禾花鱼的最优养殖模式,提高郴州高山禾花鱼养殖的标准化水平和规模化程度,试验在不影响禾花鱼品质和稻谷产量的前提下,综合考虑了苗种规格、养殖密度及投饵率3个关键因素,交叉设计了9个养殖模式试验组,通过每667 m²的禾花鱼产量和经济效益对不同模式进行比较评估。研究表明,9个试验模式均能当年养成商品鱼,其中9号试验组(放养规格48 g/尾、密度300尾/667 m²)和4号试验组(放养规格22.5 g/尾、密度400尾/667 m²这两个模式最佳,禾花鱼产量和产值均显著高于其他试验组,平均产量分别为23.7 kg/667 m²、21.7 kg/667 m²,平均纯利润分别为1198元/667 m²、1182元/667 m²。     

可口革囊星虫分级养殖技术初探

为探索可口革囊星虫高效养殖模式,提高养殖效益,于2015—2016年在浙江省温岭市七一塘开展了可口革囊星虫分级养殖试验。试验苗种为潮间带采集的自然苗。试验池塘面积共4.67 hm²,其中1.47 hm²用于可口革囊星虫苗种的标粗及养成,3.20 hm²用于分养经过中间培育的苗种。于2015年7月中旬按每公顷1425 kg(约892.5万条)的密度放养规格为6260条/kg的苗种,经6个月的中间培育后,起捕规格773条/kg的中苗10400 kg,分养至总面积为3.20 hm²的4口池塘,用于标粗的2口池塘(1.47 hm²)内留存一部分苗种,经整理后继续养成。2017年1月中旬至2月下旬起捕上市,共收获可口革囊星虫61970 kg,产值322.54万元,净利润185.54万元。经折算,平均产量达13270 kg/hm²,平均产值为69.07万元/hm²,平均利润为39.73万元/hm²。     

淡水池塘循环水养殖系统设计比选试验——“陆基分区”模式养殖实践(二)

通过将小型池塘(1.2×667m²)改造成养鱼区和水质处理区的方式设计了一套新型“洁水循环”系统—“陆基分区”养殖系统。并验证了该系统的养殖效果，光唇鱼经过330d的养殖成活率为84.8%,饵料系数为1.59,单位产量为10.6kg/m³;加州鲈经过180d的养殖成活率为85.33%,饵料系数为1.37,单位产量为12.19kg/m³。结果表明该系统能够实现水体循环养殖，达到低占地面积、低排污的养殖效果，但还需要进一步探讨其养殖技术，提高养殖单位产量。     

养殖密度对厚颌鲂幼鱼生长、饲料利用及肠道抗氧化应激性能的影响

本研究拟通过养殖实验确定厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)幼鱼最适养殖密度;同时,利用酶学和分子生物学手段分析养殖密度对厚颌鲂幼鱼肠道抗氧化酶活性及氧化应激相关基因表达的影响。实验设计5个密度处理组,分别为0.15 kg/m³ (50尾/桶)、0.24 kg/m³ (80尾/桶)、0.34 kg/m³ (110尾/桶)、0.42 kg/m³ (140尾/桶)和0.50 kg/m³ (170尾/桶),每组设置3个平行,实验周期为42 d。结果显示,当养殖密度从0.15 kg/m³ 逐渐升高到0.50 kg/m³ 时,厚颌鲂幼鱼生长(增重率和特定生长率)呈先上升后下降的趋势,且在最大密度时(0.50 kg/m³ )增重率和特定生长率显著低于0.34 kg/m³ 密度实验组(P<0.05)。同时,最高养殖密度处理组(0.50 kg/m³ )饲料系数显著高于中低密度实验组(0.15、0.24和0.34 kg/m³ )(P<0.05),说明过高养殖密度不利于厚颌鲂幼鱼的生长和饲料利用。实验表明,提高养殖密度并未影响厚颌鲂幼鱼成活率(P>0.05),各组存活率均较高(>97%)。当养殖密度为0.34 kg/m³ 时,厚颌鲂幼鱼全鱼粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著高于其他各密度实验组(P<0.05)。厚颌鲂幼鱼肠道抗氧化应激相关指标受到养殖密度的显著影响,其中,0.24和0.34 kg/m³ 密度处理组鱼体肠道总抗氧化能力显著高于最低密度组(0.15 kg/m³ )和高密度组(0.42、0.50 kg/m³ )(P<0.05);最高密度实验组(0.50 kg/m³ )肠道超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性最低,而丙二醛(MDA)含量最高(P<0.05);谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量最高值出现在0.34 kg/m³ 处理组,显著高于其他各实验组(P<0.05)。最低密度实验组(0.15 kg/m³ )厚颌鲂幼鱼肠道细胞色素P450(CYP1 A)基因相对表达量显著低于较高密度实验组(0.42 kg/m³ )(P<0.05);最高养殖密度组(0.50 kg/m³ )鱼体肠道转录因子NF-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)基因相对表达量最高,而锰超氧化物歧化酶基因(MnSOD)相对表达量最低,与0.34 kg/m³ 密度处理组间有显著性差异(P<0.05),说明养殖密度过高时能引起鱼体的氧化应激反应。研究表明,体重为0.45~1.36 g的厚颌鲂幼鱼最适养殖密度为0.34 kg/m³ ,该结果可为提高厚颌鲂苗种培育效率,促进其种质资源恢复提供理论基础。     

全封闭循环水养殖系统中养殖密度对钝吻黄盖鲽生长的影响

为了评估全封闭循环水养殖系统中养殖密度对钝吻黄盖鲽生长的影响及水质变化情况,将体质量为(250.00±50.83)g的钝吻黄盖鲽分成8个试验组(放养密度分别为18、22、26、30、34、38、42、46 kg/m³),进行了3个月的饲养试验,检测不同养殖密度下鱼的成活率、体质量增长率及饲料系数,同时对试验期间氨氮、亚硝酸盐和溶解氧等各项水质指标的动态变化进行监测。试验结果显示,各试验组鱼的成活率均达到96%以上,但随着养殖密度的增加,钝吻黄盖鲽的成活率总体呈现降低的趋势;低密度组(18 kg/m³)的体质量增长率最高,为36.1%,高密度组(46 kg/m³)的体质量增长率最低,为24.8%,且体质量增长率随着养殖密度的增加而逐渐降低;随着养殖密度的增加,饲料系数呈逐渐升高的趋势;养殖期间各项水质指标均保持在适宜钝吻黄盖鲽生长的范围内。结果表明,在本试验的循环水养殖系统中,综合考量养殖生长指标及单位面积产量,钝吻黄盖鲽规模化生产的最适养殖密度为42～46 kg/m³。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).