匈牙利刺槐((Robinia pseudoacacia L.)林的经营研究(英文)

匈牙利刺槐((RobiniapseudoacaciaL.)是在17世纪初从北美引入到欧洲的第一个森林树种。在匈牙利,刺槐是非常重要的速生树种,为经济和生态目的,可以成功营造刺槐人工林。结合该树种的生长特点选择营林措施,可以最大限度的提高刺槐人工林的成活率和生产力。本文根据林分结构和森林产量长期实验林的研究成果,提出了刺槐林的抚育作业次序。制定好的营林计划和模式将会培育出效益刺槐林,并能使土地经营者更好地接受该树种。同时,刺槐也是一个非常有用的能源生产树种,本文展示了对这方面的研究成果。图2表1参8。     

匈牙利刺槐（（Robinia pseudoacacia L.）林的经营研究

匈牙利刺槐（（Robinia pseudoacacia L.)是在17世纪初从北美引入到欧洲的第个森林树种。在匈牙利，刺槐是非常重要的速生树种，为经济和生态目的，可以成功营造刺槐人工林。结合该树种的生长特点选择营林措施，可以最大限度的提高刺槐人工林的成活率和生产力。本文根据林分结构和森林产量长期实验林的研究成果，提出了刺槐林的抚育作业次序。制定好的营林计划和模式将会培育出效益刺槐林，并能使土地经营者更好地接受该树种。同时，刺槐也是一个非常有用的能源生产树种，本文展示了对这方面的研究成果。图2表1参8。     

匈牙利结合养蜂、用材要求营造刺槐林

刺槐是匈牙利养蜂业的基础。花好的年景,50—60％商品蜜产自刺槐。1982年蜂蜜出口收入外汇达1,650万美元(全国平均每公顷刺槐林这项年收入31美元)。目前匈牙利的刺槐林约占整个森林总面积的18％,但现有的刺槐木材质量差,很难开发利用。林业研究所根据不同培育目标,选出了10     

不同刺槐品种无性系造林比较试验

为了筛选出适合在我国辽西等气候干旱地区沙漠化治理中种植的刺槐品种,从外地引入了匈牙利刺槐7号、豫刺4号、香花槐、长叶刺槐、鲁刺68几个刺槐品种与本地普通刺槐品种进行造林效果比较试验,结果表明,不同的刺槐品种造林后的效果有所差异。造林当年成活率依次为匈牙利刺槐7号(84.2%)、豫刺4号(82.3%)、本地普通刺槐(80.0%)、长叶刺槐(60.2%)、鲁刺68(50.1%)、香花槐(47.4%);造林当年高径生长量均是匈牙利刺槐7号最大,分别达22.2 m和3.82 cm;造林后第2年萌芽后的抽梢长度以豫刺4号最长,为24.92 cm,显著长于本地普通刺槐品种。匈牙利刺槐7号、豫刺4号2个刺槐品种的无性系苗较适合本地生长。     

刺槐优良无性系选育研究

<正> 刺槐(Robinia Pseudoacacia L.)原产美国。是良好的速生用材树种,也是优良的保持水土、防风固沙、改良土壤、蜜源、饲料树种;由于其适应性强、繁殖容易,现已引种到温带和地中海一带。在世界速生阔叶树种中,栽培面积仅次于桉树占第二位;为进一步挖掘刺槐的生产潜力,许多国家的林业研究部门,都把刺槐的遗传改良,列入主要课题,并取得了显著成果。朝鲜已选出了多倍体刺槐无性系,苏联进行了刺槐的类型选择,匈牙利选出了供锯材、柱     

饲料型四倍体刺槐嫩枝扦插试验初报

根据四倍体刺槐自根能力弱的特点,利用其嫩枝进行全光喷雾扦插繁殖。在同等试验条件下,与匈牙利刺槐进行对比,经多种激素处理,结果表明:1 a生苗的嫩枝较2 a生苗的嫩枝易生根,匈牙利刺槐较四倍体刺槐易生根;用甘霖1号速蘸发根剂处理的效果最好,生根率可达60%~88%。     

凉城县四倍体刺槐栽培技术

四倍体剌槐是蝶形花科（Papilionaceae）、刺槐属（Nobjniapseudodacacja）的一个人工培育树种，四倍体刺槐因其染色体为40条（普通刺槐为20条）而得名，是由北京林业大学田亭教授于1997年从韩国引进的树种。     

刺槐的造林密度

刺槐具生长快,适应性强等优良特性,适宜在我省发展,是我省主要造林树种之一。因此合理的确定其造林密度,对提高刺槐林的产量相质量有十分重要的意义。刺槐的造林密度应根据生物学特性、立地条件、材种、经营措施等加以确定。     

浅谈苏北沿海地区刺槐育苗技术

刺槐是苏北沿海地区营建防风林和改良土壤的优良绿化树种。近些年来,由于水杉等树种的引种,对刺槐的育苗造林工作有所放松。当前国家正在进行沿海防护林体系建设,对刺槐应于足够重视。因此改进刺槐育苗技术,多产刺槐壮苗,意义甚大。 根据多年来生产实践认为,在滨海盐渍土地区造成刺槐育苗成败的主要原因是土壤盐碱、春季干旱、夏季涝渍,以及留苗密度木,茬口安排不合理、管理措施不当等。针对这些原因,要培育好刺槐苗,必须做好以下几点:     

提高经营水平加速刺槐林基地建设

刺槐是辽宁省的主要造林树种之一，加速刺槐速生丰产林建设，将会有力支持天然林保护工程的实施，提高农民收入。建议通过良种壮苗，引进和培育新品种，选择合理密度，施肥和管护，建立刺槐示范林等一整套集约经营技术，来培育速生丰产的刺槐林。     

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) as a multi-purpose tree species in Hungary and Romania: a review

Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was the first North-American tree species imported to Europe at the beginning of the seventeenth century. It is commonly planted worldwide because of its adaptability to environmental stresses, its valuable wood, easy propagation, frequent and abundant seed production, excellent coppicing,high seedling survival, and relatively high wood yield. In Europe, Romania and Hungary have the most highly-developed black locust growing techniques and experiences.As a result of increasing interest in black locust in many countries, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art site requirements, propagation, improvement and management(including growth and yield as well as use in energy plantations).     

Black locust (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Robinia pseudoacacia</Emphasis> L.) as a multi-purpose tree species in Hungary and Romania: a review

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was the first North-American tree species imported to Europe at the beginning of the seventeenth century. It is commonly planted worldwide because of its adaptability to environmental stresses, its valuable wood, easy propagation, frequent and abundant seed production, excellent coppicing, high seedling survival, and relatively high wood yield. In Europe, Romania and Hungary have the most highly-developed black locust growing techniques and experiences. As a result of increasing interest in black locust in many countries, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art site requirements, propagation, improvement and management (including growth and yield as well as use in energy plantations).     

Effects of shelter tubes on hardwood tree establishment in western Oregon silvopastures

Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) are warm season forage trees with potential to efficiently share site resources with cool season pasture plants in Pacific Northwest silvopastures. Establishment of hardwood trees can be difficult, however, because of feeding damage from wildlife and livestock. This study compared establishment and growth of trees planted in 88 cm tall solid plastic shelter tubes to 88 cm tall plastic mesh tubes, used to protect trees from animal damage. Three replications were established in May 1995 for each of the three tree species on a hill pasture near Corvallis, Oregon. Initial tree survival during the first summer and winter following planting was higher in shelter tubes than in mesh tubes. At the end of the third growing season, 58% of black locust and 94% of honey locust trees in shelter tubes were still alive compared to only 14% of black locust and 47% of honey locust in mesh tubes. Few honey mesquite trees survived regardless of tube type used. Average three-year total height growth for black locust was increased by 650% and basal diameter growth by 380% within shelter tubes, while honey locust height growth was increased by 300% and diameter growth was increased by 150% compared to trees in mesh tubes. However, shelter tube trees tended to be taller relative to their diameter and had difficulty standing upright if tubes were removed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacada L.) clonal seed orchards in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. The main aim of the discussed new selection programme is to identify black locust clones with good performance and good form for setting up clonal seed orchards. As a result of selection programme 16 new black locust clones have been improved. In spring 2002 a black locust seed orchard was established with the newly selected clones. About 40% of the plants can be considered to belong to the height growth rate class 1 and 2. Hungary was the first country where micropropagated black locust planting material was used for seed orchard establishment.     

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) clonal seed orchards in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. The main aim of the discussed new selection programme is to identify black locust clones with good performance and good form for setting up clonal seed orchards. As a result of selection programme 16 new black locust clones have been improved. In spring 2002 a black locust seed orchard was established with the newly selected clones. About 40% of the plants can be considered to belong to the height growth rate class 1 and 2. Hungary was the first country where micropropagated black locust planting material was used for seed orchard establishment.     

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) clonal seed orchards in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. The main aim of the discussed new selection programme is to identify black locust clones with good performance and good form for setting up clonal seed orchards. As a result of selection programme 16 new black locust clones have been improved. In spring 2002 a black locust seed orchard was established with the newly selected clones. About 40% of the plants can be considered to belong to the height growth rate class 1 and 2. Hungary was the first country where micropropagated black locust planting material was used for seed orchard establishment.     

沙地杨树刺槐人工混交林的改良土壤功能及养分互补关系

杨树刺槐混交林是我国北方地区沿河及滨海沙地上成功的固氮树种和非固氮树种人工混交林。本文在简单介绍混交林生长情况的基础上,主要对林地土壤养分改良及其种间Ｎ、Ｐ养分互补关系进行了阐述。指出杨树刺槐混交林生产力提高主要是因为林地土壤养分（特别是Ｎ素养分）的极大改善及树种间Ｎ、Ｐ养分的互补。混交林土壤Ｎ素养分水平提高的根本原因是林地土壤微生物活性高,加快了含Ｎ较高枯落物分解速度,增强了土壤氨化及硝化强度。而杨树刺槐种间的Ｎ、Ｐ养分互补则主要表现在混交林中杨树可将吸收入体内的Ｐ素通过根系接触转移给相邻的刺槐,而刺槐则可将固定的Ｎ素通过根系接触转移给杨树,而且Ｎ、Ｐ转移的强度很大。这种奇妙的树种间养分互补机制对杨树刺槐混交林幼林期生产力提高是有重大意义的。     

Effects of fertilization and irrigation on American sycamore and black locust planted on a reclaimed surface mine in Appalachia

Short rotation woody biofuel plantations on reclaimed surface mines in Appalachia can diversify domestic energy supplies and facilitate the reforestation of these disturbed lands. This study examined growth, survival, biomass accumulation and allocation, and nitrogen concentrations following two growing seasons in American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) seedlings receiving irrigation, granular fertilization, and irrigation + fertilization compared with untreated controls. Fertilization increased basal diameter, height, and stem mass of American sycamore following two growing seasons. Increased stem production was attributed to accelerated development and not shifts in biomass allocation due to treatment. Irrigation and irrigation + fertilization treatments did not enhance growth or biomass accumulation of American sycamore. Similarly, black locust basal diameter, height, and stem mass did not differ among the treatments. Browse surveys showed that more than 76% of black locust seedlings experienced arrested or retrogressed growth due to browse; less than 3% of American sycamores were browsed. This intensive browse by ungulates, likely including reintroduced elk, may have affected growth differences among species and confounded the effects of treatments on black locust. Survival was unaffected by treatment in both species, but mean survival was greatest in American sycamore (80%) compared to black locust (58%). Per tree total nitrogen uptake was highest in fertilized American sycamore (7.9 g) and lowest in irrigated American sycamore (0.9 g). The results of our study suggest that granular fertilizer applications can accelerate seedling growth on reclaimed surface mines in the Appalachian region.     

Prevalence of interspecific competition in a mixed poplar/black locust plantation under adverse climate conditions

Key message

In a mixed poplar/black locust plantation in central France, adverse conditions have led to a prevalence of interspecific competition, resulting in a poorer performance than monocultures.

Context

In mixed tree plantations, the presence of woody N₂-fixing species is thought to reduce N needs by fertilization. However, benefits associated to soil nitrogen enrichment have to outweigh the negative effects of interspecific competition. To do so, co-occurring tree species have to be chosen carefully to promote niche sharing between species and reduce competition. Black locust and poplar mixtures therefore seem promising since both species are fast growing and have potentially complementary crown shapes.

Aims

Our objective was to evaluate the impact of the poplar/black locust mixture on the growth, above- and belowground biomass production, and nitrogen allocation of the two species, as compared to their respective monocultures.

Methods

An experimental plantation mixing poplar and black locust was set up in central France. For five growing seasons, growth, nitrogen allocation, and carbon allocation were monitored for the two species growing either in mixture or in monoculture.

Results

After a couple of promising growing seasons, black locust growth and survival slowly declined, mainly in the mixture. At the stand level, biomass production in the mixed plots was nearly 50% below the most productive monoculture (poplar) by age 5 years.

Conclusion

Under adverse conditions, interspecific competition in the mixture was the preponderant interaction, resulting in higher mortality and lower biomass production than the two monocultures.