Effects of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on the Physiological Characteristics in Medicago sativa Seedlings under Low-temperature Stress北大核心CSCD

In this study,the 'Ganong 5th' alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was used as experimental material,and two application methods (leaf application,root application) and six exogenous betaine concentrations (0,10,20,30,40 and 50 mmol·L-1) were used to treat the seedlings of alfalfa. Plant growth and related physiological indexes were measured after 7 days of low temperature (4?) stress,and the physiological mechanism of exogenous betaine to alleviate the low temperature stress of alfalfa was explored. The results showed that exogenous GB alleviated the loss of plant height,root length,leaf dry weight,root dry weight and chlorophyll content,and increase the content of soluble sugar (SS) and free proline (Pro),and reduced the increase in leaf relative membrane permeability and MDA content. Exogenous GB increased antioxidant enzyme activities and non-enzymatic antioxidant content. And also,exogenous GB enhanced the osmotic adjustment capacity of the plant by increasing endogenous GB accumulation and BADH activity. These results indicated that exogenous GB enhanced the resistance of Medicago sativa to low-temperature stress under low temperature adjustment. The membership function analysis indicated that spraying 30 mmol·L-1 GB on the leaves and spraying 40 mmol·L-1 GB on the roots had the best effect on alleviating the low-temperature stress of alfalfa seedlings. © 2019 Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｒｅｆｒｉｇｅｒａｔｉｏｎ. All rights reserved.     

Effects of Source of Inorganic Phosphorus and Phytase Supplementation on Performance, Physiological Parameters and Bone Mineralization in Broilers

The objective of this study was to eval- uate the effects of inorganic phosphorus source and phytase addition on performance, nutrient digestibility and bone mineralization in broiler chickens. In Exp. 1,150 two-day old, male broiler chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with phos- phorus provided by dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate or defluorinated rock phosphate. Five cages containing 10 birds were allotted to each of the three treatments. In Exp. 2,120 three-day old, male broiler chicks were fed the basal diet from Exp. 1 supplemen- ted with 0,250,500 ,or 1,000 P-＇rU phytase per kg of diet. Six cages containing five chicks were allotted to each of the four treatments. In Exp. 1, there was no difference in weight gain, feed intake or feed conver- sion as a result of feeding the different sources of in- organic phosphorus. The digestibility of phosphorus was significantly lower （P =0.01 ） for chicks fed di- ets supplemented with tricalcium phosphate than for chicks fed the other two diets. However, despite the lower digestibility, serum phosphorus levels did not differ among the three treatments. For Exp. 2, feedconversion showed a linear improvement （P = 0.03 ） with increasing levels of phytase inclusion （ days 0 to 33 ）. Phytase supplementation resulted in linear increa- ses in the digestibility of dry matter （P = 0.02 ）, crude protein （ P --- 0.04 ） and energy （ P 〈 0.01 ）. Chicks fed 1,000 FTU/kg phytase had significantly higher bone calcium （ P = 0.05 ） and bone breaking strength （P = 0.04 ） than chicks fed the basal diet on day 33. In conclusion, the results of the current study indicated that the performance of birds fed diets sup- plemented with dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phos- phate or defluorinated phosphate was similar and therefore production costs could be lowered by choo- sing the cheapest inorganic phosphorus source when formulating diets for poultry. When diets were formu- lated to meet dietary phosphorus requirements, the growth of broilers was not enhanced with phytase sup- plementation. However, increases in feed conversion and bone breaking strength and its potential to impact culling and mortality in broiler operations may be suf- ficient justification for the routine inclusion of phytase in diets fed to broilers.     

Physiological ecological and secondary metabolic responses of the herbaceous resource plant Thlaspi arvense to salt stress北大核心CSCD

This research explored the physiological and ecological responses and secondary metabolites of Thlaspi arvense （pennycress） under salt stress in order to develop a theoretical foundation for further research on the planting of salt-tolerant plants on saline-alkali soils. Hydroponically cultured pennycress was grown at 5 NaCl concentrations （0,50,100,150,200 mmol·L−1） set to simulate a gradient of salt stress intensity. Leaves of pennycress were collected at 1,5,10,and 15 days to determine physiological and biochemical indexes,photosynthetic parameters and secondary metabolite levels. It was found that： 1） The activities of superoxide dismutase,peroxidase,and catalase in the leaves of T. arvense showed a pattern of initial increase and then decrease with increase in salt concentration during the period of salt stress. 2） The enzyme activity was highest at the NaCl concentration of 100 mmol·L−1. 3） Levels of malondialdehyde first increased and then decreased with increase in salt concentration. 4） The contents of soluble sugar and proline in the leaves of T. arvense increased with increase in salt concentration and with the length of exposure to NaCl stress,while soluble protein levels first increased and then decreased with increase in salt concentration. 5） The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rates in T. arvense leaves showed a downward trend with increase in salt concentration,and the decline gradually increased. 6） The contents of total flavonoids,total phenols,and sinigrin in the leaves of T. arvense showed a pattern of initial increase and then decreasing with increase in salt concentration. Thus,pennycress has a high tolerance to salt stress and can maintain normal growth in a salt-stress environment of 50-100 mmol·L−1 NaCl concentration. This result provides a theoretical basis for future research on the salt tolerance mechanisms of T. arvense and other natrophilic plants. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

The Effect of Irrigation Period and Amount on Production Performance of Alfalfa in Haihe Plain北大核心CSCD

To explore the suitable irrigation techniques for Alfalfa in Haihe Plain, six irrigation treatments were set up to study the effects of different irrigation treatments on the yield, agronomic traits and water use efficiency of one-year and two-year Alfalfa from 2015 to 2017. The results showed that alfalfa yield increased slightly with increasing irrigation amount in Haihe Plain, but had no significant difference among six treatments. Compared with the treatment without irrigation, the cumulative increment of alfalfa yield in three years was only 6. 13 t • hm~z. The water use efficiency of Alfalfa significantly decreased gradually with the increase of irrigation amount (P相似文献   

Effects of Dietary Starch Source on via the Portal Vein Nutrient and Energy Absorption of Growing Pigs

Four crossbred （Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire） boars, weighing an average of 22.40 ± 1.08 kg and fitted with permanent catheters in their portal and mesenteric veins as well as their carotid artery,were utilized in a 4 × 4 latin square design experiment in order to investigate the effects of different starch sources （maize ,brown rice, sticky rice, and resistant starch） on the absorption of energy sources through the portal vein. Portal blood flow averaged 30.68, 28.40, 29.99, and 30. 12 mL/min per kg BW for pigs fed the maize, brown rice, sticky rice, and resistant starch diets, respectively, and did not dif- fer （P 〉 0.05） between treatments. The absorptions of glucose, plasma ammonia, and total amino acids were significantly lower （P 〈 0.05 ） in pigs fed the resistant starch diet than pigs fed the other starch sources. In contrast, significantly （ P 〈 0.05 ） higher amounts of propionate and total volatile fatty acids were absorbed from the portal vein of pigs fed resistant starch than pigs fed diets based on maize, brown rice, or sticky rice. In addition, significantly （P 〈 0.05） more lactic acid was absorbed from the portal vein by pigs fed the sticky rice diet than pigs fed the other three diets. The energy absorbed from the portal vein in the form of glucose and amino-N as well as the total energy absorbed was significantly （P 〈 0.05） lower in pigs fed the resistant starch diet than pigs fed the other three starch sources. In contrast, the amount of energy absorbed in the form of volatile fatty acids was significantly （P 〈 0.05 ） higher in pigs fed resistance starch than pigs fed the other three starch sources. The total energy absorbed through the portal vein as a percentage of the gross energy and digestible energy consumed in pigs fed maize were 50.8% and 54.6%, respectively, which were significantly （P 〈 0.05 ） higher than the values in pigs fed resistant starch （41.5% and 46.6% respectively）. The results indicate that energy is absorbed in different forms and with different utilization efficiencies in the digestive tract of pigs as a result of feeding different starch sources. Starch sources supplying most of their energy in the form of glucose had higher energy utilization efficiencies, while starch sources supplying most of their energy in the form of volatile fatty acids or lactic acid had lower energy utilization efficiencies.     

The influences of reseeding date and mowing prior to reseeding on establishment of alfalfa in Leymus chinensis meadows北大核心CSCD

This research studied the effects of sowing date and cutting prior to sowing on establishment of the leguminous forage，alfalfa（Medicago sativa），in a lightly degraded Leymus chinensis meadow and investigated the sowing date×cutting interaction. The factorial experiment comprised four sowing dates（May 1，June 1，July 1，August 1）and cutting treatment（cut or uncut）prior to sowing，and evaluated the establishment performance of alfalfa and the ecological mechanisms related to establishment. It was found that soil moisture during emergence of alfalfa was the greatest when sowing occurred on July 1，and clipping prior to sowing significantly decreased the plant height of L. chinensis during emergence and seedling growth of alfalfa. There was a significant sowing date×cutting interaction effect on alfalfa establishment. Clipping prior to sowing significantly increased the emergence percentage of alfalfa through reducing the plant height of L. chinensis and associated above-and below-ground competition，and the seasonal soil moisture change resulted in a 20% higher（P<0. 05）alfalfa emergence rate when sowing occurred on July 1. With cutting，the number of surviving alfalfa seedlings and seedling survival rate were greatest（83 plants· m−2 and 53%，respectively）when sowing occurred on July 1. For later sowing，owing to the shortened growing time，the development and overwintering survival rates of alfalfa seedlings were significantly reduced. Cutting prior to sowing significantly increased the overwintering rate of alfalfa seedlings through improving their development. In the cutting treatment，the number of overwintered alfalfa seedlings（22 plants·m−2）when sowing was on July 1 was significantly higher than for other reseeding dates. In the second year，a botanical composition measurement showed that clipping prior to reseeding significantly increased the alfalfa biomass within the meadow，and the alfalfa biomass was significantly greater than in other treatments when sowing occurred on July 1 after cutting. Cutting prior to sowing also significantly increased the crude protein content of forage. Based on these research results，normal production practice should include cutting when alfalfa is sown into L. chinensis meadow. Combined with cutting，a sowing date around July 1 is the most favorable for the establishment of alfalfa. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

Effect of dietary nonphytate phosphorus on laying performance and small intestinal epithelial phosphate transporter expression in Dwarf pink-shell laying hens

This study examined the effects of various levels of dietary nonphytate phosphorus on laying performance and the expression patterns of phosphorus metabolism related genes in Dwarf pink-shell Jaying hens. A total of 405 28-week-old Dwarf pink-shell laying hens were fed the same corn-soybean basal meals but containing 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.30%, 0.35% or 0.40% nonphytate phosphorus. The results showed that feed intake, egg production, and average egg weights were quadratically correlated with dietary nonphytate phosphorus content （P 〈 0.05）, and the highest egg production, feed intake and average egg weights were achieved when dietary nonphytate phosphorus was at 0.3% （P 〈 0.05）. mRNA expression of intestinal sodium phosphorus co-transporter linearly decreased when dietary nonphytate phosphorus increased, mRNA and protein expression of intestinal calbindin and vitamin D receptor correlated quadratically with dietary nonphytate phosphorus, and the highest expression was found when dietary available phosphorus was at 0.2,5% to 0.3%. In conclusion, the ideal phosphorus requirement for Dwarf pink-shell layer hens is estimated to be 0.3% in a corn-soybean diet. With this level of phosphorus supplementation, calbindin and vitamin D receptor reached their highest expression.     

Effects of Dietary Energy Level and Source on Blood Metabolites,Hormone Secretion and Follicular Fluid Composition in Gilts

<正>The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels and sources on the blood metabolites,hormone secretion and the composition of follicular fluid in gilts.Fifty-four gilts with initial body weight of(59±4.2) kg were randomly allotted to six treatments.Treatments were low, normal,and high energy feeding levels,which were 87.5%,100%and 112.5%of recommendatory energy requirements by NRC(1998),respectively,and dietary energy sources(starch or fat).Blood samples and follicular fluids were collected on D18 and D19 of the second estrous cycle.The results showed that plasma concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol were higher in the fat group than that in the starch group(P0.05),but those of glucose were similar between the two energy sources(P0.05);dietary energy level exerted no effect on blood metabolites concentration(P0.05).Gilts fed the high energy diet had a higher area under curve of plasma insulin(Insulin AUC),insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ) and leptin than did gilts fed the lower energy diet(P0.05),but there was no significant difference between fat versus starch(P0.05).Luteinizing hormone(LH) pulses were higher in gilts fed high energy rather than that in low energy diets(P0.05),plasma concentration of estradiol(E_2) was higher in the fat group than that in the starch group(P0.05).The number of large follicles(diameter≥4 mm) and concentrations of IGF-Ⅰand E_2 in follicular fluid were increasing significant as the level of energy increased(P0.05),but the numbers of large follicles and follicular fluid composition were not affected by the source of dietary energy(P0.05).The results indicate that gilts fed high energy diets had elevated plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones,IGF-Ⅰand LH secretion,and increased follicular fluid concentrations of IGF-Ⅰ,E_2 and numbers of large follicles;gilts fed the dietary fat had a higher plasma concentration of cholesterol and E_2.     

Analysis of Differences and Influencing Factors of Plant δ13C in Leymus chinensis Grassland in Inner-Mongolia,China北大核心CSCD

In order to understand the distribution and change of stable carbon isotope13C in grassland plants and the effects of soil moisture and temperature on the stable carbon isotope13 C composition (δ13 C), w e measured the δ13 C of shoots and living roots which both had two treatments, 13 C pulse labeling treatment and control treatment, and analyzed the effect of soil moisture content, air temperature and ground temperature on the δ13 C of plants body during the fast-growing stage (July-September) of the Leymus chinensis grassland in Inner Mongolia. The results showed that the δ13C of the living roots was 1-2% higher than the δ13C of the shoots in control treatments, and the δ13C of the shoots in13C pulse labeling treatment was significantly greater than the δ13C of the living roots. The variation trends of the δ13C value of shoots and living roots in labeling and control treatments were both in good consistency with time, which showed that the value of13C in shoots and living roots decreased at first, then increased, and then decreased during the growing season of plants. The δ13 C of the shoots and living roots in control group and living roots in13 C pulse labeling treatment had a linear negative correlation with soil moisture content in the layer of 0-20 cm, but the δ13C of shoots in13C pulse labeling treatment had Quadratic function relation with the soil moisture content in the layer of 0-20 cm, which indicated that the δ13C increased with increasing soil moisture content when it had a low soil moisture content, and the δ13C decreased when there was a high soil moisture content. In13 C pulse labeling treatment and control treatment, there were significant positive correlation between temperature and the δ13C of the shoots and living roots, the δ13C of the shoots and living roots increased with increasing the temperature. © 2019 China Agricultural University. All rights reserved.     

Influence of starch sources and dietary protein levels on intestinal functionality and intestinal mucosal amino acids catabolism in broiler chickens

Background: There is growing interest in carbohydrate and protein nutrition to enhance the efficiency of animal production. Reduced-crude protein diets depress environmental pollution and feeding cost, but the challenge to their adoption is maintaining digestive function and growth performance of birds. The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of different dietary starch sources and protein levels on intestinal functionality and mucosal amino acid catabolism.Methods: Six dietary treatments, based on maize and soybean meal, were offered to 360 AA+male chicks from 6 to 35 d post-hatch as a 3 × 2 factorial array. Either waxy rice or amylose was added to a conventional maize-soy diet to provide three sources of starch with different digestion rates and relatively high and low dietary protein levels. Growth performance, parameters of intestinal functionality and concentrations of free amino acid in the portal circulation were determined.Results: In the grower phase, starch source influenced(P 0.02) weight gain as diets containing amylose supported significantly higher weight gains than waxy rice. Significant increase of ileal ATP concentrations and Na+/K+-ATPase activity were found in amylose treatment. Also, amylose decreased BrdU positive cell numbers and down-regulated m RNA expression for CASP-3. GOT activity in the ileum was higher(P 0.01) in birds offered low protein diets and there was a trend(P = 0.057) for waxy rice as a starch source to increase ileal GOT activities. There was a significant influence on the concentration of seventeen amino acids in the portal circulation with tryptophan the one exception. Waxy rice as a starch source generated 13.6% and 22.4% numerically higher concentrations of non-essential amino acids than maize and amylose, respectively.Conclusions: Amino acid catabolism in the gut mucosa is subject to nutritional regulation. Given that amino acids can be spared from catabolism in the gut mucosa by supplementation of amylose, it follows their post-enteral availability would be improved and intestinal energy would be derived more efficiently from glucose.     

施磷和接种解磷菌对紫花苜蓿光合特性及生物量的影响

为探讨不同施磷水平下接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和解磷细菌(PSB)对紫花苜蓿光合特性及生物量的影响,提高紫花苜蓿的磷肥利用效率及优质高产研究、制定科学合理的施肥制度提供理论依据。采用随机区组设计进行盆栽试验,设置4个接菌处理[未接菌对照组(CK,J₀)、单接巨大芽孢杆菌(Bm,J₁)、单接摩西管柄囊霉(Fm,J₂)和双接菌(Bm×Fm,J₃)]和4个施磷(P₂O₅)水平[0(P₀)、50(P₁)、100(P₂)和150 mg·kg-1(P₃)],共计16个处理。通过对紫花苜蓿的叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、光能利用效率(LUE)、水分利用效率(WUE)、叶绿素[Chl(a+b)]含量和生物量进行测定,并通过相...     

不同氮磷水平下不同土层中紫花苜蓿细根周转特征

为探讨不同氮磷配施条件下紫花苜蓿细根周转及不同土层分布动态特征,分析苜蓿细根周转各指标之间的关系。采用双因素随机区组设计进行田间试验,设置4个施磷水平［0（P₀）、50（P₁）、100（P₂）和150 kg·hm^-2（P₃）］和两个氮水平［0（N₀）和120 kg·hm^-2（N₁）］,共计8个处理,通过微根管根系监测0~60 cm的土层细根周转特征。结果表明：在相同施氮条件下,随着施磷量的增加,紫花苜蓿细根总现存量、细根表面积密度、细根生产量和死亡量呈先增加后降低的趋势,在P₂条件下达到最大值,且P₁、P₂处理显著大于P₀处理（P<0.05）,在相同施磷条件下,N₁处理显著大于N₀处理。在不同土层中,在相同施氮条件下,随着施磷量的增加,苜蓿细根现存量在0~30 cm土层中呈先增加后降低的趋势,在0~15 cm土层中,P₂处理苜蓿细根现存量显著高于其他处理（P<0.05）。不同处理下,苜蓿细根现存量主要集中在15~30 cm土层。在相同施氮条件下,随施磷量的增加,苜蓿细根周转率呈先降低后增加的趋势。细根周转率受细根现存量与细根死亡动态变化的影响较大。细根死亡量与周转率拟合的相关系数最大,拟合效果最好。综上所述,当施磷（P₂O₅）量为100 kg·hm^-2、施氮（N）量为120 kg·hm^-2时,能够显著增加苜蓿细根的现存量和根表面积密度,进而促进苜蓿根系周转和生长。     

氮磷肥对季节性栽培紫花苜蓿生长及再生的影响

为探讨江淮地区紫花苜蓿季节性栽培体系中氮磷肥供应对干物质产量及再生的影响,试验设置4个磷（P₂O₅）水平处理（0、50、100、150 kg·hm^-2）及4个氮（N）水平处理（0、60、120、180 kg·hm^-2）,研究了干物质产量及产量构成因子、地上部氮磷含量及累积量、再生6和12 d的生长量等指标对氮磷肥投入的响应。结果表明：1）施用氮肥及磷肥均显著促进了紫花苜蓿的生长。在低磷供应条件下,干物质产量随供氮量的增加而增加;在高磷条件下,适宜生长的最优施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2。对不同施氮处理而言,饲草干物质产量均随施磷量的增加显著增加。2）干物质产量与地上部氮含量、地上部氮累积量、地上部磷累积量间存在显著正相关关系。3）氮磷肥施用可以促进植株残茬再生,0、50、100、150 kg·hm^-2磷处理下适宜残茬再生所需的施氮量分别为180、120、120、60 kg·hm^-2。刈割6 d后残茬的再生芽芽长及叶面积、刈割12 d后叶面积均与再生生物量间存在显著正相关关系。可见,江淮地区紫花苜蓿季节性栽培体系中施用磷肥可在一定程度上减少氮肥的用量。当磷肥施用量分别为0、50、100、150 kg·hm^-2时,适宜生长及再生的氮肥推荐用量分别为180、120、120、60 kg·hm^-2。江淮地区紫花苜蓿季节性栽培体系中推荐年施磷量及施氮量分别为100及120 kg·hm^-2,研究结果可为紫花苜蓿季节性栽培技术中的肥料管理提供理论依据。     

施磷对滴灌苜蓿干草产量及磷素含量的影响

为探讨不同施磷量对滴灌苜蓿干草产量、吸磷量及苜蓿磷素利用效率的影响,明确不同磷素水平下土壤全磷和速效磷的含量分布特征。试验设4种施磷梯度,分别为施P₂O₅ 0 kg·hm^-2(CK)、50 kg·hm^-2(P₁)、100 kg·hm^-2(P₂)、150 kg·hm^-2(P₃),采用滴灌水肥一体化施肥方式,平均分4次分别在返青后的分枝期、第1茬、第2茬、第3茬刈割后3~5 d施入。结果表明,各茬次苜蓿植株叶片、茎秆磷含量在P₂处理下达到最大值,其中叶片磷含量数值分别为0.223%,0.275%,0.292%和0.218%;茎秆磷含量数值分别为0.202%,0.223%,0.201%和0.146%。苜蓿叶片磷含量大于茎秆磷含量。滴灌苜蓿植株的干草产量、吸磷量随着施磷量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在第1茬P₂处理达到最大值,数值分别为6.54 t·hm^-2和13.78 kg·hm^-2。土壤全磷含量、速效磷含量随着施磷量的增加呈逐渐增大的趋势,且各施磷处理显著大于未施磷处理(P<0.05),滴灌苜蓿总干草产量在P₂处理条件下达到最大,达21.24 t·hm^-2。苜蓿的磷素利用效率为随施磷量的增加呈逐渐降低的趋势,P₁处理苜蓿的磷素利用效率在第1茬达到最大值为28.37%。滴灌苜蓿植株吸磷量与干草产量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。当施P₂O₅为100 kg·hm^-2(P₂)时,能够有效促进苜蓿根系对土壤速效磷的吸收,提高苜蓿磷素利用效率,进而提高滴灌苜蓿干草产量。     

刈割后追肥对建植当年紫花苜蓿生长和生产性能的影响

施肥是苜蓿生产的重要管理措施之一,但苜蓿刈割后的追肥效应以及最佳追肥管理方案尚不明确。本研究旨在探讨追肥时间和不同氮、磷追施配比对苜蓿刈割后再生长的影响。以建植当年陇东苜蓿为试验材料,设置两个追肥时间（刈割当日和刈割后7 d,分别表示为T₀和T₁）、3个氮肥水平（0、25和50 kg·hm^-2 N,分别表示为N₀、N₂₅和N₅₀）和3个磷肥水平（0、30、60 kg·hm^-2 P₂O₅,分别表示为P₀、P₃₀和P₆₀）,并设3个重复,共54个小区。研究发现：1）建植当年苜蓿刈割后追肥促进了后茬苜蓿的生长,其中刈割后立即施用少量磷肥（T₀N₀P₃₀）处理下株高最高,比对照（T₀N₀P₀）增加了20.53%。刈割后追肥提高了苜蓿的叶茎比,在T₁时进行高氮低磷配施（N₅₀P₀和N₅₀P₃₀）中最为明显。2）第2茬苜蓿产量在不同处理间差异显著（P<0.05）,其中刈割后立即高磷高氮追施（T₀N₅₀P₆₀）下干物质和粗蛋白产量最高,分别为3.58和0.94 t·hm^-2,与T₁处理下的结果有显著差异。刈割后追肥对苜蓿酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量和相对饲用价值均无显著影响（P>0.05）。3）氮磷肥配比追施对单位体积土壤中后茬苜蓿的根长、根表面积、根体积和根生物量影响显著（P<0.05）。最大根长密度（2.66 mm·cm^-3）和根表面积密度（7.75 mm²·cm^-3）出现在无肥（N₀P₀）、T₀N₂₅P₃₀处理中,根体积密度在T₁N₂₅P₃₀条件下最大。不同处理的根系生物量差异较大,但均高于不施肥处理（N₀P₀）。综上所述,在陇东黄土高原雨养农区,刈割后追施氮、磷肥促进了建植当年苜蓿的再生。在当地的生产实践中,建议在苜蓿刈割后立即追施少量磷肥（30 kg·hm^-2 P₂O₅）或每公顷配合追施50 kg N和60 kg P₂O₅。     

河西地区豆禾混播草地生产性能对刈割高度与施肥的响应

刈割和施肥是豆禾混播草地生产过程中极为重要的田间管理措施，合理的留茬高度和氮磷配施模式可以有效提高混播草地的生产性能。为探究不同留茬高度和施肥模式对多年生豆禾混播草地产量与品质的影响，在河西走廊地区以紫花苜蓿、无芒雀麦和长穗偃麦草1∶1∶1建植的第3年豆禾混播草地为试验对象，利用裂区试验设计，以留茬高度为主区，设置5 cm（A₁）、8 cm（A₂）、11 cm（A₃）3个留茬高度，施肥模式为副区，设置不施肥CK（B₁）、单施磷肥：150 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2（B₂）、低氮高磷：75 kg N·hm^-2+225 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2（B₃）、氮磷平衡：150 kg N·hm^-2+150 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2（B₄）、单施氮肥：150 kg N·hm^-2（B₅）、高氮低磷：225 kg N·hm^-2+75 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2（B₆）6个施肥模式，在混播草地中豆科牧草初花期进行刈割，施肥方式为第1茬刈割后追施。结果表明：以A₃B₃（11 cm留茬高度和75 kg N·hm^-2+225 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2的施肥模式）处理组合全年产量最高（19626 kg·hm^-2）；A₂B₂（8 cm留茬高度和150 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2的施肥模式）处理组合全年产量最低（14342 kg·hm^-2）。提高留茬高度会在一定程度上降低紫花苜蓿整体品质，提高禾本科牧草整体品质。增施氮肥的同时减施磷肥可有效提高牧草粗蛋白含量和相对饲用价值（RFV），施用量过高会使牧草粗蛋白含量和相对饲用价值下降，最合理的氮磷配施模式为150 kg N·hm^-2+150 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2。综合产量和品质的结果来看，适当的磷肥施用量可以显著提高牧草营养品质。利用TOPSIS综合评价模型对混播草地产量及各混播组分营养品质进行整体评价后得出：8 cm的留茬高度以及施150 kg N·hm^-2+150 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2的氮磷为适宜在河西走廊地区紫花苜蓿+无芒雀麦+长穗偃麦草混播草地利用的留茬高度与施肥模式的组合。     

施氮对苜蓿初花期光合日变化、叶片形态及干物质产量的影响

通过研究不同氮素水平下滴灌苜蓿叶片形态特征、光合日变化规律,分析不同施氮水平下滴灌苜蓿光合日变化、叶片形态与干物质产量的关系,以期进一步揭示施氮对紫花苜蓿干物质及产量形成的影响机制,进而为优化实际生产中紫花苜蓿的氮管理策略提供理论依据。采用单因素随机区组设计,设置0（CK）、60（N₁）、120（N₂）和180 kg·hm^-2（N₃）共4个施氮水平,在紫花苜蓿初花期对光合日变化、叶片形态、叶片氮含量和苜蓿产量构成进行测定。结果表明,施氮处理下苜蓿的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均高于不施氮处理,施氮处理的苜蓿叶片胞间CO₂浓度低于不施氮处理。对净光合速率和蒸腾速率综合影响最大的环境因子是光合有效辐射。随着施氮量的增加,紫花苜蓿的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、比叶重,以及叶片干重、茎秆干重、干物质产量、叶片氮含量、淀粉和可溶性糖含量均呈先增加后降低的趋势。不同施氮水平下,对叶片形态结构影响最大的为叶面积,其次分别为比叶重、叶长和叶宽,对苜蓿干物质产量影响从大到小依次为叶片氮含量>净光合速率>叶面积>蒸腾速率>比叶重。不施氮和高氮处理下光合速率下降主要是因为光合活性受到抑制,属于非气孔因素。基于主成分分析,干物质产量、叶片形态以及光合作用综合得分最高的为N₂处理,其次分别为N₃、N₁和CK处理。因此,施氮肥有助于紫花苜蓿光合面积和光合速率的协同改进,有利于光合产物的生成,从而促进苜蓿干物质产量的增加,在施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2时提升效果最为明显。     

氮磷互作对不同茬次滴灌苜蓿生产性能及营养品质的影响

为探讨滴灌条件下不同氮磷互作模式对绿洲区滴灌苜蓿生产性能及营养品质的影响,本试验设置施N 105 (N₁)和210 kg·hm^-2(N₂)2种梯度,施P₂O₅ 0 (CK)、50 (P₁)、100 (P₂)和150 kg·hm^-2(P₃)4种施磷梯度,交互配施共8个处理(N₁P₀、N₁P₁、N₁P₂、N₁P₃、N₂P₀、N₂P₁、N₂P₂、N₂P₃),采用随机区组设计,对滴灌苜蓿各生长性状、干草产量及营养品质进行测定。结果表明:N₁条件下,前3茬中,苜蓿的株高、茎粗、生长速度、干草产量和粗蛋白质含量均表现为P₂处理大于其他处理;N₂条件下,苜蓿的株高、茎粗、生长速度、干草产量和粗蛋白质含量均表现为P₁处理大于其他处理;N₁、N₂条件下,各茬次苜蓿叶片、茎秆的酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量均表现为P₂处理小于其他处理。P₀、P₂和P₃条件下,前3茬中,苜蓿的株高、茎粗、生长速度、干草产量和粗蛋白质含量均表现为N₁处理大于N₂处理;相同施磷条件下,苜蓿叶片、茎秆的酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量均表现为N₁处理小于N₂处理。通过对苜蓿各生长性状指标与干草产量灰色关联度分析表明,生长速度和茎粗对苜蓿干草产量的贡献率较大,株高和茎叶比对苜蓿干草产量的贡献率较小。通过模糊相似优先比评价表明,不同氮磷处理下滴灌苜蓿各茬次的较优施肥模式为N₁P₂处理,此处理下,苜蓿能够获得较高干草产量(25103.19 kg·hm^-2)、高蛋白含量(叶:23.60%~26.47%、茎:10.57%~11.76%)、低酸性洗涤纤维含量(叶:13.28%~17.41%、茎:38.63%~47.21%)和低中性洗涤纤维含量(叶:18.18%~22.93%、茎:49.53%~59.83%)。在新疆绿洲区,施氮(N)105 kg·hm^-2、磷(P₂O₅)100 kg·hm^-2有利于促进滴灌苜蓿干草产量的形成及营养品质的提高。     

耐亚磷酸盐紫花苜蓿品种筛选及评价指标的鉴定

亚磷酸盐是正磷酸盐的一种还原形态,具有溶解度高、运输效率高、与土壤反应活性低等优势。通过探讨不同紫花苜蓿品种苗期对亚磷酸盐的耐逆能力,旨在为紫花苜蓿耐亚磷酸盐品种筛选和亚磷酸盐新型磷肥的开发提供科学依据。以37个紫花苜蓿品种为试验材料,设置正磷酸盐（0.5 mmol·L^-1 KH₂PO₄）和亚磷酸盐（0.5 mmol·L^-1 KH₂PO₃）两个处理,测定不同品种幼苗的株高（PH）、茎粗（SD）、茎叶磷含量（SPC）、茎叶干重（DWS）、根干重（DWR）、根冠比（RSR）、总根长（RL）、根表面积（RSA）、根磷含量（RPC）、叶绿素含量（Chl）、叶面积（LA）、净光合速率（P_n）12个形态和生理指标变化情况。以各单项指标的耐亚磷酸盐系数（PTC）作为衡量依据,运用主成分分析、隶属函数分析、聚类分析和逐步回归等方法对其耐亚磷酸盐的特性进行综合评价并建立数学模型。在亚磷酸盐胁迫下,不同紫花苜蓿品种根磷含量和叶绿素含量增加,其余指标均显示下降。通过主成分分析,可将12个单项指标转换成5个相互独立的综合指标,根据耐亚磷酸盐综合评价值和聚类分析,可将37个品种划分为4个类别,其中,高度耐亚磷酸盐包括WL903和可汗2个,中度耐亚磷酸盐12个,低耐亚磷酸盐17个,亚磷酸盐敏感型6个。进一步利用逐步回归方法建立了耐亚磷酸盐特性的评价回归模型Y=-0.174+0.102PH+0.189DWR+0.168 RL+0.187RSA-0.061P_n （R²=0.9908）,且各品种对回归方程的估计精度均大于93.22%。综合表明：高度耐亚磷酸盐的品种有可汗和WL903;在亚磷酸盐胁迫下,株高、根干重、总根长、根表面积和净光合速率等可作为紫花苜蓿品种耐亚磷酸盐特性强弱的快速鉴定和预测指标。     

适宜磷、钾肥配比及稻秆半量还田提高紫云英产量与养分截获

紫云英为南方稻区最主要的冬季绿肥作物。在紫云英生育期筛选磷、钾肥适宜配比,明确稻秆还田替代钾肥效果,可为福建稻区紫云英高效栽培与水稻化肥减施提供依据。田间条件下,磷肥（P₂O₅）设0、15、30 kg·hm^-2 3个水平,钾肥（K₂O）设0、15、30 kg·hm^-2 以及稻秆半量还田替代4个水平,二者完全组合共12个处理,主要测定紫云英盛花期农艺性状、产量、养分含量及截获量。结果表明,与不施磷、钾肥处理（CK）相比,磷、钾肥不同配比的紫云英株高、茎粗、株数、总分枝数最大增幅分别为6.2%、5.9%、8.1%、6.5%,紫云英鲜草产量与干草产量分别增幅1.3%~12.8%与1.4%~15.1%,其中30 kg·hm^-2磷肥与15 kg·hm^-2钾肥配比,紫云英干草产量最高。30 kg·hm^-2磷肥与30 kg·hm^-2钾肥配比,氮、磷、钾养分截获总量最高,分别比CK提高19.2%、18.8%、25.9%,差异均显著。稻秆半量还田的紫云英增产与氮、磷、钾养分截获效果与15~30 kg·hm^-2钾肥用量基本相当。磷、钾肥配施可改善紫云英生长性状并提高生物量和养分截获量,稻秆半量还田能够替代紫云英生育期钾肥施用量。综合产量、养分截获与化肥减施节本因素,福建稻区紫云英以15 kg·hm^-2磷肥配施15 kg·hm^-2钾肥（或稻秆半量还田替代钾肥）为较优配比。