根际微生物多样性与棉花品种对黄萎病抗性的关系研究Ⅱ.不同抗性品种根际真菌区系分析及其对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用

 对棉花抗黄萎病品种(春矮早和86-6)和感病品种(中棉17和豫棉12)的根际真菌区系进行了分析。结果表明每个品种都有自己独特的根际微生物区系,抗病品种根际微生物种数多于感病品种,区系组成更为复杂。抗病品种根际真菌优势种主要是漆斑菌(Myrothecium)、粘帚霉(Gliocladium)、曲霉(Aspergillus)和青霉(Penicillium)等,感病品种则多为头孢霉(Cephalosporium)、镰刀菌(Fusarium)、矛束孢(Doratomyces)、粘帚霉(Gliocladium)和漆斑菌(Myrothecium)等。采用平板对峙培养法测定了不同抗性棉花品种根际真菌区系各成员对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用,发现抗病品种根际真菌区系中对黄萎病菌具有抑制作用的真菌种数和比率都高于感病品种,而且抗病品种根际真菌的优势种对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用较强。这种差异在苗期和现蕾期更为明显,花铃期则显著减小。研究结果表明棉花品种对棉花黄萎病的抗性与根际真菌区系组成及其对黄萎病菌的抑制能力有一定关系。     

AM真菌与西瓜枯萎病关系初探

 在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)真菌Gigaspora rosea Nicol.& Schenck、Glomusmosseae(Nicol.& Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe和Glomus versiforme(Karsten) Berch与西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. niveum)的关系。结果表明,接种AM真菌能促进西瓜植株的生长发育,增加植株干重;显著减少根内和根围土壤中镰刀菌群体数量及其对根系的侵染率;降低枯萎病发病率和病情指数,从而减轻西瓜枯萎病的危害。接种F.oxysporum f. sp. niveum能降低AM真菌对西瓜的侵染率,并且AM真菌与镰刀菌的不同接种时间和顺序影响西瓜枯萎病的发生发展,证实AM真菌与镰刀菌存在竞争关系。另外,AM真菌对西瓜高感枯萎病品种的防治效果优于抗病品种,说明高感品种对菌根的依赖性较大。     

黄瓜不同抗病品种感染镰刀菌枯萎病菌后几种酶活性的变化

 镰刀菌枯萎病的侵染使寄主黄瓜根部的苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性增加,抗病、感病各品种的3种酶活性曲线均呈现两个峰值,抗病各品种酶活性峰Ⅰ值比感病品种高。其中,感病品种的3种酶活性峰Ⅱ值大于峰Ⅰ值,而抗病品种酶活性峰Ⅰ值、Ⅱ值则在不同酶里有不同变化。在未感染情况下,抗病品种根部的苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性比感病品种高。     

棉株体内几种生化物质与抗枯萎病之间关系的初步研究

 棉花抗枯萎病品种86-1、陕1155,感病品种岱15、徐州142。在棉幼苗三叶期用采自河南王屯的棉枯萎菌7号小种接种,接种后12小时,各抗病品种的葡萄糖、核糖含量显著增加,而感病品种则相反。接种后抗病品种的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性峰出现早于感病品种,相对酶活值也高于感病品种。接种后抗病品种蛋白质含量出现先低后高趋势,感病品种则始终保持较高水平。木质素含量的增加与棉花品种抗病性存在正相关性。伴随着PAL活性的增加,木质素含量也迅速增加。结果表明,棉花品种对枯萎病的抗性与PAL活性有密切关系,并通过代谢最终产物之一的木质素的增加得到表达。     

根肿菌侵染油菜抗感病品种早期防御酶活性及转录组分析

为探究抗病和感病2种油菜品种抗病机理及基因表达差异,通过水培法观测油菜抗病品种6M80和感病品种中双11号接种根肿菌后的根毛侵染,利用紫外分光光度法和RNA-Seq技术分别测定根部防御酶的活性及所有的转录序列。结果表明,接菌后3~15 d油菜品种6M80的根毛侵染率显著低于油菜品种中双11号,其根内过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性在接菌后第12天达到峰值,且显著高于油菜品种中双11号,分别为382.50、2 044.44和3 342.22 U·g~(-1)·min~(-1)。与未接菌相比,油菜抗病品种6M80和感病品种中双11号接菌后第3、6、9、12天共分别存在6 607个和2 499个差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)。功能注释结果表明,大多数DEGs参与信号传导、生物代谢、转录过程及防御机制。油菜品种6M80和中双11号中分别存在82个和53个防御酶相关的DEGs。研究表明,根肿菌侵染油菜抗病品种早期防御酶活性较高,其相关差异表达基因参与木质素生物合成和过氧化氢代谢,并在抗根肿病过程中发挥着重要作用。     

根际微生物多样性与棉花品种对黄萎病抗性的关系研究 II.不同抗性品种根际真菌区系分析及其对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用

对棉花抗黄萎病品种（春矮早和８６－ ６）和感病品种（中棉１７和豫棉１２）的根际真菌区系进行了分析。结果表明每个品种都有自己独特的根际微生物区系,抗病品种根际微生物种数多于感病品种,区系组成更为复杂。抗病品种根际真菌优势种主要是漆斑菌 （Ｍｙｒｏｔｈｅｃｉｕｍ ）、粘帚霉（Ｇｌｉｏｃｌａｄｉｕｍ ）、曲霉（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ）和青霉（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍ ）等,感病品种则多为头孢霉（Ｃｅｐ ｈａｌｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ ）、镰刀菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ ）、矛束孢（Ｄｏｒａｔｏｍｙｃｅｓ）、粘帚霉（Ｇｌｉｏｃｌａｄｉｕｍ ）和漆斑菌（Ｍｙｒｏｔｈｅｃｉｕｍ ）等。采用平板对峙培养法测定了不同抗性棉花品种根际真菌区系各成员对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用,发现抗病品种根际真菌区系中对黄萎病菌具有抑制作用的真菌种数和比率都高于感病品种,而且抗病品种根际真菌的优势种对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用较强。这种差异在苗期和现蕾期更为明显,花铃期则显著减小。研究结果表明棉花品种对棉花黄萎病的抗性与根际真菌区系组成及其对黄萎病菌的抑制能力有一定关系。     

香蕉—水稻轮作联合添加有机物料防控香蕉枯萎病研究

香蕉枯萎病是一种由尖孢镰刀菌引起的土传病害, 枯萎病的发生对香蕉产业造成严重的冲击本文针对香蕉枯萎病难以防控的难题, 采用水稻轮作同时添加有机物料（椰糠、稻秆和桉树皮）的方法, 研究了其对香蕉枯萎病高发病蕉园土壤中尖孢镰刀菌(FOC)和其他微生物数量的影响及其对香蕉枯萎病的防控效果。结果表明, 轮作水稻可以显著减少土壤中FOC的数量, 从而降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率。其中轮作水稻处理比未淹水未种植水稻处理FOC的数量下降了71.5%, 下茬香蕉枯萎病发病率降低了81.7%; 与未种植水稻但淹水的处理相比FOC数量下降了47.8%, 下茬香蕉枯萎病发病率降低了71.2%; 种植水稻同时添加水稻秸秆能够显著增强病原菌的杀灭效果和对下茬香蕉枯萎病的防控效果, 相比未添加物料轮作水稻处理, 尖孢镰刀菌数量下降了36.2%, 下茬香蕉枯萎病发病率降低了50.0%。同时, 水稻轮作同时添加有机物料处理及其下茬香蕉的种植, 对土壤中可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均具有不同的影响。其中水稻种植期间不同处理的可培养真菌与放线菌数量随着时间的增加整体呈下降趋势, 而在种植香蕉后随时间的增加呈上升趋势; 土壤中可培养细菌的数量在水稻种植与香蕉种植期间随着时间的增加未呈现出规律性。结论：水稻轮作联合稻秆的添加能有效降低土壤中FOC的数量和下茬香蕉枯萎病的发病率。     

黄瓜根分泌物中的7,8-苯并黄酮及其对枯萎病发生的影响

分别提取黄瓜枯萎病感病品种津研4号和抗病品种中农10号的根分泌物,感病品种根分泌物甲醇提取液能够刺激枯萎病菌的菌丝生长,而抗病品种根分泌物甲醇提取液则抑制病原菌生长。利用LC-MS/MS技术分别对感病品种和抗病品种根分泌物中的差异物质进行分析鉴定。与感病品种津研4号相比,抗病品种中农10号根分泌物中含有7,8-苯并黄酮(7,8-BF),含量为0.02μg/株。50μg/mL的7,8-BF能够显著抑制黄瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发,而100μg/mL的7,8-BF能显著抑制抗感品种侧根形成,但是抗病品种的耐受力高于感病品种。用7,8-BF处理黄瓜种子,枯萎病侵染程度显著降低。当7,8-苯并黄酮浓度为50μg/mL时,感病品种病情指数从71.7降为30.8,达到中抗水平。     

香石竹不同品种对镰刀菌枯萎病的抗性评价

连续2年以土壤接种方法对30个香石竹品种进行田间镰刀菌枯萎病抗性鉴定。结果表明,品种间抗性存在明显差异。30个品种中没有发现免疫品种,其中高抗品种占所鉴定总数的16.7%,中抗占40.0%,中感占13.3%,高感占30.0%。在所有鉴定的品种中,红色品种抗性较低,70%属感病品种;复色品种抗性较高,89%为抗病品种。依相对抗性指数,两个年度间的相对抗性无显著差异,鉴定结果可靠,建议将此方法作为我国香石竹对镰刀菌枯萎病田间抗性评价的基本方法。     

生姜抗姜瘟病品种资源鉴定及其抗病生化机制

为鉴定生姜抗姜瘟病品种并明确其抗病生化机制,采用茎基部注射法和土壤灌根法接种测试22个生姜品种对姜瘟病的抗性水平,以高抗品种CDZIN012和高感品种CDZIN064为材料接种假茄科雷尔氏菌Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum,观察接种后抗、感品种的叶片气孔参数、蜡质含量等组织结构的变化,测定接种后过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性,O₂^-、H₂O₂含量及病程相关蛋白几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的变化。结果显示,22个生姜品种抗性差异明显,其中表现为高抗、中抗、轻抗、感病和高感的品种分别为1、4、4、7和6个;茎基部注射法接种后生姜植株发病更稳定,更适合生姜品种抗性鉴定;感病后抗病品种叶片气孔密度为36.8个/mm²,比感病品种少(46.9个/mm²),...     

Fusarium wilt of banana: biology,epidemiology and management

Fusarium oxysporum is a soil borne hyphomycete that causes vascular wilts in several crop plants. A variety of remedial measures such as the use of fungicides, soil amendments and biological antagonists have proved insufficient in controlling F. oxysporum. Ever since it was first reported in banana crop, the only effective control strategy known is planting of resistant cultivars. However, presumably due to the high mutation rates and rapid co-evolution with its host, Fusarium wilt has surmounted host defense barriers and has already begun infecting even the resistant Cavendish varieties that dominate export markets worldwide. Transgenic banana plants showing enhanced resistance to Fusarium wilt have been developed in recent past, but they remain largely confined to the laboratory. The importance of banana as source of food and income in developing countries world over and the need to develop Fusarium wilt tolerant cultivars by novel biotechnological approaches is detailed herein. In this communication, we review the biology and management of Fusarium wilt in banana with the aim of providing the baseline of information to encourage much needed research on integrated management of this destructive banana crop disease problem.     

韭菜对巴西香蕉枯萎病发生的抑制作用

采取田间试验、盆栽试验及实验室研究相结合的方法,研究了韭菜对香蕉枯萎病的防控效果。田间试验表明,韭菜之后轮作香蕉,第1年香蕉枯萎病平均发病率仅为1.73%（对照为52%）。盆栽试验表明,韭菜处理对香蕉枯萎病发病抑制率为85.9%,病情抑制率为82%;而且韭菜叶片的水提取液对香蕉枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense,FOC）孢子增殖抑制率为91.2%,对其致死率为86.97%。本研究表明,韭菜轮作香蕉的种植模式是一种防控香蕉枯萎病的有效途径,而且韭菜及其制剂有望发展成为防控香蕉枯萎病的环境友好型的新型生物试剂。     

Induction of host defence enzymes by the endophytic bacterium Serratia marcescens,in banana plantlets

Pre-inoculation with the endobacterium Serratia marcescens (strain UPM39B3) induced the production of host defence enzymes such as peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, total soluble phenols and lignothioglycolic acid in banana plantlets. The levels of these enzymes were evidently higher in plantlets pre-treated with the endobacterium compared to the control. The production of host-induced enzymes benefitted the crop plants as they may have a role in suppressing Fusarium wilt incidence in the plantlets. This was evident when plantlets pre-treated with the endobacterium showed a lower disease severity (50%) compared to diseased plantlets lacking the endobacterium (74%). The results of this study thus highlight the potential of the isolate Serratia marcescens (strain UPM 39B3) as a biological control agent for Fusarium wilt management in bananas, reducing disease severity via stimulation of host defences.     

Back to the roots: Understanding banana below-ground interactions is crucial for effective management of Fusarium wilt

Global banana production is affected by Fusarium wilt, a devastating disease caused by the soilborne root-infecting fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Fusarium wilt is notoriously difficult to manage because infection arises through complex below-ground interactions between Foc, the plant, and the soil microbiome in the root–soil interface, defined as the rhizosphere. Interactions in the rhizosphere play a pivotal role in processes associated with pathogen development and plant health. Modulation of these processes through manipulation and management of the banana rhizosphere provides an auspicious prospect for management of Fusarium wilt. Yet, a fundamental understanding of interactions in the banana rhizosphere is still lacking. The objective of this review is to discuss the state-of-the-art of the relatively scant data available on banana below-ground interactions in relation to Fusarium wilt and, as a result, to highlight key research gaps. Specifically, we seek to understand (a) the biology of Foc and its interaction with banana; (b) the ecology of Foc, including the role of root-exuded metabolites in rhizosphere interactions; and (c) soil management practices and how they modulate Fusarium wilt. A better understanding of molecular and ecological factors influencing banana below-ground interactions has implications for the development of targeted interventions in the management of Fusarium wilt through manipulation of the banana rhizosphere.     

香蕉枯萎病拮抗菌贝莱斯芽胞杆菌的筛选鉴定及其生物学特性

香蕉枯萎病是目前香蕉产业面临的毁灭性病害，目前尚无特别有效的防治药剂。为发掘香蕉枯萎病的生防菌资源，本研究通过初筛和复筛获得两株对香蕉枯萎病菌具有较强拮抗活性的菌株Blz67和Blz02。依据形态学观察及生理生化测试结果，并结合16S rRNA和gyrA基因序列分析，将两株拮抗菌鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。生物学特性测试结果表明:两株拮抗菌的最适生长温度均为31℃，最适生长pH均为5.5。盆栽试验结果表明，菌株Blz02与Blz67对香蕉枯萎病的防效分别为63.33%和40.00%，在香蕉枯萎病的生物防治上具有较好的应用前景。     

Panama Disease: Cell Wall Reinforcement in Banana Roots in Response to Elicitors from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race Four

ABSTRACT The biochemical basis of tolerance in banana to Fusarium wilt, caused by the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race four, was investigated. Tissue culture banana plants from tolerant cv. Goldfinger and susceptible cv. Williams were maintained in a hydroponic system and inoculated with conidial suspensions to evaluate the degree of tolerance to susceptibility between the two clones and to investigate the effectiveness of this technique as a potential tool for early screening for resistance in breeding programs. Similarly, defense responses were induced by treatment of the plants with an elicitor preparation from the mycelial cell walls of the pathogen. Differences in the induction of lignin and callose deposition, phenolics, and the enzymes involved in cell wall strengthening; phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase were determined. Root tissue of the tolerant cv. Goldfinger responded to the fungal elicitor through the strong deposition of lignin, preceded by the induction or activation of the enzyme activities involved in the synthesis and polymerization thereof, whereas only slight increases were observed for the susceptible cv. Williams. No increase in callose content was observed for either clone. These results indicate an important role for cell wall strengthening due to the deposition of lignin as an inducible defense mechanism of banana roots against F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race four.     

番茄枯萎抗病性室内鉴定方法研究

 明确番茄枯萎病苗期抗病性鉴定方法中浸根接种的最佳苗龄为两片真叶期,此龄期根系发育多,拔苗后须根自然伤断,浸根接种率高。浸根接种随即移栽的与浸根2、5、10min的,它们之间发病差异不大。包括接种液浓度10⁷孢子/ml和土温28℃~30℃在内的苗期人工接种方法,仅14天便可准确鉴定番茄品种(材料)对枯萎病的抗病性。     

Mitigation of vanillic acid-promoted faba bean Fusarium wilt by faba bean–wheat intercropping

Long-term continuous monocropping of faba beans increases the incidence of faba bean wilt, while faba bean–wheat intercropping can effectively control it. This study aimed to understand the underlying mechanism of faba bean–wheat intercropping for the control of Fusarium oxysporum and vanillic acid (VA)-promoted occurrence of faba bean wilt. The occurrence of faba bean wilt was investigated among the monocropped and intercropped plants of faba beans in a field experiment. The contents and types of phenolic acids were examined in the rhizosphere soil. Monocropped and intercropped faba beans were examined under the dual stress of F. oxysporum and different concentrations of VA (0, 50, 100, 200 mg/L) to understand the alleviating mechanism of faba bean–wheat intercropping. Exogenous addition of high concentrations of VA significantly inhibited the growth and reproduction of F. oxysporum, but under the dual stress of F. oxysporum and different concentrations of VA, it significantly inhibited the defence enzymes of faba bean roots, stems, and leaves, and rhizosphere soil enzymes. Interestingly, faba bean–wheat intercropping alleviated VA stress and thereby the incidence and disease index of faba bean Fusarium wilt by improving plant resistance and soil enzyme activity. The dual stress of F. oxysporum and VA promotes the occurrence of Fusarium wilt by damaging the defence system of the faba bean root system and rhizosphere soil environment. However, faba bean–wheat intercropping effectively alleviates the autotoxicity of VA by improving the physiological and biochemical resistance of faba beans and soil enzyme activities, and thus controls the occurrence of Fusarium wilt.     

香蕉枯萎病防治进展

香蕉枯萎病是一种对外检疫性病害，世界各生产区均有不同程度的发生，每年给农业生产造成巨大损失，是一种难以防治的土传病害。本文重点阐述了香蕉枯萎病的防治方法和未来发展趋势。