共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
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Biochar application to soil has significant potential as a climate change mitigation strategy, due to its recalcitrant C content and observed effect to suppress soil greenhouse gas emissions such as nitrous oxide (N2O). Increased soil aeration following biochar amendment may contribute to this suppression.Soil cores from a Miscanthus X. giganteus plantation were amended with hardwood biochar at a rate of 2% dry soil weight (22 t ha−1). The cores were incubated at three different temperatures (4, 10 and 16 °C) for 126 days, maintained field moist and half subjected to periodic wetting events. Cumulative N2O production was consistently suppressed by at least 49% with biochar amendment within 48 h of wetting at 10 and 16 °C. We concluded that hardwood biochar suppressed soil N2O emissions following wetting at a range of field-relevant temperatures over four months. We hypothesised that this was due to biochar increasing soil aeration at relatively high moisture contents by increasing the water holding capacity (WHC) of the soil; however, this hypothesis was rejected.We found that 5% and 10% biochar amendment increased soil WHC. Also, 10% biochar amendment decreased bulk density of the soil. Sealed incubations were performed with biochar added at 0–10 % of dry soil weight and wetted to a uniform 87% WHC (78% WFPS). Cumulative N2O production within 60 h of wetting was 19, 19, 73 and 98% lower than the biochar-free control in the 1, 2, 5 and 10% biochar treatments respectively. We conclude that high levels of biochar amendment may change soil physical properties, but that the enhancement of soil aeration by biochar incorporation makes only a minimal contribution to the suppression of N2O emissions from a sandy loam soil. We suggest that microbial or physical immobilisation of NO3− in soil following biochar addition may significantly contribute to the suppression of soil N2O emissions. 相似文献
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Madasur Subbabhat Venkatesh Probir Kumar Ghosh Bhisham Lal Khuswah Arakalagud Nanjundaiah Ganeshamurthy Masood Ali 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2017,63(14):2007-2022
In the present investigation, the long-term effect of pulse crop inclusion in the maize-wheat rotation was assessed for the nutrient availability and soil-plant nutrient cycling under different nutrient management practices. Including pulses in the maize-wheat rotation improved soil organic carbon (SOC) and plant available macronutrients being higher in maize-wheat-mungbean rotation. Inclusion of mungbean to maize-wheat rotation enhanced the nitrogen (33.9%), phosphorus (46.4%), potassium (36.3%), and sulphur (55.5%) uptake in maize crop; likewise, alternate-year chickpea inclusion increased the uptake of these nutrients by 18.2, 19.1, 21.7, 32.1%, respectively. Inorganic fertilization maintained the positive annual balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and zinc. By contrast, the nutrient balance under organic nutrient management was mostly negative. The magnitude of negative balance of potassium and sulphur was higher in inorganic than that of organic nutrient management. The low nutrient supply (particularly nitrogen) in organic fertilization largely inhibited the yield of cereal crops but not that of pulses. In view of this, the inclusion of pulses in the cereal-cereal systems could cause substantial improvement in soil fertility and sustainability in Indo-Gangetic plains. We infer that supply of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus in organic, and potassium and sulphur in recommended inorganic fertilization merit special attention. 相似文献
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Oliver Dilly 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2001,164(1):29-34
The increase in microbial C content, cumulative respiration and changes in ”︁available” C were determined after adding glucose (2 mg glucose-C (g soil)—1, ”︁C”), glucose + nitrogen (”︁C+N”) or glucose + nitrogen + phosphorus (”︁C+N+P”) to four soils. In two sandy soils, one agricultural and the other from a beech forest in Germany, available C was still present approximately 7 days after C addition. The supplement N and N+P decreased the content of available C and stimulated respiration rate and microbial growth. In two loamy forest soils from Italy, which had a high native content of microbial C, available C was present in the beech soil but not in a silver fir soil treated with C+N. In the Italian beech and fir soil, microbial growth was highest with C+N+P and C+N addition respectively. Available C remaining in the soil was related to some extent to the native microbial C content. However, microbial growth and respiration response varied between soil and treatment. The respiratory coefficient, that is the ratio of assimilated to respired C, varied between 0.0 and 1.45 μg Cmic (μg CO2-C)—1 and was generally higher when a large amount of native biomass was present. The eco-physiological strategy of the soil microbiota in using C seemed to shift according to the biomass content, the added concentration and composition of available substrates, and emergent system properties. 相似文献
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《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》1986,36(3):193-214
A simulation model suitable for describing the dynamic aspects of mass and energy transfer in a soil—residue—atmosphere system has been developed and used to determine soil heat and water budgets. The model has been programmed in BASIC and uses numerical methods suitable for microcomputer applications. It displays a fundamental coupling of the surface residue to the soil—atmosphere system, and uses network analysis to describe heat and moisture transfer. Short-wave and long-wave radiative transfer, changes in energy status, rainfall interception by the residue, infiltration, redistribution, evaporation, and drainage are all accounted for. Daily input requirements include global short-wave radiation, maximum and minimum air temperatures, average wind speed, precipitation, and temperature and water content deep within the soil. General site, residue, and soil characteristics are also needed.Surface residues are treated as a thin layer with uniform horizontal distribution and residue loading rate is 3000 kg ha−1. Application of the model to energy and water budget studies using environmental data recorded at Pullman, WA during 1981/82 is discussed. Simulation results indicate that for the Pullman conditions surface residues decreased evaporation by roughly 36% when compared with simulations of bare soil evaporation. Monthly trends, however, indicate that the effectiveness of residues in conserving soil moisture decreases as the length of rain-free periods increases. 相似文献
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Sara König Ulrich Weller Bibiana Betancur-Corredor Birgit Lang Thomas Reitz Martin Wiesmeier Ute Wollschläger Hans-Jörg Vogel 《European Journal of Soil Science》2023,74(5):e13411
The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long-term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process-based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site-specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-17):2829-2835
Abstract The influence of soil particle size and soil fine grinding on Bray‐2 extractable phosphorus (Bray‐2P) was studied. Air‐dried and 2‐mm mesh‐sieved soil was separated into six particle size classes: <0.075, 0.075–0.106, 0.106–0.25, 0.25–0.425, 0.425–0.85, and 0.85–2 mm. The lowest amounts of Bray‐2P were found in the 0.425–0.85 and 0.85–2 mm fractions and the highest in <0.075 mm fraction. When ground for 3 min, the amount of Bray‐2P increased in the fractions larger than 0.25 mm, whereas it decreased in the fractions smaller than 0.25 mm. In the large fraction (0.425–0.85 mm), grinding for 1 to 3 min led to an increase in the amount of Bray‐2P, but grinding for 9 to 18 min caused a decrease. In contrast, in the small fraction (<0.075 mm), the amount of Bray‐2P decreased by grinding for 1 min. The large and small fractions that were ground absorbed P in proportion to the grinding time during the extraction‐filtration period. 相似文献
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Vijay Pooniya R. S. Bana K. Sawarnalaxmi Pankaj D. S. Rana 《Journal of plant nutrition》2018,41(12):1491-1506
A field experiment was conducted on summer mungbean residue recycling (SMBRR) and basmati rice–wheat cropping system (BRWCS) at New Delhi, India. The SMBRR enhanced the system productivity and net returns by ~19.1% and 22.1% compared to summer fallow (SF) with highest magnitude under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967. Two genotypes each in basmati rice (PB 1 and P 2511) and wheat (HD 2967 and HD 2733) responded well to SMBRR with respect to grain yield efficiency index (GYEI) ≥ 1.0. SMBRR also registered ~13.5% higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) than SF. Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage also increased by ~6.8% in 0–30 cm soil layer. The rice–wheat–summer mungbean system produced significantly highest energy efficiency compared to the rice–wheat–summer fallow system with highest values under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967 as a result of better yield expression. Overall, SMBRR with suitable genotypic sequence improved the system productivity, profitability, and nutrient dynamics in BRWCS, which are vital for long-term sustainability of this system. 相似文献
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Khaulood A. Hemida Abdullah Z. A. Eloufey Mohamed A. Seif El-Yazal 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2017,63(11):1556-1571
Soil salinity is one of the major problems of agriculture that limits plant performance, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Therefore, the effect of potassium humate (KH) and α-tocopherol (TOC), used singly or in integration, on soil characteristics, and on plant performance, physio-biochemical attributes and antioxidative defense system of Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants grown under salt stress (EC = 6.35–6.42 dS m?1) was investigated. Half g KH kg?1 soil was used as soil amendment before sowing and 1.0 mM TOC was used as foliar spray twice; at 25 and 40 days after sowing. Results showed that, KH significantly improved soil physical and chemical properties, which positively reflected on plant growth and productivity, physio-biochemical attributes, mineral nutrients (N, P, K and Ca), osmoprotectants (soluble sugars and proline), non-enzymatic (ascorbic acid, glutathione and TOC) and enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX)) antioxidants compared to untreated controls. The single TOC foliar application recorded the same positive results of KH. Integrated KH + TOC treatment was most effective compared to the single treatments. The above results recommended benefits of this integrated KH + TOC for the possibility of sustainable agronomic performance of common beans grown on saline soils. 相似文献
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Shermeen Tahir Petra Marschner 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(15):1813-1821
Leaching of nutrients, particularly in sandy soil with low nutrient and water holding capacity (WHC), is a major threat to marine and fresh water pollution. Addition of clay soil to sandy soil could be an option to increase water and nutrient holding capacity of sandy soils, but the effect of clay soil addition may depend on the form in which the clay soil is added and the addition rate. Clay soil was added to sandy soil at rate of 10 or 20% (w/w) finely ground (<2 mm) or 2 and 5 mm peds with and without nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer equivalent to 60 kg N ha?1 and 15 kg P ha?1. The clay sand mixture for each treatment was weighed (30 g) in cores with nylon mesh at the bottom. The soils were incubated at 80% WHC for 7 weeks. To obtain leachate, 20 mL reverse osmosis (RO) water was added every week to each core. Leachate was analysed for inorganic N, P, and pH. Soil was analyzed for N, P, and pH before and after the leaching. Clay addition significantly reduced the leaching of N and P compared to sandy soil alone, with greatest reduction by finely ground clay soil and least with 5 mm peds. Compared to sandy soil alone, 83% more N was retained in clay-amended soil and P retention was doubled. This study showed that addition of finely ground clay soil can substantially reduce N and P leaching and thereby increase fertilizer retention compared to sandy soil alone. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9):963-980
Abstract Common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) was grown on four different overburdens from the potential lignite mining area of Louisiana. A pot study was conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate the fertility status of the overburdens for future recommendations of fertilizers and soil amendments during the revegetation of the reconstructed soil. Fertilizer at the rate of 0, 1/2>x, 1x, 2x and 4x the soil test recommended rate of N, P and K for common bermudagrass were applied to the materials. Lime was applied to the Cow Bayou formation material to raise the pH to 6.5. Bermudagrass forage was harvested every six weeks over a 24 week period to evaluate dry matter yield and mineral composition. Yield and nutrient uptake (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) were significantly (α = 1%) affected by increasing rates Df fertilizer in all overburden materials except P uptake in the Cow Bayou material. In general, yield and nutrient uptake increased with each addition of fertilizer. Total yield was not significantly (α = 1%) different when the recommended rate of N, P and K fertilizer was applied in all overburdens. However, total yield was highest in the Prairie Terrace and Dolet Hills overburdens when 4x this rate was applied. Nutrient concentration was not significantly affected by fertilizer application except for N in the Naborton material, Ca in Prairie Terrace and Naborton, S in Dolet Hills and Zn in Prairie Terrace and Naborton (α = 5%). 相似文献
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Topsoil samples were collected from plots in a dry cropland in the North China Plain 3 years after a single incorporation of biochar at 20 and 40 t ha?1 and analyzed for abundances and composition of microbial community and for respiration under controlled laboratory conditions at 15, 20, and 25 °C. The addition of biochar generally reduced soil respirations at the three temperatures and the temperature sensitivity (Q10) at 15–20 °C. Biochar amendment significantly increased bacterial 16S rRNA gene abundances and fungal ITS gene diversity and induced clear changes in their community compositions due to improvements in soil chemical properties such as soil organic C (SOC) and available N contents and pH. Illumina Miseq sequencing showed that the relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Alternaria within Ascomycota, capable of decomposing SOC, were significantly decreased under biochar at 40 t ha?1. The Q10 values at 15–20 °C were significantly correlated with fungal diversity and dehydrogenase activity. Our results suggest that after 3 years a single biochar amendment could induce a shift in microbial community composition and functioning towards a slower organic C turnover and stability to warming, which may potentially reduce soil C loss in dryland under climate warming in the future. 相似文献
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Wolfgang Merbach Friedhelm Herbst Helmut Eißner Lothar Schmidt Annette Deubel 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(8):1059-1071
In a long-term field trial (Halle, Germany, founded in 1949 by K. Schmalfuß, soil type Haplic Phaeozem), the effects of different mineral and organic fertilization on dry matter yields, soil C and N contents and N balances were investigated. Over a period of 60 years, yields increased on average in all cultivated crops (winter and spring cereals, potatoes, sugar beets, silage maize), even without any fertilization. Nitrogen deficiency in unfertilized and PK treatments caused strong decreases in yield (up to 48%) in comparison with the N2PK standard treatment. The effect of omitting K or P supply was smaller (up to 18% and 7% yield reduction, respectively). The highest yields were obtained with high mineral N + PK application and (except winter wheat) with farmyard manure in combination with mineral fertilization. The N balances were negative in all treatments. However, if N immission from the air (40 kg ha?1 a?1) was included in the calculation, N balances were negative only in low N treatments. The soil C and N contents increased up to 1975. A considerable decrease has been seen since about 1985. The highest soil C and N contents were observed in the farmyard manure treatments. In addition to fertilization effects, this development of soil properties reflects changes in environmental pollution, climatic changes, as well as shifts in cultivation methods like tillage depths, over recent decades. 相似文献
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Many producers are using foliar fertilizers on seedling cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with the intent of promoting early vigor and increasing yields. However, the hypothesis that foliar feeding young cotton increases seedling vigor and yield has not been rigorously tested. We conducted 5 studies during 1990 to 1992 to investigate the value of one, two or three foliar applications of 12–48–8 fertilizer to seedling cotton. Two studies also included foliar‐applied urea. Plant height and whole‐plant phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N) were determined two weeks after each application in two studies. Yield and P and N concentrations were not influenced by foliar fertilizers in any study. Seedling height was not influenced by applications of 12–48–8. A slight early‐season height advantage was observed with foliar‐applied urea at one location. Our results suggest that application of foliar N and P fertilizers to seedling cotton has little agronomic value. 相似文献
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The study assessed the impact of continuous application of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) on arecanut in India. Key parameters examined were biomass production, nutrient uptake, yield, soil fertility and net benefit. Pooled analysis of 8-year data revealed that nutrient application registered significantly higher yield (2585–3331 kg ha?1) than no nutrition (1827 kg ha?1). Yields in organic nutrition were around 85% of the yields obtained in inorganic NPK. The concentrations of leaf N and K were significantly higher with NPK than with vermicompost. Vermicompost significantly increased soil organic carbon and the availability of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu), but reduced exchangeable K in soil. The total uptake of K and Ca together contributed positively to 75% variability in total biomass production. Nutrient removal of iron (Fe), P, K and Cu positively influenced the yield with about 81% variability. Biomass partitioning and nutrient uptake pattern are important for fertilization program of arecanut. 相似文献
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Priyanka CHANDRA Amoolya WUNNAVA Pooja VERMA Amaresh CHANDRA Rakesh Kumar SHARMA 《土壤圈》2021,31(3):496-509
Drought stress affects plant growth and causes significant issues in meeting global demand for food crops and fodder. Drought can cause physiological, physicochemical, and morphological changes in plants, which negatively affects plant growth and productivity. To combat this under the increasing global threat of water shortage and rapid population expansion, it is crucial to develop strategies to meet global food demands. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) may provide a safe solution to enhancing crop yields through various mechanisms. These soil bacteria can provide drought tolerance to crop plants, allowing them to survive and thrive in water-scarce conditions. Productions of phytohormones, free radical-scavenging enzymes, and stress-combating enzymes that can increase tolerance to drought-induced stress are key features of plant-associated microbial communities. This review summarizes the beneficial properties of microbes that help plants tolerate water scarcity and highlights the bacterial mechanisms that enhance drought tolerance in plants. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2589-2605
Abstract Knowledge of relationships between variation in early plant growth and soil nutrient supply is needed for effective site‐specific management of no‐till fields. This study assessed relationships between soil test phosphorus (STP) and potassium (STK) with early plant growth and P or K content of young corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants in eight no‐till fields. Composite soil (0–15 cm depth) and plant (V5‐V6 growth stages) samples were collected from 400‐m2 areas at the center of 0.14‐ha cells of a 16‐cell square grid and from 2‐m2 areas spaced 3 m along each of two 150‐m intersecting transects. Correlation, regression, multivariate factor analyses were used to study the relationships between the variables. Variability was higher for samples collected from the transects. Plant dry weight (DW), P uptake (PU), and K uptake (KU) usually were correlated with STP and STK but the correlations varied markedly among fields. Relationships between soil and plant variables could not always be explained by known nutrient sufficiency levels for grain production. Plant P concentration (PC) was not always correlated with STP and sometimes it increased linearly with STP, but other times increased curvilinearly until a maximum was reached. Plant K concentration (KC) usually was correlated with STK, however, and increased linearly with increasing STK even in fields with above‐optimum STK. The results suggest greater susceptibility of early growth to STP than to STK and greater plant capacity to accumulate K compared with P over a wide range of soil nutrient supplies. Variation in STK likely is a major direct cause of variation in KC over a wide range of conditions but variation in STP is not likely a major direct cause of variation in PC when high STP predominates. 相似文献
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A field experiment was conducted in 2011 and 2012 to study the effect of fertigation on yield, fruit quality and nutrient uptake of ‘Nabbut-Ahmar’ date palm cultivar grown in sandy loam soil. Three fertigation treatments were compared with traditional application. In traditional treatment (CT), the recommended dose [2300 g nitrogen (N), 1200 g phosphorus (P) and 1400 g/tree] was applied as a soil broadcast in three equal doses. The fertigation treatments, (T2), (T3) and (T4), represent all nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) amounts of CT, 2/3 CT and 1/3 CT, respectively that were injected in twelve equal doses. The results showed that compared to CT, the fertigation treatments increased yield/palm by 41%, 31% and 18% for T3, T2 and T4, respectively. Beside the increase in yield, 33% and 66% of the applied fertilizers were saved by T3 and T4, respectively, compared with CT. Feritgation treatments had no negative impact on the overall fruit quality characteristics and even increased total soluble solids (TSS), soluble tannins and total phenols concentrations compared to the conventional fertilization. Availability of NPK increased by fertigation but without further increase in leaves and fruit. In conclusion applying 2/3 of the recommended dose of NPK fertilizers under dry land condition through fertigation maximize yield, quality and fertilizer use efficiency. 相似文献
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Foliar concentrations of eight essential elements were measured in three sizes of Metrosideros polymorpha tree seedlings that had been subjected to five different light levels as part of a canopy thinning experiment in a Hawaiian montane rain forest. Most element concentrations were reduced by increased light intensity, but this was statistically significant only for Ca, Mg, and Zn. N and P concentrations markedly decreased with increasing plant size. No element exhibited consistent concentration increases in response to higher light or greater size. As in temperate herbaceous species, lower element concentrations associated with larger or more illuminated plants may represent a dilution effect related to the cumulative amount of C fixed in the lifetime of individual leaves. The rapid growth of newly unshaded seedlings may result in nutrient limitations in seedlings not rooted in mineral soil. 相似文献