基于深度学习的城市滨河绿道景观视觉感知评价研究

  目的  城市滨河景观视觉质量对城市滨河景观品质和城市空间品质有重要的影响。在城市化快速发展的今天,筛选对城市滨河绿道视觉感知有重要影响的因素,并通过视觉感知量化处理,实现智能化分析滨河景观,是未来滨河景观的发展趋势。  方法  基于深度学习算法,模拟人的视觉感知,训练一套用于城市滨河绿道景观的图像语义分割模型,并建立一套可量化的视觉景观指标体系。运用多元线性回归模型,挖掘各项量化的景观特征与视觉感知之间的关系。最后,以北京二环水系为例,分析视觉感知下的景观特征,总结关于滨河绿道景观视觉感知提升的策略。  结果  （1）训练出的城市滨河绿道图像语义分割模型达到了0.93的准确率;（2）回归模型的结果显示,在10项指标（绿视率（GVI）、蓝色视野指数（BVI）、驳岸硬质度（HRI）、滨河建筑密度（RBD）、桥梁可视度（BV）、干扰因素指数（IFI）、滨河自然开阔度（WO）、滨水围护度（WG）、道路宽广度（RWI）、乔灌草比率（RTG））体系中,有5项对视觉感知的影响作用显著,分别为GVI、WO、BVI、IFI和RTG,其中GVI、WO与视觉感知呈正相关,其余3项呈负相关;（3）北京二环水系绿视率北部高于南部,WO与BVI呈较为均质的状态,IFI整体较低,RTG呈现按河道划分的特征;（4）当提升视觉感知效果时,可重点从影响显著的5项指标出发,根据影响作用的强弱进行权衡。  结论  本文为研究城市滨河景观提供了一种基于图像语义分割的测度方法,为人本视角的大规模滨河绿道景观的量化分析提供更多可能。      

基于GIS的塞罕坝森林视觉景观质量评价

在森林多功能经营背景下,森林视觉景观质量评价可以帮助林场确定视觉景观高质量区域,以保护视觉景观,避免其与森林经营之间的冲突。以塞罕坝机械林场为对象,利用森林资源二类调查数据、DEM等数据,基于GIS的空间综合评价方法,构建森林视觉景观质量（FVLQ）评价指标体系,包括可视性、风景质量和视觉吸收能力3个一级指标,以及视觉几率、距离区、独特性、自然性、多样性、坡度、坡向、高程、植被丰富度、与水体的距离10个二级指标,并对塞罕坝机械林场森林视觉景观质量进行了评价和制图。结果表明,塞罕坝森林视觉景观质量(FVLQ)高、中、低区域所占面积百分比分别为4.1%、36.5%、59.4%;高FVLQ区域在坝上高原不仅集中分布在景点及其周边、游憩道路两侧,还包括一些远离道路和景点的区域,如头道沟至七道沟区域;在坝下山地则分散分布;总体上高FVLQ区域的面积随着与景点和游憩道路的距离增加而减少。研究建立了景观尺度上的森林视觉景观质量评价方法,评价结果为塞罕坝机械林场确定以视觉景观保护为主要目标的多功能经营区域边界提供依据。     

利用cp DNA PCR-RFLP分析中国山楂属植物的亲缘关系

以8个山楂种的39份种质资源为试材,采用10对叶绿体DNA(chloroplast DNA,cp DNA)通用引物对总DNA进行扩增.并用7种限制性内切酶对PCR扩增产物酶切.结果表明:5对引物(cp01、cpP3、cp04、cp05、cp10)在山楂属植物上扩增出特异谱带,2种限制性内切酶(HinfⅠ和Taq Ⅰ)的酶切产物在供试材料间存在差异.山楂属种间存在较为丰富的cp DNA PCR-RFLP多态性,但山楂(C.pinnatifida)不同基因型间未检测到变异位点.麻核组(Sect.Santguineae)的甘肃山楂、光叶山楂、毛山楂、辽宁山楂和羽裂组(Sect.Pinnatifidae)的伏山植的cp DNA PCR-RFLP标记完全相同,但麻核组的阿尔泰山楂与其他山楂种的亲缘关系较远,距离系数达0.91.可见山楂属植物起源和演化的复杂性.伏山楂并非山楂的变种而很可能是一个新种.     

Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging

Knowledge of regional cerebral hemodynamics has widespread application for both physiological research and clinical assessment because of the well-established interrelation between physiological function, energy metabolism, and localized blood supply. A magnetic resonance technique was developed for quantitative imaging of cerebral hemodynamics, allowing for measurement of regional cerebral blood volume during resting and activated cognitive states. This technique was used to generate the first functional magnetic resonance maps of human task activation, by using a visual stimulus paradigm. During photic stimulation, localized increases in blood volume (32 +/- 10 percent, n = 7 subjects) were detected in the primary visual cortex. Center-of-mass coordinates and linear extents of brain activation within the plane of the calcarine fissure are reported.     

基于GIS的秦岭山系视觉景观评价

视觉景观评价是景观开发利用和保护的基础。采用遥感和地理信息系统技术,在对秦岭山系景观进行分类和制图的基础上,运用模糊层次综合分析方法,从景观视觉质量和视觉敏感度两方面综合评价了秦岭山系视觉景观资源。结果表明:阔叶林和草甸景观具有较好的视觉质量,美景度较高,针叶林、混交林和水体景观次之,而草丛和城镇景观视觉质量较差;视觉景观最敏感区主要分布在距道路500 m内,视觉景观敏感度与道路、观赏视距有较强的相关性;秦岭山系视觉景观资源总体较好,很好级和较好级视觉景观资源占研究区总面积的77.83%,主要分布在海拔较高地区。     

Functional neuroanatomical differences between adults and school-age children in the processing of single words

A critical issue in developmental cognitive neuroscience is the extent to which the functional neuroanatomy underlying task performance differs in adults and children. Direct comparisons of brain activation in the left frontal and extrastriate cortex were made in adults and children (aged 7 to 10 years) performing single-word processing tasks with visual presentation; differences were found in circumscribed frontal and extrastriate regions. Conceivably, these differences could be attributable exclusively to performance discrepancies; alternatively, maturational differences in functional neuroanatomy could exist despite similar performance. Some of the brain regions examined showed differences attributable to age independent of performance, suggesting that maturation of the pattern of regional activations for these tasks is incomplete at age 10.     

Neuronal correlates of eye movements in the visual cortex of the cat

About 10 percent of the cells in the visual cortex of awake cats do not respond to stationary parallel stripes in any orientation or to stripes moving across the visual field in any direction at a moderate speed (up to 132 degrees per second), but these cells are either excited or inhibited during saccadic eye movements when the animal faces a patterned visual environment. Of nineteen such cells tested in total darkness, seven discharged in association with eye movements. For saccade-related discharges, the latency during retinal stimulation is typically shorter than the latencey in total darkness.     

LED养蜂照明光源研究

[目的]为养蜂场所设计一种红色照明灯,用于夜间、暗室内取蜜或观察管理蜂群。[方法]分析蜜蜂与人视觉器官的视觉生物学特性,采用发光波长在650～780 nm的高亮度红光LED来作为光源,并举例红光LED头灯的设计,对头灯光源的波长和亮度进行了详细分析。[结果]LED光源的适宜照度为3～10 cd/m2。基于蜜蜂对红色光呈现色盲的生物学特性,以红光LED为光源的LED灯,作为养蜂场的照明灯具,使蜂群不受或少受惊扰,有效减少蜂群的飞遗损失。[结论]结合现代电子技术,顺应蜂群的生理特征,研发出合理先进的蜂具。     

Multiple sensitive periods in the development of the primate visual system

Early in life, abnormal visual experience may disrupt the developmental processes required for the maturation and maintenance of normal visual function. The effects of retinal image deprivation (monocular form deprivation) on four psychophysical functions were investigated in rhesus monkeys to determine if the sensitive period is of the same duration for all types of visual information processing. The basic spectral sensitivity functions of rods and cones have relatively short sensitive periods of development (3 and 6 months) when compared to more complex functions such as monocular spatial vision or resolution (25 months) and binocular vision (greater than 25 months). Therefore, there are multiple, partially overlapping sensitive periods of development and the sensitive period for each specific visual function is probably different.     

Reorganization of retinotopic cortical maps in adult mammals after lesions of the retina

The organization of the visual cortex has been considered to be highly stable in adult mammals. However, 5 degrees to 10 degrees lesions of the retina in the contralateral eye markedly altered the systematic representations of the retina in primary and secondary visual cortex when matched inputs from the ipsilateral eye were also removed. Cortical neurons that normally have receptive fields in the lesioned region of the retina acquired new receptive fields in portions of the retina surrounding the lesions. The capacity for such changes may be important for normal adjustments of sensory systems to environmental contingencies and for recoveries from brain damage.     

Paradoxical effects after microinjection of morphine in the periaqueductal gray matter in the rat

Paradoxical, concurrent hyper-and hyporeactivity of a profound nature to specific stimuli occurred when 10 micrograms of morphine was microinjected bilaterally into the periaqueductal gray matter of the rat brain. Both effects at this site were dose-dependent. The hyperreactivity (to previously neutral auditory and visual stimuli) was obtained only with intracerebrally injected morphine and never with intraperitoneally injected morphine or with other opiates administered either way. Rapid tolerance to toxic doses of morphine developed at this site, as well as cross tolerance of the hyporeactivity to painful stimuli between routes (intracerebral to intraperitoneal) of morphine administration. Both the hyper- and hyporeactivity were fully reversible by intracerebral injection of naloxone in the periaqueductal gray. Thus, the periaqueductal gray appears to be a major pathway for morphine action.     

大豆杂交后代田间目测鉴评选择效果的分析研究

本文用113个中熟组合的2140个F_6代系选株行的田间目测鉴评资料,从目测等级不同株系的实测产量、农艺性状差异及目测等级与性状相关性、目测等级与入选率关系的4个方面讨论了目测选择作为田间初选株系的效果和可行性,并以此讨论了田间目测鉴评选择在大豆杂交后代的高产育种中的应用。     

Relationship between reaction time and electroencephalographic alpha phase

Demonstrations of a relationship between human 8 to 13 per second (alpha) electroencephalographic activity and simple visual reaction time can be made at reliable levels of confidence by (i) sampling reaction times to stimuli given at phases of the alpha cycle 10 msec apart, (ii) selecting the phase with the slowest reaction times, and (iii) collecting enough reaction times to stimuli at this and some other control phase for statistical comparison.     

福建洪田村森林景观视觉敏感度评价

利用GIS空间分析技术和层次分析法（AHP）结合森林资源二类清查数据、遥感影像图、地形图以及DEM数据，选取相对坡度、相对视距、视觉机率和醒目程度4个分量，基于景观视觉敏感度的测定原理和方法，对洪田村森林景观进行了视觉敏感度定量评价，敏感度分为高、较高、中和低4个等级。结果表明:1）高敏感区和较高敏感区的面积总和比为66.07%，中敏感区面积占比为25.15%，低敏感区域面积占比为8.78%；2）景观视觉敏感度与相对视距和坡度有较强的相关性；3）醒目程度为一级敏感区的特殊景观的敏感度较高，评价结果与实际相符。根据评价结果建议:高敏感区与较高敏感区的森林景观应以保护和生态恢复为主，不宜进行视觉上明显的森林经营活动；中敏感区在不影响整体风貌和视觉环境的前提下进行景观建设；低敏感区可根据需要进行合理的森林经营活动。视觉敏感度综合评价结果为乡村森林景观保护和未来规划建设提供了重要依据。     

森林类型遥感识别人工自组织神经树模型初探

运用森林类型遥感目视识别的７０个样本,训练人工自组织神经树模型,然后对１０个“未知”样本进行预测。结果表明,该模型的识别、容错能力较强,综合了遥感图像专家目视判读与计算机自动识别的优点,使判读过程更加精确和简练,而且省工、省时、省经费。开拓了遥感识别地物的新途径     

Wavelength effect on visual latency

Chromatic stimuli were matched in luminance to a homogeneous white background field. The relative visual latency, as measured by subjective simultaneity, of 621-nanometer (red) light was 20 to 25 milliseconds less than that for 549-nanometer (green) light. When the chromatic stimuli were different in luminance fronm the background field, no differences in visual latency related to the wavelength of light were observed. The procedure of matching the luminance of test fields to that of a background field appears to be crucial for observing a visual latency difference related to wavelength.     

城镇森林视觉景观异质性对美学质量的影响

北京市海淀区东升镇各大高校内以建筑为背景的城市森林景观十分丰富。结合样地实测和景观照片的分析,运用美景度（SBE）评价、主成分分析和聚类分析等方法,探讨了视觉景观异质性与美学质量之间的联系。结果表明:以建筑为背景的城镇森林视觉景观异质性与美景值呈显著负相关,基于视觉景观异质性和美景度将视觉景观分为3类:①高异质、低质量景观（类型Ⅰ）:视觉景观异质性最高,斑块密度（PD）,景观多样性指数（SHDI）,景观均匀度指数（SIEI）,分离度指数（SPLIT）,景观形态指数（SHAPE）,分形维数（FRAC）均最高,最大斑块指数（LPI）和连通度指数（CONTAG）最低,视觉景观连通性差、结构不稳定,构景因子的植被比例（VE）和植被建筑比例（R）最低,建筑比例（BU）最高,形状和边界的复杂主要体现在硬质要素（建筑和道路）上,整体美学质量差,可观赏性不高;②中等异质质量景观（类型Ⅱ）:视觉景观异质性中等,整体稳定性、连通性、建筑和植被比例均中等,SHAPE和FRAC最低,景观美学质量仅次于类型Ⅰ景观;③低异质、高质量景观（类型Ⅲ）:视觉景观异质性最低,PD,SHDI,SIEI,SPLIT及BU最低;LPI,CONTAG及VE和R最高且SHAPE,FRAC与景观Ⅰ相似,整体稳定性强,连通性高,植被丰富,植被斑块边界和形状富有一定的变化,公众喜好度最高。由此可见,随着视觉景观异质性增强,城镇森林的美学质量显著下降,而增加视野中的植被可提高美景度,相反,增加建筑比例则会降低美景度。     

杭州市城西居住小区视觉景观质量评价研究

采用层次分析法和韦伯-费希纳定律综合评价方法对杭州市城西居住小区视觉景观质量进行评价,并划分了质量等级.结果表明,杭州市城西居住小区的视觉景观质量总体上处于良好状态;同时分析探讨了目前杭州市城西居住小区在视觉景现设计中出现的一些比较典型、集中的问题,以期为今后的居住小区园林景观规划提供有益的借鉴.