万寿菊主要虫害发生特征及绿色防控技术

对贵州省万寿菊种植区虫害发生情况进行系统调查,并对其主要虫害的防治进行了生产试验示范,明确了为害万寿菊的主要虫害有小地老虎、蛞蝓、蚜虫、蓟马和斜纹夜蛾,根据其发生为害特点,采取了农业防治、生物防治、物理防治、科学用药等环境友好型措施来控制万寿菊害虫,促进万寿菊生产安全、产品质量安全,提出了万寿菊害虫绿色防控技术。     

自动监测装置用温室粉虱和蓟马成虫图像分割识别算法

为了监测温室黄瓜作物虫害种类、数量变化情况以预测虫害发展趋势,该文以粉虱和蓟马为例,提出了一种基于Prewitt、Canny边缘检测算子分割和SVM(support vector machine)的温室粉虱和蓟马诱虫板的图像识别算法。该方法利用HSI(Hue-Saturation-Intensity)颜色空间的I分量与L*a*b*颜色空间的b分量二值图像中害虫目标与背景的高对比性,再分别相应地利用Prewitt算子和Canny算子进行单头害虫边缘分割,再经过形态学处理,最后融合这两幅二值图像完成单头害虫区域的提取。然后提取害虫的5个形态特征(面积、相对面积、周长、复杂度、占空比)及9个颜色特征(Hue-Saturation-Value颜色空间、HSI颜色空间、L*a*b*颜色空间各分量的一阶矩),并对这14个特征参数进行归一化处理,将特征值作为SVM的输入向量,进行温室粉虱和蓟马的诱虫板图像识别。通过分析比较不同向量组合的BP(back propagation)与SVM的害虫识别率、4种不同SVM核函数的害虫识别率,发现颜色特征向量是粉虱和蓟马识别的主成分,且SVM的识别效果优于BP神经网络、线性核函数的SVM分类性能最好且稳定。结果表明:平均识别准确率达到了93.5%,粉虱和蓟马成虫的识别率分别是96.0%和91.0%,能够实现温室害虫的诱虫板图像识别。该研究可以为虫害的监测与预警提供支持,为及时采取正确的防治措施提供重要的理论依据。     

基于SVM和区域生长结合算法的南方主要蔬菜害虫分类识别

该文基于支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）与区域生长结合算法,设计了对黄曲条跳甲、烟粉虱、小菜蛾、蓟马这四类蔬菜害虫进行分类识别的检测算法。该方案将识别过程融入到分割中,采用网格法进行区域生长种子点的选取,简化图像处理的步骤。该文每种蔬菜害虫训练样本图像为60幅,测试样本为40幅。试验展示,基于其形态、颜色特征,该算法可以将南方重大蔬菜害虫正确分割识别出来,对黄曲条跳甲、烟粉虱、小菜蛾、蓟马成功率为分别为96.4%、93.2%、95.4%、98.2%,算法达到了对多种害虫进行分类的效果,有较好的应用前景。     

广西澳洲坚果园害虫群落结构及其动态研究

为了科学指导生产,为澳洲坚果害虫的可持续控制提供科学依据,作者于2016年全年,在广西崇左市龙州县广西南亚热带农业科学研究所澳洲坚果园进行系统调查,研究害虫的群落结构和动态规律。研究结果表明,澳洲坚果害虫群落包括7目43科104种,其中鳞翅目、半翅目、缨翅目害虫为优势种群。蝽象类(主要是茶翅蝽和稻绿蝽)、荔枝异形小卷蛾、桃蛀螟、玳灰蝶海南亚种、茶黄蓟马是主要害虫,直接影响澳洲坚果的产量和品质,是生产上防治的重点。澳洲坚果害虫群落与气候和人工活动息息相关,每年的3-9月害虫发生的种类最多,数量较大,是加强综合防治的关键时期。在防治实践中,应注意保护天敌,保护果园生物多样性。     

基于SVM和区域生长结合算法的南方主要蔬菜害虫分类识别（英文）

该文基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)与区域生长结合算法,设计了对黄曲条跳甲、烟粉虱、小菜蛾、蓟马这四类蔬菜害虫进行分类识别的检测算法。该方案将识别过程融入到分割中,采用网格法进行区域生长种子点的选取,简化图像处理的步骤。该文每种蔬菜害虫训练样本图像为60幅,测试样本为40幅。试验展示,基于其形态、颜色特征,该算法可以将南方重大蔬菜害虫正确分割识别出来,对黄曲条跳甲、烟粉虱、小菜蛾、蓟马成功率为分别为96.4%、93.2%、95.4%、98.2%,算法达到了对多种害虫进行分类的效果,有较好的应用前景。     

基于SPOT/VGT NDVI的大区域农作物空间分布

随着遥感技术在农业上的广泛应用,及时准确掌握小区域农作物长势和分布的方法相对成熟,但对于省级以上的大区域而言,进行作物遥感测量涉及数据、耗费时间和经费等问题,而中国的农业普查制度又存在时效性的问题。以江苏省为研究区,利用SPOT/VGT NDVI长时间序列数据作为农作物分布研究的底图,分别与研究区农业普查数据和野外调查样方数据进行农作物空间分布的统计回归分析和对比,结果表明：对于大区域而言,SPOT/VGT NDVI长时间序列数据对农业作物生长期特征监测有较好地反应,其逐旬的时间分辨率可以弥补空间分辨率的不足,可有效地对农作物长势进行动态监测;农业普查数据、野外调查样方与SPOT/VGT NDVI时间序列分类结果结合进行回归分析,基本可以满足空间分布情况的调查研究,相对于遥感分类法和传统抽样调查等方式,该方法可以高效率低成本地掌握大区域农作物空间分布情况。     

论我国农业环境有害因子普查

提出我国应及时开展农业环境普查,阐述我国开展农业环境普查的重要性、紧迫性,提出了农业环境普查的工作重点、普查内容、普查技术路线、组织原则、普查前期准备技术内容。     

浅谈牡丹江市农业污染源普查工作

农业污染源普查工作是当前各级农业部门的一项重要工作。本文阐述了牡丹江市目前农业污染源普查工作开展情况,并就如何做好农业污染源普查工作,从机构建立、学习宣传、普查人员选聘和培训、确定样本数量、填报普查表及质量控制等重点工作措施的强化进行了探讨。     

德宏地区草莓上花蓟马的发生动态监测

草莓是德宏地区的经济植物,随着种植面积的扩大,草莓花蓟马为害日趋严重。为更好地防治该害虫,分别测定了黄色黏虫板和蓝色黏虫板的诱虫效果,并用两种黏虫板监测了从草莓开花至清理草莓园的草莓花蓟马的发生动态。结果显示:两种黏虫板在诱虫效果上不存在显著差异;在监测草莓花蓟马的动态上趋势一致,随着时间的推移,两种颜色的黏虫板诱集虫量先是呈现上升趋势,从2017年1月28日起上升明显,在2017年2月25日时达到高峰,随后下降。     

大力开展群众性的土壤普查工作

屯留土壤普查工作组,在中央指出:"水,肥,土、种、密"是增产的关键,其中又以土为中心;地委又指出:土壤不仅是农业增产的基础,而且是农业生产更大跃进的措施之一,从而要在全区范围内,立即组织力量大搞土壤革命,迅速开展土壤普查工作,澄清土壤分布情况,合理利用土壤肥力,确保农业生产更大跃进;我组遵循上述指示精神,于11月1日到达重点责任乡、社(河神庙八一社),首先和公社党委员会研究,得到该社的党、政大力支持,在该社党、政与我组共同组成土壤普查指挥小组,使这次土壤普查工作得到顺利开展。     

西花蓟马成虫在日光温室内的分布和日活动规律

利用蓝色粘虫板在山东省青州市高柳镇日光温室内研究了西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)成虫在2009年3月下旬茄子植株上的分布和日活动规律。结果表明,西花蓟马成虫数量在日光温室内由北向南依次减少,北边平均每日诱集量为65.3头·组-1,中间为40.0头·组-1,南边为20.4头·组-1,南北蓝板每日平均诱集量间存在显著差异。日光温室内东西方向上西花蓟马成虫分布表现为由中间向东西两边逐渐增多。在垂直方向上,西花蓟马成虫在茄子所有叶片上均有分布。蓝板对西花蓟马成虫的诱集量从7:00开始逐渐增多到15:00达到最大值,而后逐渐减少,每天有1个活动高峰。另外,蓝板南面(330.6头·d-1)诱集量显著高于北面(242.2头·d-1),东面(343.8头·d-1)显著高于西面(208.0头·d-1)。     

4-pyridyl carbonyl and related compounds as thrips lures: effectiveness for onion thrips and new zealand flower thrips in field experiments

On the basis of structural and/or aroma analogies to known thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) lures, 35 compounds (18 pyridine derivatives, 13 benzene derivatives, and 4 other compounds), consisting of both synthetic and naturally occurring compounds, were screened for their ability to bring about increased thrips capture in field experiments using water traps in Canterbury, New Zealand. Most of the thrips caught were New Zealand flower thrips (NZFT) (Thrips obscuratus) or onion thrips (OT) (Thrips tabaci). The greatest increase in capture for NZFT (158 times for female symbol cf. to water control) was for the known lure ethyl nicotinate, a 3-pyridyl ester. Ethyl isonicotinate, the 4-pyridyl regioisomer of ethyl nicotinate, not previously reported as a thrips lure, provided the greatest increases in capture for OT (31 times) of any of the compounds tested, significantly more than ethyl nicotinate. Other 4-pyridyl carbonyl compounds, including ethyl 4-pyridyl ketone, also increased OT capture significantly. The natural floral compound cis-jasmone, which increased trap capture of NZFT (female symbol 42 times, male symbol 25 times) but not OT, is reported as a thrips lure for the first time.     

西花蓟马孤雌产雄生殖繁育的后代种群生命表的建立

孤雌生殖是西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)繁殖的一种重要方式。前期研究发现,西花蓟马在高温下,雌性的存活率远大于雄性。为探究高温处理后仅有雌性西花蓟马孤雌产雄的情况下其后代建立种群的可能性,试验设定:高温(45℃,2 h)处理西花蓟马单个雌性个体,分别进行孤雌产雄生殖后,雄性子代(F1代)与其母系回交产生F2代;高温(45℃,2 h)处理西花蓟马多个雌性个体,进行孤雌产雄生殖后,雄性子代(F1代)与亲代多个雌性个体共存情况下进行交配产生F2代。两组处理模式下建立F2代实验种群生命表。结果表明,上述两种处理模式,母代雌性个体与子代雄性个体交配后均可产生后代,雄性F1代与其母系回交产生的F2代的雌雄性比为1.05∶1;与亲代多个雌性个体共存下交配产生的F2代性比为1.55∶1。雄性F1代与其母系回交产生的F2代的平均单雌产卵量(F)和内禀增长率(rm)显著小于与亲代多个雌性个体共存下交配产生的F2代(P0.05);各龄期的平均发育历期、平均产卵前期和平均总产卵前期2个繁殖力参数以及净生殖率(R0)、平均世代周期(T)2个种群参数,前者则比后者长(P0.05);另周限增长率(λ)两者之间无显著差异。研究表明西花蓟马在孤雌产雄状态下仍然可以在短期建立种群,具有较强的抗高温能力和繁殖能力,为其成功入侵奠定了生态学基础。     

Flufenerim, a novel insecticide acting on diverse insect pests: biological mode of action and biochemical aspects

A new chemical compound was tested for its insecticidal activity against several major insect pests. The compound, called "flufenerim", has a core pyrimidine structure and an unknown mode of action and showed potent activity against the sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the African cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval); however, it did not show any activity against two thrips species: western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and tobacco thrips Thrips tabaci (Lindeman). The compound was relatively potent against the three tested pests and caused mortality rates that reached up to 100% at concentrations under 10 mg of active ingredient (ai) L(-1). The action of the compound was very fast, and mortality was observed within 48 h after exposure of the insects to treated leaves. A unique characteristic of this compound is its very short residual activity, which approximates to 4 days after application under laboratory conditions and to 2 days under outdoor conditions for both B. tabaci and S. littoralis. Although this new compound's mode of action is yet unknown, its rapid and potent action against sap-sucking pests suggests that it acts on a very important target site in the insect body and possibly could be applied very close to harvesting.     

4-Pyridyl carbonyl compounds as thrips lures: effectiveness for Western flower thrips in y-tube bioassays

In a search for chemical lures to manage the cosmopolitan crop pest western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, a Y-tube olfactometer was used to screen 20 compounds, including 18 4-pyridyl compounds. Comparison of Y-tube results for New Zealand flower thrips (NZFT), Thrips obscuratus, with field trapping data for ethyl nicotinate and ethyl isonicotinate, suggested that the minimum attractive dose (MAD) of an odor compound, where significantly ( p < 0.05) more than 50% of thrips walked up the odor-laden arm, provided a measure for selecting compounds to evaluate for potential lure efficacy in the field. Eighteen synthetic 4-pyridyl compounds were tested on female WFT in a Y-tube olfactometer and four 4-pyridyl carbonyl compounds had MADs lower than the known WFT attractants p-anisaldehyde (MAD 10 (-3) microL) and ethyl nicotinate (10 (-2) microL): methyl isonicotinate (10 (-6) microL), ethyl-2-chloropyridine-4-carboxylate (10 (-6) microL), ethyl isonicotinate (10 (-4) microL) and methyl 4-pyridyl ketone (10 (-5) microL). The suitability of MAD for selecting compounds for further evaluation of practical lure efficacy is discussed. Comparisons of activities within homologous series of esters and ketones showed that attractant activity decreased with chain length. 4-Formyl pyridine was an attractant at a dose of 10 (-5) microL, but was repellent at higher doses (10 (-2)-10 degrees microL).     

Volatile aldehydes are promising broad-spectrum postharvest insecticides

A variety of naturally occurring aldehydes common in plants have been evaluated for their insecticidal activity and for phytotoxicity to postharvest fruits, vegetables, and grains. Twenty-nine compounds were initially screened for their activity against aphids on fava bean leaf disks. Application under reduced pressure (partial vacuum) for the first quarter of fumigation increased insecticidal activity severalfold. The 11 best aldehydes were assayed against aphids placed under the third leaf of whole heads of iceberg lettuce using the same two-tier reduced-pressure regime, which caused no additional detriment to the commodity over fumigation at atmospheric pressure. Phytotoxicity to naked and wrapped iceburg lettuce, green and red table grapes, lemon, grapefruit, orange, broccoli, avocado, cabbage, pinto bean, and rice at doses that killed 100% of aphids was recorded for three promising fumigants: propanal, (E)-2-pentenal, and 2-methyl-(E)-2-butenal. These three compounds have excellent potential as affordable postharvest insect control agents, killing 100% of the aphids with little or no detectable harm to a majority of the commodities tested. Preliminary assays indicate that similar doses are also effective against mealybugs, thrips, and whitefly.     

三维配电网地理信息系统的研究与实现

提高电力企业信息化管理水平是配电网管理中的一项重要内容,目前二维配电网GIS系统已经成为主要的管理手段。针对配电网特点和二维配电网GIS系统中几何图形简单,无法真实反映配网设备及周围环境情况的不足,进行了三维GIS研究,提出了建立三维配电网GIS系统的实施方案。系统采用SuperMap组件式GIS平台,商用关系型数据库SQL2005和VB进行开发,实现了对配电线路和供用电设备等的可视化管理,并具有进行基本的空间分析和数据处理 功能。     

Evaluation of Gossypium arboreum L. Germplasm for resistance to thrips

Summary As part of a project to assess the U.S. Asiatic Cotton Germplasm Collection as a source of genes for pest resistance, forty-three accessions of Gossypium arboreum L. were evaluated for resistance to thrips. Thrips, Thysanoptera spp., are a minor, but widespread pest on cotton, G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. Accessions were planted in free-choice field tests in 1988, 1989, and 1990 at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, Arkansas. Damage ratings, based on a scale of 0 (no damage) to 7 (severe damage), were made approximately one month after planting. Relative score was computed by dividing the rating of each accession by the rating of the reference, G. hirsutum Stoneville 506. The relative score averaged over all G. arboreum accessions by year varied with the year, but was less than 100 (relative score for Stoneville 506) in each case. When data were combined for all three years, twenty-five accessions were significantly better than Stoneville 506. Introgression of the better accessions into G. hirsutum is now in progress.Abbreviations NPGS National Plant Germplasm System - STV 506 G. hirsutum Stoneville 506     

Effect of crown shape and tree distribution on the spatial distribution of shade

A method for calculating the light extinction probability caused by a forest canopy is presented. With the calculation procedure, it is possible to examine the effect of crown shape, stand density and spatial distribution of trees on the spatial distribution of light extinction probability or on the total shaded area caused by the canopy. At low sun elevations, the momentary projection area of a single crown is greater the more vertically extended the crown is, if the crown volume is held constant. When a longer time period is concerned, the area where the average extinction probability exceeds some arbitrary value is greatest for umbrella-like, horizontally extended crowns. The same is true for a single tree and for a forest stand. When the stand density is low or the tree crown is narrow, the spatial distribution of trees has only a small effect on the amount of shaping; the total amount of shading in random distribution is almost the same as in systematic distribution. In a stand where the total horizontal projection area of crown cones is high, the spatial distribution of trees should be systematic for effective light interception.