青鱼配合饲料中可消化能需要量的研究

以精制配合饲料投喂青鱼夏花鱼种,饲料中醣含量为30%固定值,改变蛋白质和脂肪含量,设计一个两因素、三水平的正交试验,研究青鱼配合饲料的可消化能(digestible energy)最适需要量。结果得出,每公斤饲料可消化能为3560～3911千卡,饲料可消化能量·蛋白比(DE/P)为9.77～11.8千卡/克蛋白最适宜;试验还证明,适当提高饲料中脂肪的含量,可获得节约饲料蛋白质的效果。     

日本沼虾饲料最适蛋白质、脂肪含量及能量蛋白比的研究

本文研究了日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)饲料的最适蛋白质含量、脂肪含量及能量蛋白比。试验用饲料由酪蛋白、糊精、混合油、复合维生素和无机盐混合物等组成。本试验用的日本沼虾体重为 1.77±0.23克,试验期间水温为 21—25℃。用增重率、饲料系数和肝胰脏α-淀粉酶活力等作为评价指标。试验结果表明:日本沼虾配合饲料适宜蛋白质含量为 36.8—42.27％,适宜脂肪含量为6—12％。当配合饲料的蛋内质含量在适宜范围内,饲料能量蛋白比(C/P)为8千卡/克蛋白左右,每公斤配合饲料的总能量为3006—3561千卡是最为适宜的。当饲料总能量在一定范围内,随着饲料碳水化合物含量的增加,肝胰脏α-淀粉酶活力增强。     

饲料中蛋白质和醣的含量对青鱼鱼种生长的影响

本文讨论了饲料中蛋白质和醣含量对青鱼鱼种生长的影响。试验饲料由酪蛋白、糊精、鱼肝油、羧甲基纤维素粉(CMC)、无机盐混合剂和适量的维生素组成。用于试验的青鱼鱼种的平均体重为37．12—48．32克，试验期间的水温为24—34℃，试验得到的数据，经统计分析表明，青鱼鱼种饲料的最适蛋白质含量为29．54—40．85％。饲料中蛋白质和醣含量之间存在着明显的交互作用，当蛋白质含量为37—43．3％，醣含量为9．5—18．6％时，青鱼鱼种生长最快。饲料的蛋白质含量对鱼体的蛋白质、脂肪和醣含量有一定影响，肝脏中蛋白质含量也受到饲料蛋白质含量的影响，肝醣含量则随饲料醣含量的增加而增加。饲料中蛋白质和醣的含量会影响青鱼鱼种的消化率，当饲料中蛋白质处于最适量而醣含量在30％以下时，鱼的蛋白质消化率大致为92％左右，醣含量过高将对蛋白质的消化率产生影响。饲料的组成对青鱼鱼种的血红蛋白含量影响不大。     

鲤鱼饲料的最佳能量蛋白比

为搞清鲤鱼饲料中最佳能量蛋白比[可消化能(DE，千焦／公斤饲料)与蛋白质(P，呖)之比；DE／P]进行了饲养试验，方法是给鲤鱼投喂含营养量不等的(蛋白质(22%-41％)、碳水化合物(5%-50%)和类脂(5%-15%)]各种配合饲料，结果表明，不管饲料中的DE如何，喂蛋白质含量23%饲料的鱼，其生长速度和喂养变化相当慢．当饲料的DE达1298-1507千焦／100克、蛋白质含量达31%-32%时，生长速度最快．使用碳水化合物或类脂把饲料中的DE从1298千焦提高到1292千焦，其生长速度、饵料系数等没什么变化．喂消化能量小于1298千焦的饲料时，PER(饲料蛋白质的蛋白效率)和NPU(净蛋白利用率)值低得多．不管饲料中消化能量比或鱼的生长情况如何，鲤鱼体中能量转化率在32%～49%．另外能量消化率与饲料的纤维素含量呈线性关系，随着饲料纤维素含量的增加而减小．根据试验结果分析数据推测，鲤鱼生长所需饲料的最佳蛋白质含量是31%左右，据消化能的测定，生长所需最佳的能量蛋白比(DE／P)的试验值是406-486．     

青鱼对十四种饲料的消化率

以三氧化二铬(Cr_2O_3)为指示剂测定了青鱼(Mylophayngodon piceus)鱼种对饲料酵母、糊精、酪蛋白、豆饼粉、脱脂蚕蛹粉、玉米粉、麸皮、大麦粉、药用鱼粉、花生饼粉、棉仁饼粉、菜饼粉、苜蓿粉、青草粉共14种饲料的表观总消化率以及营养物质的消化率,并测算了总能量、能量蛋白比(C/P)以及可消化能。在水温25～28℃试验条件下,青鱼对酪蛋白的消化率最高,达93.8%;其次是饲料酵母、糊精、豆饼粉、脱脂蚕蛹粉、玉米、麸皮、消化率在82.1%～69.5%间;再次为大麦粉、棉仁粉饼、药用鱼粉、花生饼粉和菜饼粉,消化率在66.9%～45.9%间;苜蓿和草粉的消化率最差,为36.3%和22%。青鱼对营养物质的消化率有以下特点: 1.饲料中粗纤维含量与总消化率呈明显的负相关。2.粗蛋白含量与蛋白质消化率呈抛物线相关,当蛋白质在35%～40%时,蛋白质消化率最高。3.青鱼对脂肪的消化率很高,达90%以上。4.青鱼对碳水化合物具一定的消化能力。     

胭脂鱼幼鱼饲料中适宜的蛋白质含量和能量蛋白比的研究

以酪蛋白作为蛋白源,植物油作为脂肪能量基础来源,用糊精调节能量梯度。添加等量α-淀粉、复合预混料,用羧甲基纤维素（CMC）作为粘合剂,配制成不同梯度的蛋白质和能量的试验饲料。以增重率、蛋白质效率和饲料系数为评判依据,对体重为25.80±0.34g的胭脂鱼适宜蛋白质含量及其能量蛋白比进行了研究。结果表明：胭脂鱼幼鱼配合饲料中的适宜蛋白质含量范围为40～45,饲料的最佳能量蛋白比为460。当试验饲料蛋白质含量为41.15,能量蛋白比为460时,试验胭脂鱼获得最大增重率为73,最低的饲料系数为1.52,以及最高的蛋白质效率为1.65。     

稚鳖的营养素需要量及饲料最适能量蛋白比

应用正交设计法(L_9(3~4))配制九种试验饲料,对稚鳖配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、无机盐和总能的需要量作饲养试验。对增重率、饲料系数、日生长率、蛋白质效率等项指标进行综合分析。结果表明,在本试验条件下,影响生长的主要因素是蛋白质和总能。较优饲料的总能为320～340千卡/百克饲料,蛋白质为46.6％,脂肪为3～5％,无机盐为2～3％,总糖为21～28％。每百克稚鳖日需蛋白质0.648克,总能4.5～4.7千卡,脂肪 0.042～0.070克,糖 0.32～0.43克,无机盐2～3％,纤维素 20～22％。稚鳖饲料的最适能量蛋白比(C/P值)在7.0～7.55之间。     

以豆粕 菜籽粕 棉仁粕为主要蛋白源的配合饲料养鱼效果的比较

以豆粕、菜籽粕、棉仁粕为主要蛋白源的配合饲料养青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus Richardson)和团头鲂(Megalabrama amlycephala Yih)鱼种,经两年试验,在群体增重率和饲料系数上都十分相似,而用棉仁粕为主要蛋白源的配合饲料饲养青鱼种,每生产1Kg鱼消耗的饲料蛋白明显低于豆粕和菜籽粕为主要蛋白源组,且饲养的鱼体质健壮,品味鲜美,经测定棉酚在鱼肉的含量明显低于国家标准,棉仁粕养鱼既安全又有效,而且价格低廉,完全可以和豆粕、菜籽粕相媲美,应该提倡和推广用棉粕为主要蛋白源在配合饲料中应用。     

饲料中脂肪的含量对青鱼鱼种生长的影响

本文报导了利用青鱼鱼种在饲料中的蛋白质,醣、维生素和无机盐等保持适宜含量的条件下,研究不同含量脂肪对青鱼鱼种生长影响的试验结果。试验所用的脂肪为马面鲀鱼油。试验结果表明,青鱼鱼种饲料中适宜的脂肪含量为3-8％,最佳含量为6.5％。两批实验的结果基本一致。饲料中的脂肪含量对鱼体肌肉和肝脏生化组成有一定的影响。     

饲料糖种类和水平对青鱼、鲫生长和体成分的影响

用分别含20%（低）、40%（高）葡萄糖和糊精的等氮（粗蛋白为35%干物质）,等能（16.4 kJ/g）饲料分别饲养青鱼（Mylopharyngodn piceus）和鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）8周,研究饲料糖种类和水平对青鱼和鲫的生长、体成分的影响.青鱼和鲫鱼平均体质量分别为2.14 g和6.75 g.结果表明,两种鱼都是糊精组增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率显著高于葡萄糖组,提示两种鱼对糊精利用效率比葡萄糖高.饲料糖含量低时增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率相对高,提示两种鱼对脂肪作为能源的利用效率高于糖.两种鱼糊精组脂肪蓄积率显著高于葡萄糖组,体脂、肝脂、肌脂含量也高于葡萄糖组,提示糊精比葡萄糖更容易以脂肪形式积累在体内.青鱼对实验饲料的利用效率高于鲫鱼,推测这与能量代谢有关.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：452-459]     

夏花青鱼饵料中的最适蛋白质含量

用酪蛋白、结晶氨基酸、鱼肝油、糊精、纤维素粉等加上适量的维生素、矿物混合剂所组成的精制饵料，以青鱼夏花为试验对象，经过八个星期的喂养试验，从生长、增重和饵料利用率等指标来评定，青鱼夏花的最适蛋白质含量应为41％。蛋白质含量太高，反而减慢生长，降低成活率，同时似乎还对鱼类有毒害影响。蛋白质含量较低，虽然能很好地利用蛋白质，但鱼生长缓慢。6％以下的蛋白质含量甚至出现减重现象。根据本次试验结果，可以认为二龄青鱼和老口青鱼应用饵料中蛋白质的含量为33％和28％是适当的。     

Observations on the protein and carbohydrate requirements of carps

A series of experiments was conducted with purified test diets to ascertain the optimum levels of protein and carbohydrate needed in carp feed, the details of which are indicated. Both by direct inference and by statistical analysis, it was observed that the optimum growth of carp spawn, fry and fingerlings was reached with test diets having 45% protein (casein) and 26% carbohydrate (dextrin).     

Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of black carp (Mylopharyngdon piceus Richardson) and allogynogenetic crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio ♀?×?Cyprinus carpio ♂) fed different carbohydrate diets

Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of black carp (Mylopharyngdon piceus Richardson) (4.6 ± 0.3 g) and allogynogenetic crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio ♀ × Cyprinus carpio ♂) (5.7 ± 0.5 g) were examined when fish fed two types of carbohydrate (dextrin and glucose) at two levels (20 and 40%) each. The diets were isonitrogenous (40% dry matter) and isocaloric at 18.5 kJ g⁻¹ (dry matter) by adjusting the oil content to 10.1 and 1.5%, respectively. In black carp, the interactions between the carbohydrate type and level were found in oxygen consumption at 3 and 6 h and in ammonia excretion at 6 h after feeding. At 20% carbohydrate, no significant difference was observed between dextrin and glucose in oxygen consumption. However, at 40% carbohydrate, oxygen consumption in fish fed glucose was significantly higher than that in fish fed dextrin at 3 and 6 h after feeding. Within the dextrin diets, no significant differences in both oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were detected between the two carbohydrate levels. Within the glucose diets, however, fish fed 40% glucose showed significantly higher oxygen consumption than those fed 20% glucose at 3 and 6 h after feeding. Ammonia excretion in black carp fed 40% glucose was higher than that in black carp fed 40% dextrin at 6 h and also found higher than those in the other three treatments at 24 h after feeding. The postprandial oxygen consumption and the ammonia excretion in crucian carp fed 40% glucose were the highest, but no significant differences were observed. Our data indicate that the escalation of glucose to 40% in a fish diet results in high oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in black carp, suggesting that the efficiency of glucose as an energy source for this fish is compromised by the high metabolic expenditure after feeding. Crucian carp, on the other hand, have a better ability to cope with dietary carbohydrates.     

A dietary energy level of 14.6 MJ kg−1 and protein-to-energy ratio of 20.2 g MJ−1 results in best growth performance and nutrient accretion in silver barb Puntius gonionotus fingerlings

Five iso-nitrogenous (300 g protein kg⁻¹ diet) and iso-lipidic (80 g kg⁻¹ diet) semi-purified experimental diets with variable energy levels of 10.5 (D-1), 12.5 (D-2), 14.6 (D-3), 16.7 (D-4) and 18.8 (D-5) MJ kg⁻¹ diets were fed to Puntius gonionotus fingerlings (average weight 1.79 ± 0.02 g) in triplicate groups (15 healthy fishes per replicate) for a period of 90 days to assess the optimum dietary energy level and protein-to-energy ratio (P/E). Fifteen flow-through cement tanks of 100 L capacity with a flow rate of 0.5 L min⁻¹ were used for rearing the fish. Maximum specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value, RNA : DNA ratio, whole body protein content, digestive enzyme activity and minimum feed conversion ratio was found in fish-fed diet D-3 with 14.6 MJ kg⁻¹ energy level. There were no improvements in all these parameters with the further rise in dietary energy level. Hence, it may be concluded that the optimum dietary gross energy level for maximum growth and nutrient utilization of silver barb is 14.6 MJ kg⁻¹ diet with a resultant P/E ratio of 20.2 g protein MJ⁻¹ diet, when the dietary protein and lipid are maintained at optimum requirement levels of 300 and 80 g kg⁻¹ diet, respectively, for this species.     

Effect of Dietary Protein Concentration on Growth and Processing Yield of Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus Raised from Advanced Fingerlings to Large Marketable Size

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of dietary protein concentration (26, 28, and 32%) and an all-plant protein diet (28% protein) on growth, feed efficiency, processing yield, and body composition of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus raised from advanced fingerlings to large marketable size (about 800 to 900 g/fish) for two growing seasons. Fingerling channel catfish (average weight = 56 g/fish) were stocked into twenty 0.04-ha ponds at a density of 18,525 fish/ha. Fish were fed once daily to satiation during the two growing seasons and fed according to recommended winter feeding schedules during the winter. There were no differences in diet consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, survival, processing yields (carcass, shank fillet, and nugget), or fillet composition (moisture, protein, fat, and ash) among fish fed the various diets. These results indicate that a 26% protein diet containing plant and animal proteins or a 28% all-plant protein diet is adequate for channel catfish raised in ponds from advanced fingerlings to large marketable size without adversely affecting weight gain, feed efficiency, processing yield, or body composition. Large marketable-size channel catfish appear to use diets less efficiently but give higher processing yields compared to small marketable-size fish.     

Evaluation of dietary protein requirement for the growth performance of minor carp,Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings

An experiment was designed to evaluate the requirement of dietary protein for Reba carp, Cirrhinus reba fingerlings using semi‐purified diet. Five isocaloric diets were prepared containing 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% level of protein using casein, gelatin as a major protein source. The experiment was conducted for 105 days in triplicates to evaluate the growth, survival, feed utilization, carcass composition of C. reba. Mean weight gain was highest (p < .05) in T3. Specific growth rate was highest in T3 and lowest in T1. Similarly, significantly (p < .05) highest net fish yield were recorded in T3. No significant difference was recorded in survivability. Feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, feed conversion efficiency and protein conversion efficiency were significantly (p < .05) higher for T3 compared with other treatments. Highest carcass protein and lipid values were recorded in T3. So, conclusion can be drawn that 30% crude protein is optimum for overall performance. Furthermore, broken‐line analysis for specific growth rate, final biomass and net fish yield indicated that dietary protein level of 28.148 to 28.253% is optimum for the best growth performance of fingerling C. reba.     

Carbohydrate level in the diet of silver barb, Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker) fingerlings: effect on growth, nutrient utilization and whole body composition

Five iso-nitrogenous (300 g crude protein kg⁻¹ diet) semi-purified diets with graded levels of carbohydrate at 220 (D-1), 260 (D-2), 300 (D-3), 340 (D-4) and 380 (D-5) g kg⁻¹ diet were fed ad libitum to Puntius gonionotus fingerlings (average weight 0.59±0.01 g) in triplicate groups (20 fish replicate⁻¹) for a period of 90 days to determine the effect of the dietary carbohydrate level on the growth, nutrient utilization, digestibility, gut enzyme activity and whole-body composition of fish. Fifteen flow-through cement tanks of 100 L capacity with a flow rate of 0.5 L min⁻¹ were used for rearing the fish. The maximum weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, RNA:DNA ratio, whole-body protein content, protease activity, protein and energy digestibility and minimum feed conversion ratio (FCR) were found in the D-2 group fed with 260 g carbohydrate kg⁻¹ diet. The highest protein and energy retention was also recorded in the same group. However, from the second-order polynomial regression analysis, the maximum growth and nutrient utilization of P. gonionotus fingerlings was 291.3–298.3 g carbohydrate kg⁻¹ diet at a dietary protein level of 300 g kg⁻¹ with a protein/energy (P/E) ratio of 20.58 −20.75 g protein MJ⁻¹.     

Influence of dietary fat and carbohydrate levels on growth and body composition of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss under self-feeding conditions

SUMMARY: An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to examine the influence of fat and carbohydrate levels in a 40% protein level diet on growth and body composition of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss under self-feeding conditions. Five fish meal-based diets were prepared to include gelatinized potato starch at four levels (9, 18, 27, and 36%) and dextrin (34%). Dietary fat levels were isoenergetically reduced from 18 to 7% by the digestible carbohydrates. Each diet was fed to four replicate groups (28 g/fish, 20–23 fish/group) using self-feeders. Specific growth rate, percentage weight gain and percentage protein retention did not differ between the treatments. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratios were higher in the 18% starch (s18) and s27 diet groups, and decreased in higher fat or carbohydrate diet groups. Although gross energy intake (kJ/kg BW per day) decreased as the starch level increased, levels of digestible energy intake did not differ between the treatments. Fat levels in the carcass, viscera and liver decreased as dietary carbohydrate level increased. These results suggest that a 40% protein diet with either 15% fat and 18% starch or 11% fat and 27% starch is appropriate for juvenile rainbow trout under self-feeding conditions.     

Evaluation of Cluster Bean Meal Cyamposis fefrugonoloba as a Dietary Protein Source for Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Abstract— A12-wk feeding experiment was conducted to study the feasibility of utilizing cluster bean seed meal (CBM) as a replacement for fishmeal in the diets for common carp Cyprnus carpio fingerlings. The replacement levels of cluster bean meal protein in the diets were 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the total fishmeal protein. All diets were isonitrogenous at 33.1% crude protein and isocaloric at 4.8 Kcal/g. There were significant differences in the final individual weights, weight gains, specific growth rates (SGR %/d), feed conversion ratios (FCR), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratios (PER), and feed intake among fish group ( P × 0.05). Common carp fed the diet containing 50% (CBM) exhibited comparable growth to those fed a fishmeal-based diet. Digestibility of protein, energy and lipid decreased with increasing levels of CBM above 50% of total fishmeal replacement in the diet. Incorporation of CBM in diets significantly affected the dry matter, protein, and energy of whole fish body. These results suggest that CBM can replace 50% of the fishmeal in diet for common carp.