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1.
Hundred-year decline of North Atlantic predatory fishes   总被引:23,自引:1,他引:23  
We estimate the biomass of high‐trophic level fishes in the North Atlantic at a spatial scale of 0.5° latitude by 0.5° longitude based on 23 spatialized ecosystem models, each constructed to represent a given year or short period from 1880 to 1998. We extract over 7800 data points that describe the abundance of high‐trophic level fishes as a function of year, primary production, depth, temperature, latitude, ice cover and catch composition. We then use a multiple linear regression to predict the spatial abundance for all North Atlantic spatial cells for 1900 and for each year from 1950 to 1999. The results indicate that the biomass of high‐trophic level fishes has declined by two‐thirds during the last 50‐year period, and with a factor of nine over the century. Catches of high‐trophic level fishes increased from 2.4 to 4.7 million tonnes annually in the late 1960s, and subsequently declined to below 2 million tonnes annually in the late 1990s. The fishing intensity for high‐trophic level fishes tripled during the first half of the time period and remained high during the last half of the time period. Comparing the fishing intensity to similar measures from 35 assessments of high‐trophic level fish populations from the North Atlantic, we conclude that the trends in the two data series are similar. Our results raise serious concern for the future of the North Atlantic as a diverse, healthy ecosystem; we may soon be left with only low‐trophic level species in the sea.  相似文献   

2.
We propose the concept of Accelerated Marine Extraction to signify two periods when rapidly increasing cod (Gadus morhua, Gadidae) and herring (Clupea harengus, Clupeidae) fisheries, c.1540–1600 and c. 1730–1790, exceeded human demographic growth. Total landings vastly exceeded previous assessments and more than doubled between 1520 and 1620 from about 220,000 metric tonnes (t) to 460,000 t. Supplies of cod and herring to the European market peaked in 1788 at more than 1 million t before the unrest connected with the French Revolution brought many fisheries to a temporary halt. Accelerated Marine Extractions increased European food security at times of human demographic growth by almost doubling the supplies of fish protein per capita. While herring was the most important species by 1520, cod dominated through the period 1540–1790, and the trajectories of cod and herring extractions differed significantly. Cod landings increased almost ten-fold between 1520 and 1790, driven by strong and sustained landings in the Northwest Atlantic. Herring landings remained stable through the 16th century but declined severely through the next 150 years. However, from 1750, herring landings quadrupled, largely because of Swedish west coast fisheries. The results fundamentally shift our understanding of the scale of Atlantic fisheries in the past and underline the role of marine resources for European societies.  相似文献   

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Abstract  The development and use of biological reference points (BRPs) for salmon, Salmo salar L., conservation on the River Lune, England were examined. The Lune supports recreational and net fisheries with annual catches averaging 1332 and 2146 salmon, respectively. Using models transported from other river systems, BRPs were developed that were exclusive to the Lune; specifically the number of eggs deposited and carrying capacity estimates for age 0+ and 1+ parr. The conservation limit was estimated at 11.9 million eggs, and to ensure that the conservation limit was exceeded 80% of the time, the management target was set at 14.4 million eggs (equivalent to ∼5000 adults). Between 1989 and 1998 the management target was exceeded in only 2 years. Comparison of juvenile salmon densities in 1991 and 1997 with estimates of carrying capacity indicated that 0+ and 1+ parr densities were at around 60% of carrying capacity and may relate to the number of eggs deposited in 1990 and 1996 being approximately 70% of the target value. From, and including, the 2000 fishing season, regulations to ensure that the conservation limit is met 4 years out of 5 were introduced. These consisted of a reduction from 26 to 12 haaf nets, from 10 to seven drift nets and a four-fish bag limit for the rod fishery. In the period between 2000 and 2004 there was a marked increase in the estimated number of salmon spawning and the management target value of ∼5000 spawning adults was exceeded in all years. There was also an increase in the juvenile salmon population. The estimated level of exploitation in the net and rod fisheries reduced from 29.9% to 13.8% and from 26.4% to 14.8% respectively, after the introduction of the regulations.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract Spawning adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were sampled in five tributaries of the River North Esk, Scotland, during the winters 1989/90 and 1990/91. The fish furthest upriver had higher sea- and smolt-ages and the one-sea-winter fish were smaller and more coloured than those spawning further downstream. These differences indicate that the uppermost tributaries are populated by fish which enter the river early in the year and the lowest tributaries by fish entering late in the year. Exactly why such a structure exists is not clear, but it is suggested that these differences may be adaptive and that selection effects may continually be modifying these populations.  相似文献   

6.
Members of the myxosporean genus Kudoa occur in various marine teleosts worldwide. Several species are of concern to the fishery and aquaculture industries as they may produce unsightly cysts in the fish host's musculature or are associated with postmortem myoliquefaction of the fish muscle, commonly referred to as 'soft flesh'. This study describes the occurrence and effects on a host of a Kudoa species in Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus , from the northern North Sea. Generalized postmortem myoliquefaction associated with Kudoa sp. occurred in 0.8% of the examined fish, i.e. 11 of 1339 mackerel developed 'soft flesh'. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of myoliquefaction between medium sized (400–600 g) and large mackerel (>600 g). The prevalence reached 8.9% in the latter host size group. No subclinical infections of Kudoa sp. were detected when examining fresh muscle ( n  = 103) and blood ( n  = 165) samples for spores using light microscopy. Affected mackerel developed generalized myoliquefaction after 38–56 h post-catch. No inflammatory host response was associated with the presence of plasmodia within single body muscle fibres of 'soft flesh' affected fish. Based on comparison of myxospore dimensions and analysis of the nuclear small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA, the present Kudoa species is assigned to Kudoa thyrsites . However, due to the species' apparently very wide geographical distribution and host range, its varying effect on different fish host species, together with the still unknown life cycle of Kudoa spp., the taxonomic status of K. thyrsites appears not to be fully resolved.  相似文献   

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9.
拟锥齿鲨(Pseudocarcharias kamoharai)是金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中较常见的兼捕物种。它处于海洋生态结构的顶端,对海洋生态系统的稳定和多样性起着非常重要的作用。根据我国金枪鱼渔业国家观察员2011~2015年在热带大西洋海域(6.38°S~15.17°N、42.02°W~18.53°W)调查时采集的1 426 ind拟锥齿鲨和2006~2015年在热带太平洋海域(16.88°S~10.85°N、148.71°E~96.80°W)调查时采集的1 037 ind拟锥齿鲨,按不同性别对其生物学特征进行初步研究和比较。结果表明:热带太平洋、热带大西洋两海域拟锥齿鲨雄性和雌性之间在平均叉长、优势叉长方面均存在显著性差异(P0.05),热带太平洋海域的拟锥齿鲨优势叉长和平均叉长值更大;两洋区雄性和雌性拟锥齿鲨叉长与全重关系均存在显著性差异(P0.05);两洋区拟锥齿鲨的雌雄性比分别为1∶0.80和1∶1.71,具显著性差异(P0.05);在拟锥齿鲨的摄食等级、肝重指数和繁殖特征上两洋区无显著性差异(P0.05)。  相似文献   

10.
As part of the interdisciplinary investigation of Calanus finmarchicus migrations between oceanic and shelf areas off north-west Europe (the ICOS project), a three-dimensional, prognostic baroclinic circulation model system, consisting of a coarse and a nested fine scale model, was constructed. The aim was to simulate the flow fields around Iceland, the Faroe Islands and the north-west European continental shelf and slope, including the northern North Sea. The coarse scale model covered the northern North Atlantic and provided the far field flow to the finer scale model. The latter was initialized and forced with climatological seasonal (winter and spring) means of temperature, salinity, river run-off, and other parameters necessary for the calculation of heat fluxes. Seasonal average simulations of flow and hydrographic conditions were performed, together with simulations of specific scenarios of uniform wind forcing from different directions. A feature common to all the results was a topographically guided northwards flow along the continental shelf edge, with a southwards counter-flow in the vicinity of the Faroe–Shetland Channel. The extent and strength of the shelf edge current, of its counter flow, and of the re-circulation cell in the northern North Sea, were dependent on the prevailing wind direction. The modelling results were consistent with the accepted circulation patterns in the area, and a comparison with field measurements in the Faroe–Shetland Channel showed that the main characteristics of the flow were well replicated, although the estimated strength of the slope current was somewhat less than in the field observations.  相似文献   

11.
东海中部海域蟹类群落结构及其多样性研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
根据2008年春(5月)、夏(8月)、秋(11月)和冬(2009年2月)四季东海区桁杆拖虾M调查资料,分析了该海域蟹类群落结构的季节变化特征。结果显示,该海域四季共捕获蟹类30种,隶属十9科,16属;平均渔获质量为3173.05~9835.67g.网-1;四季调查海域中出现的优势种有双斑好(Charybdis bimaculata)、细点圆趾蟹(Ovalipes punctatus)、银光梭子蟹(Portun msargentatus)和武士蚵(Charybdis miles)4种,其中细点酬趾蟹是常年优势种;物种丰富度指数(D)为0.09~1.41,物种多样性指数(H’)为0.02~1.67,均匀度指数(J)为0.02-1.00。各群落多样性指数各季节间差异不显著(P〉0.05)。  相似文献   

12.
东海黄鳍马面鲀生物学特性和资源利用状况   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
本文着重阐述东海黄鳍马面的生物学特性,计测若干形态性状和差异比较。指明东海与南海的黄鳍马面系两个不同的群系。其次,从饵料生物种类组成、出现频率、摄食强度变化等方面情况反映,黄鳍马面主要以小型浮游生物为食,产卵前又往往处于旺盛状态,这些多与跟它相近似鱼类的适应习性一致。在繁殖上,100mm以上(1龄)的个体基本成熟。年龄与生长方面:1龄鱼平均为102.70mm、22.75g,2龄鱼和3龄鱼分别为132.70mm、56.90g和150.00mm、88.20g。另外,结合生产统计资料,分析和探讨了黄鳍马面的资源状况。  相似文献   

13.
2011年西南大西洋拖网渔获物阿根廷滑柔鱼生物学分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
刘岩  张秀梅  周游  孙明 《南方水产》2012,8(3):39-47
根据2011年1月~4月双拖网船在西南大两洋作业时采集的901尾阿根廷滑柔鱼(lllex argentinus)样本,对其渔获群体组成、摄食等级、胴长-体质量关系以及性腺发育等进行了分析。结果表明,样本个体大小随采样时间的推移有明显增大趋势;小胴长组阿根廷滑柔鱼的摄食能力较大胴长组弱,摄食等级的高低与其繁殖高峰期有关。阿根廷滑柔鱼雌、雄初次性成熟胴长分别为191.6mm和182.6mm,性腺成熟度为Ⅴ期个体的平均胴长小于处于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期个体的平均胴长。综合分析推测,该研究采集的901尾样本为南部巴塔哥尼亚群体和夏季产卵群体的混合样本,在拖网作业后期,渔场补充了部分大个体的夏季群体。  相似文献   

14.
Abstract  The development of distant water fisheries at West Greenland and in the Northern Norwegian Sea during the 1960s and, more recently, in the Faroese zone, led to the establishment, in 1984, of the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO). This paper summarizes the progress made in the 10 years since this Organization was established towards achieving its goals of conservation, restoration, enhancement and rational management of salmon, Salmo salar L., stocks. Agreements on regulatory measures have reduced the proportion of the total catch taken by the distant water fisheries and, in the case of the West Greenland fishery, management is now firmly based on scientific advice. The stability created by these regulations has allowed NASCO to address the broader areas of conservation called for under the Convention and international action has been taken to address a number of threats to the resource, including the impacts of aquaculture, introductions and transfers, and fishing in international waters by non-contracting parties. These actions are described and the paper concludes that NASCO has a significant role to play in the future, both through continued regulation of the fisheries and by promoting international cooperation to address these broader threats to the resource.  相似文献   

15.
Mims MC, Olden JD, Shattuck ZR, Poff NL. Life history trait diversity of native freshwater fishes in North America.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 390–400. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Freshwater fish diversity is shaped by phylogenetic constraints acting on related taxa and biogeographic constraints operating on regional species pools. In the present study, we use a trait‐based approach to examine taxonomic and biogeographic patterns of life history diversity of freshwater fishes in North America (exclusive of Mexico). Multivariate analysis revealed strong support for a tri‐lateral continuum model with three end‐point strategies defining the equilibrium (low fecundity, high juvenile survivorship), opportunistic (early maturation, low juvenile survivorship), and periodic (late maturation, high fecundity, low juvenile survivorship) life histories. Trait composition and diversity varied greatly between and within major families. Finally, we used occurrence data for large watersheds (n = 350) throughout the United States and Canada to examine geographic patterns of life history variation. Distinct patterns of life history strategies were discernible and deemed congruent with biogeographic processes and selection pressures acting on life history strategies of freshwater fishes throughout North America.  相似文献   

16.
东海中部鱼类群落多样性的季节变化   总被引:16,自引:4,他引:16  
根据2001年4月、6月、9月和12月东海中部(27°00′~30°00′N、122°30′~127°00′E)底拖网调查资料,分析了该海域鱼类群落多样性的季节变化。调查中共捕获鱼类161种,平均站位出现鱼类10.95种;优势种类中除了带鱼(Trichiurusjaponicus)、银鲳(Pampusargenteus)、小黄鱼(Larimichthyspolyactis)等经济种类外,其它大部分种类为经济价值不高或小型的鱼类。各调查航次的优势种类排序和组成不同。通过分析发现东海中部鱼类群落多样性指数较低,同时各调查月份的多样性指数差异较大,6月份的各项指数均为最低,12月份为最高,这是各调查月份主要种类的优势度不同引起的。  相似文献   

17.
As the world's oceans continue to undergo drastic changes, understanding the role of key species therein will become increasingly important. To explore the role of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua Gadidae) in the ecosystem, we reviewed biological interactions between cod and its prey, predators and competitors within six ecosystems taken from a broad geographic range: three are cod-capelin ( Mallotus villosus Osmeridae) systems towards cod's northern Atlantic limit (Barents Sea, Iceland and Newfoundland–Labrador), two are more diverse systems towards the southern end of the range (North Sea and Georges Bank–Gulf of Maine), and one is a species-poor system with an unusual physical and biotic environment (Baltic Sea). We attempt a synthesis of the role of cod in these six ecosystems and speculate on how it might change in response to a variety of influences, particularly climate change, in a fashion that may apply to a wide range of species. We find cod prey, predators and competitors functionally similar in all six ecosystems. Conversely, we estimate different magnitudes for the role of cod in an ecosystem, with consequently different effects on cod, their prey and predator populations. Fishing has generally diminished the ecological role of cod. What remains unclear is how additional climate variability will alter cod stocks, and thus its role in the ecosystem.  相似文献   

18.
黄、东海冬季底层鱼类群落结构及多样性变化   总被引:28,自引:5,他引:28  
程济生 《水产学报》2004,28(1):29-34
根据1991年和2000年冬季在黄海中南部和东海中北部海域进行的底拖网调查资料,对黄、东海底层鱼类群落的资源状况、重要种类的生态优势度与结构、多样性及其空间分布格局等方面的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明,生物量指数明显下降,个体小型化使生物资源密度显著上升;重要种类成分发生演替,优势度有较大变化;物种丰富度指数(D)下降极其显著,Shannon—Wiener多样度指数(H′)也有所下降,但不显著。  相似文献   

19.
The population of Calanus finmarchicus in the North Sea is replenished each spring by invasion from an overwintering stock located beyond the shelf edge. A combination of field observations, statistical analysis of Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) data, and particle tracking model simulations, was used to investigate the processes involved in the cross-shelf invasion. The results showed that the main source of overwintering animals entering the North Sea in the spring is at depths of greater than 600 m in the Faroe–Shetland Channel, where concentrations of up to 620 m−3 are found in association with the overflow of Norwegian Sea Deep Water (NSDW) across the Iceland–Scotland Ridge. The input of this water mass to the Faroe–Shetland Channel, and hence the supply of overwintering C. finmarchicus , has declined since the late 1960s due to changes in convective processes in the Greenland Sea. Beginning in February, animals start to emerge from the overwintering state and migrate to the surface waters, where their transport into the North Sea is mainly determined by the incidence of north-westerly winds that have declined since the 1960s. Together, these two factors explain a high proportion of the 30-year trends in spring abundance in the North Sea as measured by the CPR survey. Both the regional winds and the NSDW overflow are connected to the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO), which is an atmospheric climate index, but with different time scales of response. Thus, interannual fluctuations in the NAO can cause immediate changes in the incidence of north-westerly winds without leading to corresponding changes in C. finmarchicus abundance in the North Sea, because the NSDW overflow responds over longer (decadal) time scales.  相似文献   

20.
东海海樽类种类组成和多样性   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
根据1997~2000年在东海海域23°30′~33°N、118°30′~128°E 4个季节海洋调查资料,运用定量、定性方法,探讨东海海樽类(Thaliacea)种类组成、物种数平面分布和多样性变化及与环境的关系.结果显示,东海调查水域共发现浮游海樽类20种,夏季16种,春季12种,秋季11种,冬季9种;季节更替率显示,海樽类物种季节更替,从春季到冬季,是温度的季节变化和暖流势力消长共同作用的结果;从冬季到春季,主要受暖流势力增长的影响.春季海樽类物种数与表温和底盐相关,夏季与10 m水层温度和盐度相关;秋季相关性不明显,冬季与表温相关.东海海樽种类季节特征和地区特征的形成,主要与暖流势力消长有关.双尾纽鳃樽东方亚种(Thalia democratica orientalis)等7个种是东海的常见种,羽环纽鳃樽(Cyclosalpa pinnata)等6个种是次常见种,其余则是稀有种.东海各分海区海樽类多样性指数大多较低,主要是由于优势种具有很强的聚集性,这种种间和各站位之间分配的不均匀性,是多样性指数较低的最主要的原因.  相似文献   

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