高光谱遥感估测大豆冠层生长和籽粒产量的探讨

现代作物育种需要监测大量育种材料的生长并估测产量潜势, 高光谱遥感技术为此提供了简单、快捷、非损伤性测定的可能途径。选取30份大豆育成品种进行连续2年的产量比较试验, 在盛花期(R2)、盛荚期(R4)和鼓粒始期(R5)测定地上部生物量(ADM)和叶面积指数(LAI), 并利用ASD高光谱地物仪同步收集大豆冠层反射光谱信息。供试品种间ADM、LAI和产量差异显著或极显著。不同生育期可见光和近红外区域的光谱反射率与大豆ADM、LAI及产量均有显著相关, 尤其在R4和R5期相关性最高。在构建大量光谱参数的基础上, 遴选出对ADM、LAI及产量预测精度较好的回归模型。其中, R5期的P_Area560光谱参数与LAI和R4期的V_Area1450光谱参数与ADM构建的两个生长性状的监测模型效果最好, 决定系数(R²)分别为0.582和0.692。未发现单一生育期光谱参数对大豆估产的有效模型, 但综合R2期NPH1280、R4期V_Area1190以及R5期NPH560构建的产量估测模型, 决定系数(R²)达到0.68, 效果较好。本研究     

冷鲜猪肉馅中假单胞菌的预测模型研究

以托盘包装冷鲜猪肉馅为研究对象,研究假单胞菌的生长变化与模型构建。结果表明,Gompertz方程拟合获得的假单胞菌生长预测一级模型,相关系数R~2值均大于0.99,偏差因子和准确因子分别为0.870和1.149;采用平方根模型研究温度对假单胞菌生长动力学参数的影响,得到温度与最大比生长速率和延滞期方程分别为:U~(1/2)=0.066×[T-(-11.606)]和(1/t_(LPD))~(1/2)=0.059×[T-(-15.42)],其中T∈[0,20],R~2分别为0.981和0.811,F统计量检验表明方程具有显著性。构建的生长模型能够较好地预测0～20℃下假单胞菌在冷鲜猪肉馅基质上的生长。     

大豆7S球蛋白α'亚基缺失及(a'+a)亚基双缺失品系的回交转育

7S球蛋白α''与α亚基是大豆种子贮藏蛋白的重要组分,是影响大豆营养价值与加工品质的重要因子,同时还是主要的大豆致敏原,降低它们的含量是大豆品质改良育种的最新研究热点之一。以日本育种材料7S球蛋白(α''+α)-亚基双缺失型日B为供体亲本,黑龙江省主栽大豆品种东农47为受体亲本,采用回交转育方法,将α''与(α''+α)-亚基缺失特性导入东农47。结果表明,α''-缺失型(Cc)和(α''+α)-双缺失型(Cd)品系均能正常生长、结实,并能稳定遗传;Cc、Cd产量组分性状的平均值均远高于轮回亲本,蛋白质含量平均值均高于双亲,部分Cd株系籽粒蛋白质总量高达46.7%,脂肪含量平均值介于双亲之间,略高于日B;导入α''-缺失和(α''+α)双缺失性状后,绝大多数氨基酸组分含量和氨基酸总量提高,其中精氨酸和天门冬氨酸平均含量变幅最大。Cd株系籽粒含硫氨基酸含量(蛋氨酸与胱氨酸之和)及氨基酸总量分别比东农47高出0.11和5.56个百分点。说明通过常规育种重组α¢-缺失或(α''+α)-双缺失性状即可提高大豆含硫氨基酸含量,并提高其他氨基酸组分含量及氨基酸总量,在Cc、Cd的BC₂F₃后代群体中有望筛选到α''-缺失或α''与α同时缺失的高产、高含硫氨基酸、优质大豆新品种。     

基于幼果期气象数据苹果产量早期预测研究——以运城市为例

本文通过对运城市2005—2018年气象数据和苹果年产量数据进行分析,构建运城市苹果产量早期预测模型。首先,采用HP滤波法将运城市苹果年产量分为趋势产量和气象产量。其次,分别对苹果物候期：发芽期、花期、幼果期、膨果期、成熟期建立多元线性回归模型,研究每个物候期对苹果气象产量影响的强弱。最后,选取对苹果气象产量影响最强的幼果期建立BP神经网络早期预测模型,并对其进行验证。结果表明：选取幼果期建立的BP神经网络苹果产量早期预测模型其预测结果相对平均误差为7.08%,使用2019年相关数据验证BP神经网络产量早期预测模型的精度为89.6%,表明该模型能够较为准确的预测苹果产量,可为农作物产量早期预测提供理论支持。     

雄先型核桃雄花疏除的二次回归与BP神经网络模型研究

雄先型核桃雄花疏除（去雄）是提高产量的重要管理措施,为提高核桃去雄的效率,建立二次回归与BP神经网络模型。分别以乙烯利、赤霉素和甲哌鎓为自变量和核桃雄花脱落率为响应指标,进行田间建模试验,建立了二次多项式回归方程和BP神经网络模型,并于翌年进行BP模型田间确认试验。试验数据分为训练集、确认集和试验集,中心组合（二次旋转回归试验设计）田间建模试验得到的20组数据随机划为训练集(17)和确认集(3)数据,试验集为翌年田间确认试验得到的数据,BP神经网络的拓扑结构为3-5-1。（1）BP神经网络对确认集样本的预测值误差分别为1.3550%、0.4291%、0.3538%;（2）BP神经网络的预测值与田间确认试验结果相差为2.04%,回归预测值与田间确认试验结果相差为3.12%;（3）BP神经网络预测比回归预测提高预测精度1.0%以上。将二次多项式逐步回归分析和BP神经网络方法有效的结合使用,既可明确各因子的作用效应亦可得到相对准确的预测结果。     

冷鲜五花肉中假单胞菌预测模型的建立与验证

为了建立冷鲜五花肉中假单胞菌的生长预测模型,采用选择性培养基CFC琼脂对假单胞菌进行平板计数。利用Gompertz模型拟合0℃、5℃、10℃、15℃和20℃下冷鲜五花肉中假单胞菌的生长曲线,得到假单胞菌生长预测一级模型;生长预测二级模型以平方根模型、Arrhenius模型拟合一级模型中所得动力学参数。结果表明：一级模型中回归系数R2>0.99,准确因子(Af)、偏差因子(Bf)都接近1.0,延滞期(LPD)1.6996~0.1212,最大比生长速率(U)0.5782~3.3751。二级模型中平方根模型对延滞期和最大比生长速率回归系数R2为0.9825和0.934均略高于Arrhenius模型。可用平方根预测0~20℃范围内假单胞菌的变化情况,为冷鲜五花肉中腐败微生物的预测研究提供基础。     

播期对白燕7号在黑龙江省中西部地区产量的影响

为探究播期对皮燕麦生长特性和产量的影响,设置6个播种时期,研究了不同播期对皮燕麦品种白燕7号生育进程、形态指标、光合特性等指标的影响,分析了不同播期处理气候因子和皮燕麦生长的相关性。结果表明：随着播期的推迟,皮燕麦的生育期缩短,分蘖数先减少后增加,株高逐渐升高;光合性能降低、叶面积指数在营养生长期逐渐升高,在生殖生长期则相对降低;各阶段光合势总体呈降低趋势;收获穗数、千粒重、穗粒数显著减少,子粒产量呈下降趋势。气候因素中日照时数对子粒产量影响最大。在其他因子不变的情况下,积温每增加1℃,子粒产量减少1.158kg/hm ²;降雨量每增加1mm,子粒产量减少0.738kg/hm ²;日照时数每增加1h,子粒产量增加24.101kg/hm ²。为获得子粒高产,黑龙江省大庆地区皮燕麦播种日期选择在4月13日前后为宜。     

基于环境因子的春玉米产量结构模型分析研究

环境因子对作物产量的影响是现代农业气象研究的重要内容之一,建立春玉米产量结构模型可为春玉米的科学生产提供依据。本研究分析贵港春玉米不同生育阶段的环境因子与产量结构的相关性,并建立全因子、显著因子的多元线性回归模型和BP神经网络模型。结果表明,对春玉米产量结构影响最大的生育期为拔节—抽雄期,10~40 cm的土壤水分体积含水率与产量结构最为密切;四种产量结构预测模型优度(R²)比较,全因子模型(AF)优于显著因子模型(SF),多元线性回归(MLR)模型优于BP神经网络(BPNN)模型。试报检验模型发现MLR模型的泛化能力不及BPNN模型,其中BPNN_AF模型对理论产量、果穗粗的预测最为精准。BPNN全因子模型(BPNN_AF)可作为春玉米产量结构预测的最优模型,能较好捕捉作物产量结构与环境因子之间的非线性影响规律,预测结果较为合理准确。     

大豆生育性状与产量因子对不同土壤干旱等级的响应

干旱是黑龙江省最主要的农业气象灾害之一。为明确大豆对干旱的响应机制,利用田间控水试验,研究播种出苗期和开花结荚期大豆在各干旱胁迫等级下各性状的生育特点。结果表明,播种出苗期大豆在干旱胁迫下,出苗缓慢;株高和地上、地下干物质、株荚数、株籽粒重明显偏低,空荚率偏高,其中重度胁迫空荚率比无胁迫大豆高99%;开花结荚阶段大豆遭遇中度以上干旱,光合量减少,植株相对矮小,而空荚率高,其中重度胁迫比无胁迫高81%以上;大豆花荚期是水分的敏感期,即轻度干旱也会造成较差的产量表现。大豆播种出苗期遭遇干旱胁迫后产量偏低,主因是出苗率低、生育期短,株籽粒重低和空荚率高是次要原因;光合量少、株荚数与株籽粒重下降,且空荚率高是开花结荚期产量低的综合结果。     

应用主动传感器GreenSeeker估测大豆籽粒产量

主动遥感技术可以方便、快捷、无损伤性地监测大豆生长。以黄淮海地区圣丰种业2011年和2012年大豆育种品系和重组自交家系(NJRIKY)共1272个家系为材料,分组设置试验,分别采用随机区组、重复内分组以及格子设计,重复3次,使用主动传感器GreenSeeker监测苗期、开花期、结荚期和鼓粒期冠层反射光谱,获得冠层归一化植被指数(NDVI),搜索大豆冠层NDVI与产量的共变化规律,建立产量估算模型。结果表明,大豆冠层NDVI随生育期的推进呈"低—高—低"变化趋势;基于单一生育期冠层NDVI建立的产量估测模型大多为简单线性回归,鼓粒期效果最好;基于多生育期冠层NDVI建立的产量估测模型中,由育种家系试验建立的大豆产量最佳估测模型(y=e6.9-4.1x1+4.3x2+1.4x3)的决定系数(R2)可达到0.66;用此模型对NJRIKY估产,与实际产量的符合度可达0.59。所建模型具有一定的预测效果,在规模化育种中可用于育种中期无重复试验的产量预测和初步选择。     

Cultivar Maturity and Reproductive Growth Duration in Soybean

Twenty-seven soybean ( Glycine max L. (Merrill)) cultivars from maturity groups (MG) 00 through V were grown in a field at Lexington, Kentucky (38° N latitude), for 2 years, to evaluate the relationship between the duration of reproductive growth and total growth duration. Reproductive growth stages were measured at weekly intervals and dates of R1 (initial bloom) and R5 (beginning seed fill) were estimated by linear interpolation. The date of physiological maturity (growth stage R7) was based on measurements made at two day intervals. The total growth duration increased from 84 days (averaged across years) for MG 00 to 134 days for MG V. Vegetative growth (planting to R5) increased in direct proportion to the total growth cycle. The flowering and pod set period (Rl to R5) was similar for MG 00 and 0, but increased from MG I to IV. The seed filling period, estimated from R5 to R7 and by the effective filling period, increased from MG 00 to I, but there was no change from MG I through V. These data indicate that the duration of seed fill does not always increase as the total growth cycle increases.     

Effect of Simulated Lodging on Soybean Yield

Soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) grain yields may be reduced when the plants lodge. The magnitude of yield reduction is dependent on the growth stage at which lodging occurs. The stage of plant development most vulnerable to yield reduction from lodging has not been conclusively determined. The objective of this two-year study was to determine soybean yield reduction caused by simulated lodging at three stages of reproductive development: the onset of flowering (R1), beginning pod (R3) and beginning seed (R5). At each developmental stage the plants were lodged at either 45° or 90°. A natural lodging control and an artificially maintained erect treatment were included.
The 1976 results indicated no yield differences due to any of the lodging treatments. In 1977, yields were significantly reduced for the R3 lodging treatments. Soybeans lodged 90° at the R1, R3, and R5 growth stages yielded 2.63, 1.88 and 2.26 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. The natural lodging and erect treatments yielded 2.73 and 2.43 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively.
Lodging treatments applied at the R1 stage produced plants with a two-year average of 30% of their seeds on the main stems, compared to 62% of the seeds on the main stems for the R5 stage treatments. The percentage of seeds on the main stem was 69% on the erect plants, as compared with 45% on the 90° lodged plants. In 1977, lodging treatments also reduced pods per plant, seeds per plant, 100 seed weight and seed weight per plant.     

春大豆冠层性能指标对栽培方式响应的研究

为了构建大豆合理冠层结构、提高大豆单产水平,针对目前大豆栽培技术群体结构冠层性能指标不具体,田间管理措施不合理等问题,本文中以黑龙江省主推品种合丰50 为材料,对不同栽培模式下大豆群体冠层结构、冠层光辐射动态特征及产量指标进行分析,明确不同栽培技术大豆不同生育期具有合理冠层性能指标。结果表明,小垄密植和大垄密植模式表现为高产模式,产量分别为256.01kg/亩和230.4kg/亩；小垄密植和大垄密植群体叶面积指数的变化为逐渐升高,鼓粒期分别保持在6.69和6.67；群体平均叶倾角小垄密植表现低高低趋势,在鼓粒期为27.99°,大垄密植表现降低趋势,在鼓粒期为32.89°；散射和直接辐射穿透系数都表现降低趋势,在鼓粒期小垄密植分别为0.008和0.00、大垄密植分别为0.01和0.003；小垄密植和大垄密植群体消光系数在不同时期随着天顶角的增加逐渐增加,在鼓粒期天顶角为67.5°时消光系数分别为1.07和1.12。因此,大豆大垄密植和小垄密植在中国东北黑土区是主要栽培模式。     

Resistance and partial resistance to Phytophthora sojae in early maturity group soybean plant introductions

Phytophthora sojae, an important yield limiting pathogen of soybean, causes seed, seedling, root, and stem rots. Losses caused by P. sojae can be controlled by both major gene and partial resistance. Early maturity group (MG) soybeans are an increasingly important crop in northwestern Minnesota and eastern North Dakota. Early MG plant introductions (PIs) from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection and early MG public and private cultivars were evaluated for resistance and partial resistance to P. sojae. Of the 113 PIs, PI438445, and PI438454 exhibited resistance to P. sojae races 4, 7, 17, and 28 indicating they may possess either Rps1c, Rps1k, previously unidentified or multiple resistance gene to Phytophthora sojae (Rps) genes. Because they exhibited partial resistance equal to or greater than the standard check cultivar Conrad, three early MG soybean cultivars (MN0902, MN0302, and 91B53) were selected as standard checks to evaluate early MG PIs for partial resistance. Sixty-nine PIs were evaluated for partial resistance to P. sojae races 7 and 25 using the inoculum layer method. Of this group of PIs, 22 had the same level of partial resistance as Conrad to P. sojae race 7 while 19 had the same degree of partial resistance to race 25. Twelve PIs had same level of partial resistance as Conrad to both P. sojae races 7 and 25. The PIs and cultivars identified in this study will be of great value in developing early MG soybean cultivars suitable for planting in Canada and the northern United States.     

大豆出苗期耐盐性鉴定方法建立及耐盐种质筛选

土壤盐渍化是影响农业生产的重要问题,筛选耐盐大豆资源对于大豆主产区盐渍化土壤的利用具有重要意义。以中黄35、中黄39、Williams82、铁丰8号、Peking和NY27-38为供试材料,以蛭石为培养基质,设0、100和150 mmol L?1 NaCl 3个处理,进行出苗期耐盐性鉴定,分析与生长相关的6个指标,旨在明确大豆出苗期耐盐性鉴定指标和评价方法。结果表明, 150 mmol L?1NaCl处理显著降低大豆的成苗率、株高、地上部鲜重、根鲜重、地上部干重和根干重,并且不同材料间差异显著。基于幼苗生长发育状况的耐盐指数方法与耐盐系数方法对6份种质耐盐性评价结果显著相关。耐盐指数法对植株无损坏、可省略种植对照,节约人力和物力,提高种质鉴定的效率。因此,以150 mmol L?1 NaCl作为出苗期耐盐鉴定浓度,以耐盐指数作为大豆出苗期耐盐鉴定评价指标,鉴定27份大豆资源,获得出苗期高度耐盐大豆(1级) 3份、耐盐大豆(2级) 7份,其中4份苗期也高度耐盐(1级),分别为运豆101、郑1311、皖宿1015和铁丰8号。本研究建立了一种以蛭石为基质,利用150 mmol L?1 NaCl处理,以耐盐指数作为评价指标的大豆出苗期耐盐性鉴定评价的简便方法,并筛选出4份出苗期和苗期均耐盐的大豆,对耐盐大豆种质资源的高效鉴定和耐盐大豆新品种培育具有重要意义。     

Effects of Low Temperature Treatment at Seedling Stage on Soybean Growth, Development and Final Yield

The after effect of continuous and variable chilling temperatures acting periodically for 7 days at seedling stage (day/night: 2/2°C, 5/5°C, 15/2°C, 15/5°C, 15/15°C and control–22/18°C) on growth, development and final yield of soybean cultivar Polan and Progres were investigated. The temperature decrease lengthened the duration of the vegetation period before flowering for both cultivars, which allowed compensation for the reduced–as an effect of chilling–rate of daily increments in the leaf area and the dry weight of the above-ground parts of the plants. The most important symptom of chilling treatment was a considerable increase in the number of axillary branches after flowering, which caused an increase in the dry weight of plants. The subsequent reaction of the growth of leaves to chilling at seedling stage was, after flowering, variety dependent. The area of leaves bigger at Polan or similar to control at Progres ensured good seed filling in an increased number of pods developed on axillary branches. Chill-induced delay in plants development allowed the avoidance of low temperature occurring during flowering in this experiment. This chilling during flowering was one of the reasons of worse-pod setting and reduction of seeds per pod number at control plants.     

减量施氮对带状套作大豆土壤通气环境及结瘤固氮的影响

为研究种植模式和施氮量对大豆土壤通气环境及结瘤固氮的影响,本研究采用二因素裂区试验设计,主区为种植模式:大豆单作(SS)、玉米/大豆带状套作(MS),副区为不同施氮量:不施氮(NN:0 kg hm^-2)、减量施氮(RN:45kghm^-2)和常量施氮(CN:60kghm^-2),监测了大豆生育期内土壤的O₂含量和土壤呼吸速率的动态变化规律,分析了各处理的土壤水稳性团聚体、容重和孔隙度差异,探讨了大豆生育期内结瘤量、固氮能力的变化特征。2年数据结果表明,与单作大豆相比,带状套作大豆可提高土壤O₂含量、>2 mm粒径团聚体的百分含量、显著增加土壤孔隙度、显著增强后期土壤呼吸的速率,显著降低<1mm粒径团聚体百分含量与土壤孔隙度;R5期根瘤干重差异不显著,但结瘤数量显著增加39.9%,固氮酶活性与固氮潜力也在此时显著高于单作大豆。各施氮量间,土壤O₂含量、0.25～1.00mm粒径的百分含量、带状套作大豆的土壤呼吸速率以RN处理最高,施氮能降低<0...     

覆膜种植方式对旱作大豆生长发育、产量及水分利用效率的影响

针对甘肃东部旱作区年降水量少、季节分布不均及大豆生产春季干旱严重等问题造成大豆产量不高、水分利用率低等生产实际,以露地平播为对照,研究全膜覆盖沟播、半膜覆盖沟播、半膜覆盖平播、膜侧播种等4种不同覆膜种植方式对旱作大豆生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,全膜覆盖沟播使大豆提前出苗5天,生育期缩短12天,促进了大豆生长发育进程;大豆各生育阶段株高、叶面积指数和干物质积累量均高于其他处理。全膜覆盖沟播能够有效协调大豆营养生长与生殖生长的关系,增加地上部分生物量,促进光合产物向籽粒转移,有利于灌浆和高产,连续4年平均产量和水分利用效率分别为2680.8 kg/hm²和7.30 kg/(mm·hm²),较露地平播提高40.9%和53.4%。因此、全膜覆盖沟播可作为甘肃东部旱作区大豆生产的高产栽培模式,对提高旱作区大豆降水利用效率和高产田创建具有重要意义。     

栽培因子对高油大豆产量及品质性状的影响

为探讨高油大豆的高产优质栽培技术,以高油大豆淮豆8号为材料,研究了播期和密度两因子对其产量及品质性状影响。结果表明：①A3B4 (播期6月20日、密度30×104株/hm2)是适宜的播期和种植密度处理,籽粒产量达到3103.75kg/hm2;②播期对大豆产量与品质影响大于密度;③随着播期的推迟,单株荚粒数呈下降趋势,随着密度的增加,单株荚粒数由多到少,百粒重与播期关系密切。     

Characterization of genotype by environment interactions in soybean breeding programmes of southeast Europe

Southeast Europe is Europe's major production area of soybean of maturity groups (MG) 0, I and II, but genotype by environment interaction (GEI) for soybean traits in this region is still not characterized. The objective of this study was to characterize GEI in soybean grown in Croatia for seed yield, protein and oil content. Fourteen soybean cultivars of MG 0 and I were evaluated at 15 environments. In the combined anova , genotypes, environments and GEI were significant. All three seed traits were more affected by year than by location and seed yield and protein content were more sensitive to environmental changes than oil content. Genotype by environment interaction is generally of less importance than effects of genotypes and years, especially for oil content. High‐yielding genotypes had values of regression coefficient (b) close to 1, indicating that they were not responsive to extreme environments, either positive or negative. Means and b values were not correlated for yield and negatively correlated for protein and oil content, probably because of low‐input practice in the region. The absence of recognizable differences in means, b values and principal component scores of ammi analysis between two MGs for all traits indicated that soybean cultivars of MG 0 may be recommended for growing in the region because they responded similarly to environmental changes as do full‐season genotypes of MG I.