秸秆覆盖对盐渍化土壤水盐影响的试验研究

研究了不同秸秆覆盖量处理对盐渍化土壤蒸发量、含水率及含盐量动态变化的影响。结果表明,（1）随着秸秆覆盖量增加,土壤蒸发量逐渐减少,当秸秆覆盖量为7 500 kg/hm2时,日蒸发量减少幅度趋于稳定。（2）秸秆覆盖量为10 500,7 500,4 500,1 500 kg/hm2时,蒸发抑制率依次为80.54%,79.01%,62.45%,37.93%。（3）随着秸秆覆盖量增加,不同土层含水率逐渐增加。当秸秆覆盖量为7 500 kg/hm2时,0—10 cm土层含水率达到最大值,比对照实验增加了9.28%;0—10 cm土层含盐量下降幅度最大,含盐量减少了3.21%。因此,秸秆覆盖盐渍土壤能够减少土壤水分蒸发损失,提高水分利用效率,抑制盐渍化土壤可溶性盐分的表聚作用,对改良盐渍化土壤具有显著效果。     

不同秸秆覆盖量对盐渍土蒸发、水盐变化的影响

为探究不同秸秆覆盖量对盐渍化土壤蒸发量、含水率及含盐量的动态变化规律,于2009年在陕西省蒲城县卤泊滩试验基地进行了4个水平的秸秆覆盖量(1.05,0.75,0.45,0.15kg/m2)试验,以不覆盖为对照(C0)。试验结果表明:4个处理盐渍化土壤的日平均蒸发量较C0均显著减少,分别减少1.335 8,1.310 3,1.035 7,0.629 0mm/d;随着时间的延长,各土层土壤含水率逐渐增加,10cm土层平均土壤含水率变化幅度最大,较C0分别增加9.280%,9.000%,6.920%,2.450%;随着时间的延长,10,30cm土层土壤含盐量逐渐减少,盐分逐渐压制在50cm土层,10cm土层平均土壤含盐量变化幅度最大,较C0分别减少0.811%,0.802%,0.723%,0.381%;当秸秆覆盖量为0.75kg/m2时,再增加秸秆用量,保水和抑制盐分表聚的作用并无明显增强。研究表明,采用秸秆覆盖地表改良盐渍化土壤,减少了土壤水分蒸发损失,提高了水分利用效率,抑制了盐渍化土壤可溶性盐分的表聚作用,有效地提高了耕地面积的利用,且秸秆覆盖量以0.75kg/m2为宜。     

初始湿度对覆膜开孔蒸发水盐运移的影响

为了解初始含水率(湿度)变化对覆膜开孔蒸发的盐分与蒸发量的定量关系,通过不同湿度土壤的室内蒸发实验,研究了覆膜开孔率影响下土壤水分和盐分的运动特征.结果表明,初始含水率越大,不同覆膜条件下累积蒸发量越大,单位膜孔面积累积蒸发量(E_R)随开孔率增大而急剧减小.不同初始湿度的ER与覆膜开孔率的关系可用乘幂表示;表土返盐量随覆膜开孔率的增大而逐渐增加;不同含水率土壤的盐分浓度削面分布趋势一致,含水率越大,表层盐分浓度越大,含水率较小的土壤.盐分浓度在表层最大.在盐分含量最低点附近达到最小值,表层以下4-13cm的盐分浓度均小于初始值;不同覆膜开孔率条件下不同含水率土体剖面盐分浓度与垂直位置之间可用幂函数表示.研究表明,初始湿度对土壤水盐运动的影响存在定性特征,而覆膜开孔率对水盐运动的影响有定量关系可循.     

不同覆膜开孔率下土壤水分和潜水蒸发的模拟研究

为研究蒸发阶段不同覆膜开孔条件下土壤水分运动,在室内进行蒸发模拟试验的基础上,采用HYDRUS-1D模型对不同覆膜开孔率和大气蒸发能力条件下土壤剖面含水率和潜水蒸发量动态变化进行了模拟,并与实测资料进行比较。结果表明:土壤剖面含水率同时受大气蒸发能力和覆膜开孔率的共同作用,随覆膜开孔率和大气蒸发能力的增加,土壤剖面含水率减小,且上层土壤含水率差异比下层土壤明显;覆膜开孔率和大气蒸发能力一定时,土壤剖面含水率在蒸发初期有所增加,蒸发后期基本保持稳定;覆膜对潜水蒸发的阻滞作用明显,但开孔率增加到一定数值时,表层盐分的影响大于覆膜的影响,使土壤含水率增大,累积蒸发量减小。经实测数据验证,模型精度较好,表明HYDRUS-1D模型用于不同覆膜开孔率下的土壤水分运动模拟是可行的。     

秸秆隔层与地覆膜盖有效抑制潜水蒸发和土壤返盐

为了揭示秸秆隔层与地膜覆盖的蓄水控盐机理,通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究了浅层地下水埋深条件下秸秆隔层对土壤水分入渗过程以及结合地膜覆盖对蒸发过程和水盐运移的影响。入渗试验设置了均质土（对照）和秸秆隔层处理,蒸发试验在均质土和秸秆隔层处理的土表分别增设覆膜和不覆膜处理。研究结果表明：1）秸秆隔层不但降低了土壤水分入渗速率和湿润锋推进深度,还引起了湿润锋的不稳定性,即优先流现象的出现;2）秸秆隔层能抑制潜水蒸发,对累积蒸发量的抑制率可达75.07%～95.42%;3）秸秆隔层改变了土壤水盐时空分布特征,在入渗过程中可增加土壤含水率,降低土壤含盐量;蒸发过程中可将盐分控制在底土层中,抑制了土壤返盐;4）地膜覆盖可减少土壤水分散失和减弱盐分表聚,而秸秆隔层结合地膜覆盖对潜水蒸发和土壤返盐的抑制效应更强,淡化耕层作用更为明显。该研究结果可为河套灌区农田抑盐、保水和合理的耕作措施的制定提供依据和参考。     

不同微咸水灌水量条件下覆砂措施对土壤水盐运移的影响

采用室内土柱模拟试验,对比研究了不同微咸水灌水量条件下覆砂与不覆砂对土壤水盐分布和运移的影响,以期为压砂地合理利用微咸水提供理论支持。结果表明,与不覆砂相比,覆砂增加了土壤水分下渗深度,最大增加深度可达8 cm;减少了试验期间土壤水分累计蒸发量,低、中、高3个灌水量分别减少了74%、54%和21%,减少幅度随灌水量增加有降低的趋势。在土壤水分再分布过程中,土壤剖面出现明显分界点,覆砂提高了分界点处土壤水分含量,增加量为2%~5%;保蓄了上层土壤水分含量,尤其是低灌水量时,不覆砂处理0~20 cm土壤水分含量在试验期间减少幅度达到34%,而覆砂处理仅减少了16.9%;增加了下层土壤水分含量。同时,覆砂明显抑制了表层土壤盐分累积,抑制幅度达到92.4%~95.2%;提高了土壤剖面盐分峰值处盐分含量,提高幅度在11.02%~37.55%;盐分峰值的位置随着试验时间延长不断向下运移。表明,微咸水灌溉条件下,覆砂措施通过减少土壤水分蒸发和增加土壤水分入渗而抑制表层土壤盐分累积,促进土壤盐分向下层运动。     

蚯蚓粪覆盖对土壤水分蒸发过程的影响

通过模拟试验研究蚯蚓粪覆盖对土壤水分蒸发过程的影响,以蚯蚓粪覆盖厚度和覆盖度为试验变量,试验处理设置如下:覆盖度90%时,4个处理分别为覆盖1 cm、2.5 cm、4 cm和裸土;覆盖厚度2 cm时,4个处理分别为覆盖度30%、60%、90%及裸土,均连续测定15 d的土壤日蒸发量和12 h的日变化量,以及蒸发前后蚯蚓粪和土壤的有机质含量。结果表明:在覆盖度一定的条件下,土壤蒸发量随蚯蚓粪覆盖厚度的增大而减少;当覆盖厚度一定时,覆盖度越大,对土壤蒸发的抑制作用越强,但覆盖度对土壤蒸发过程的影响小于覆盖厚度。因此,蚯蚓粪覆盖对土壤蒸发有一定的抑制作用,土壤蒸发量随着蚯蚓粪覆盖度和厚度的增加而减小。由于蚯蚓粪具有良好的保水性能,且能够有效增加土壤有机质含量,因而对提高土壤持水能力有促进作用。     

基于EPO-PLS回归模型的盐渍化土壤含水率高光谱反演

表层土壤含水率对于指导农业灌溉有重要的作用。研究表明,土壤光谱受到土壤水分和盐分的共同影响,但对于盐渍化地区的土壤含水率高光谱反演却很少涉及。该文通过对11组不同含盐量土壤室内蒸发过程连续监测,获取相关反射率光谱和水分、盐分的变化数据,利用外部参数正交化方法(external parameter orthogonalisation,EPO)预处理土壤光谱,滤除盐分(质量比0.1%~5.0%)的影响,建立经过EPO预处理后的偏最小二乘(partial least squares regression after EPO pre-processing,EPO-PLS)土壤水分预测模型。与偏最小二乘(partial least square model,PLS)模型相比,验证样本的决定系数R2和对分析误差RPD(residual predictive deviation)分别从0.722、1.976上升到0.898、3.145;均方根误差RMSE从5.087 g/(100 g)减少到3.237 g/(100 g)。通过EPO算法预处理后的模型性能提升显著,利用该方法能够有效的消除土壤盐分的影响,很好地实现盐渍化地区的水分含量估测。     

百里杜鹃景区马缨杜鹃林凋落物对土壤蒸发的影响

[目的]探究百里杜鹃景区马缨杜鹃林下凋落物覆盖对土壤蒸发的影响,为其林下水源涵养功能的发挥提供科学依据。[方法]根据土壤蒸发理论,采用自制微型蒸渗装置进行模拟试验,参照百里杜鹃林下凋落物现存状况,研究不同质量相同比例及相同质量不同比例的凋落物覆盖对土壤蒸发抑制的影响。[结果]不同分解程度凋落覆盖比例相同质量不同时,土壤水分蒸发量随凋落物的质量增大而减小;土壤水分蒸发量随着土壤含水率的下降呈递减关系,当含水率每下降0.5%时,60,30和15 g凋落物覆盖的土壤水分蒸发量分别依次减少了0.11,0.49和1.23 g。凋落物覆盖质量相同时,不同分解程度的凋落物对土壤水分蒸发抑制作用不同,表现为:未分解半分解已分解。[结论]凋落物覆盖量越多,对土壤蒸发的抑制作用越大;凋落物分解程度越低,对土壤蒸发的抑制作用越好。     

覆砂对土壤入渗、蒸发和盐分迁移的影响

探讨覆砂厚度对土壤水分入渗、蒸发、盐分迁移的影响,对新疆干旱区农田抑盐、保水及合理的覆砂制度制定具有重要意义。本文采用定水头法入渗和模拟稳定蒸发条件,研究覆砂厚度对土壤水分入渗、蒸发过程以及盐分迁移的影响。以覆砂厚度为影响因子,在土壤表层设置4个厚度,分别是0(对照)、1.7、3.6、5.7 cm。研究结果表明:(1)覆砂抑制了土壤水分净入渗能力,这一抑制作用随着覆砂厚度增加而减弱;(2)覆砂可以显著抑制土壤蒸发,随着覆砂厚度的增加抑制力增大。在20天蒸发过程中,覆砂处理蒸发呈稳定态势,且累积蒸发量符合线性方程,而对照符合Rose经验公式;(3)覆砂可以改变土壤盐分在剖面中的运移,尤其减弱了盐分的表聚。总之,覆砂显著地抑制了土壤蒸发和盐分表聚,即在覆砂厚1.7 cm上就可达显著效果,但对土壤的净入渗能力具有抑制作用。     

Can the invasive earthworm,Amynthas agrestis,be controlled with prescribed fire?

Biological invasions are one of the most significant global-scale problems caused by human activities. Earthworms function as ecosystem engineers in soil ecosystems because their feeding and burrowing activities fundamentally change the physical and biological characteristics of the soils they inhabit. As a result of this “engineering,” earthworm invasions can have significant effects on soil physical, chemical and biological properties. The species Amynthas agrestis (family Megascolecidae) was introduced to the United States from Asia, and has expanded its distribution range to include relatively undisturbed forests. Here, to clarify life history traits, we reared individuals under seven different conditions of food provision using litter, fragmented litter and soil, and also analyzed the stable isotope ratios of field-collected specimens to investigate their food resources in the field. Second, we examined whether prescribed fire can be used to manage invasive earthworms. We constructed eight experimental plots, each with 100 individuals of A. agrestis each, and burned half of the plots. The feeding experiment showed that the earthworms in units containing soil and some form of organic matter (litter and/or fragmented litter) produced many cocoons, indicating that litter and fragmented litter are important food resources for them. Stable isotope analyses also supported this result. During the experimental fires, average soil temperature at 5 cm depth increased by only 7.7 °C (average maximum of 32.2 °C). Litter mass was significantly reduced by the fires. Although numbers of A. agrestis and cocoons recovered from burned and unburned plots were not different, the viability of cocoons was significantly lower in burned plots. Fire may also reduce the survival rate of juveniles in the next year by depriving them of their preferred food resource. Most native earthworms in the United States live in the soil, while many invasive ones live in the litter layer and soil surface. Therefore, prescribed fire could be a viable tool for control of invasive earthworms without negatively impacting native earthworm populations.     

土壤持水特性参数与土壤质地尺度关系的联合多重分形分析

Soil water-retention characteristics at measurement scales are generally different from those at application scales, and there is scale disparity between them and soil physical properties. The relationships between two water-retention parameters, the scaling parameter related to the inverse of the air-entry pressure (αvG, cm-1) and the curve shape factor related to soil pore-size distribution (n) of the van Genuchten water-retention equation, and soil texture (sand, silt, and clay contents) were examined at multiple scales. One hundred twenty-eight undisturbed soil samples were collected from a 640-m transect located in Fuxin, China. Soil water-retention curves were measured and the van Genuchten parameters were obtained by curve fitting. The relationships between the two parameters and soil texture at the observed scale and at multiple scales were evaluated using Pearson correlation and joint multifractal analyses, respectively. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that the parameter αvG was significantly correlated with sand, silt, and clay contents at the observed scale. Joint multifractal analyses, however, indicated that the parameter αvG was not correlated with silt and sand contents at multiple scales. The parameter n was positively correlated with clay content at multiple scales. Sand content was significantly correlated with the parameter n at the observed scale but not at multiple scales. Clay contents were strongly correlated to both water-retention parameters because clay content was relatively low in the soil studied, indicating that water retention was dominated by clay content in the field of this study at all scales. These suggested that multiple-scale analyses were necessary to fully grasp the spatial variability of soil water-retention characteristics.     

Discrimination between Japanese and Chinese Products using trace elements concentration of kernel in pickled Japanese apricot

pp. 881–889
In order to understand the influences of nitrogen and silicate fertilizer application on anther length and percentage of the sterility of the rice plant, we investigated by field experiment in Hokkaido Kamikawa Agric. Exp. Stn. (Brown Lowland soil) and by air-conditioned room experiment.
  The results are summarized as follows.
1) Application of silicate fertilizer decreased percentage of sterility. Compared with basal application, topdressing of silicate fertilizer was more effective in increasing carbohydrate content and anther length, decreasing percentage of sterility.
2) The anther length was negatively correlated to percentage of sterility and was positively correlated to carbohydrate content in the rice plant. Similar regression curves were plotted between the field experiment and the air-conditioned room experiment.
3) Silicate content in rice plants was increased at the flag leaf stage by applying both basal and topdressing silicate fertilizer. Furthermore, silicate content was correlated to carbohydrate content. Nitrogen content was negatively correlated to carbohydrate content.
4) Protein content in polished rice was decreased by silicate fertilizer application.     

The effect of nitrogen and silica nutrition on percentage of sterility by rice plant

pp. 881–889

In order to understand the influences of nitrogen and silicate fertilizer application on anther length and percentage of the sterility of the rice plant, we investigated by field experiment in Hokkaido Kamikawa Agric. Exp. Stn. (Brown Lowland soil) and by air-conditioned room experiment.

The results are summarized as follows.

1) Application of silicate fertilizer decreased percentage of sterility. Compared with basal application, topdressing of silicate fertilizer was more effective in increasing carbohydrate content and anther length, decreasing percentage of sterility.

2) The anther length was negatively correlated to percentage of sterility and was positively correlated to carbohydrate content in the rice plant. Similar regression curves were plotted between the field experiment and the air-conditioned room experiment.

3) Silicate content in rice plants was increased at the flag leaf stage by applying both basal and topdressing silicate fertilizer. Furthermore, silicate content was correlated to carbohydrate content. Nitrogen content was negatively correlated to carbohydrate content.

4) Protein content in polished rice was decreased by silicate fertilizer application.     

Nitrate and bromide contents of glasshouse radish as affected by soil content and global radiation

Abstract

Samples (208) of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) foliage and root were collected from commercial glasshouses. Simultaneously corresponding soil samples were taken. Both plant and soil samples were analysed for nitrate and bromide.

The nitrate contents of foliage and root are affected by global radiation and by nitrate content of the soil. An interaction between the two factors was found; It indicated that soil nitrate content had a considerable effect in summer, but much less so in winter under poor light conditions, when the level of nitrate in the crop is high regardless of the nitrogen status of the soil. To study the effect of radiation on nitrate content of radish in summer it was found best to consider the cumulative amount of radiation during 10 days before harvest; in winter, a period of 20–30 days was more suitable.

The bromide content of foliage and root (highest values being resp. 390 and 73 mg Br per kg fresh product) was correlated with the concentration of bromide in the 1:2 volume soil extract. An increase of 1 mmol NO₃ per 1 soil extract lowered the Br content of fresh radish roots by 5.8 mg Br per kg.     

天津市滨海盐碱地刺槐种植区水盐动态变化规律

[目的]通过对滨海地区盐碱土水盐动态变化规律的研究,为该地区的土壤利用以及植树造林提供科学依据。[方法]以天津大港地区刺槐林土壤为研究对象,研究不同土层的土壤水盐年份变化和盐分离子分布特征。[结果]试验地土壤全年含水量变化范围在11.9%~28.8%;含盐量变化范围在4.2%~18.4%。春(3—5月)秋(9—11月)季节土壤含水量低,含盐量高,土壤盐分含量随土层深度增加逐渐降低;夏季(6—8月),土壤含水量高,含盐量低,土壤盐分含量随土层深度的增加逐渐升高。pH值在7.37~8.39之间,土壤中K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+和Cl-春季表层土壤(0—10cm)含量最高,分别为0.04,4.27,2.69,1.04和10.03g/kg。除SO2-4和HCO-3外,其他盐分离子在春季变异系数(29.99~162.98)明显大于夏秋季节(2.87~88.13)。[结论]不同土层的土壤含水量和含盐量随当地降雨量呈明显的季节性变化;试验地区土壤属于碱性土壤,随季节变化不明显;K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+和Cl-与含盐量变化趋势保持一致,SO2-4和HCO-3随季节变化没有明显的规律性;春季各盐分离子在土壤中分布极为不均。     

太原市污灌区土壤有效态铜锌和锰含量评价

为了研究太原市污水灌溉对土壤有效态元素铜、锌和锰含量的影响,对太原市污水灌溉区（小店区、尖草坪区、晋源区和清徐县）150个土壤样品有效态微量元素铜、锌和锰的含量和分布进行了测定和分析。结果表明,长期污水灌溉导致该区土壤铜、锌和锰的含量均高于文献测定值。有效铜含量晋源区〉小店区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区,分级评价结果均以中等级含量为主;有效锌含量小店区〉晋源区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区,除小店区以低、中级含量为主外,其他3个污灌区均以低等级含量为主;有效锰含量晋源区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区〉小店区,其分级分布情况变异最大,除小店区以低等级含量为主外,其他研究区域有效态锰均以高等级和极高等级含量为主。整体来看,研究区整体缺锌,有效铜含量适中,有效锰含量较高。     

太湖地区温室土壤重金属污染状况调查及评价

本文调查了太湖地区温室蔬菜土壤中重金属Cr、Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb的全量和有效态含量,并参照相关标准对其进行污染程度评价.结果表明:不论是0～20 cm还是20～30 cm土层,各种重金属(Cr除外)全量含量均高于背景值.不论是全量还是有效态,在0～20 cm土层中含量基本上高于20～30 cm土层中含量.采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对测定结果进行评价.以江苏省土壤背景值为评价标准,该地区土壤属轻污染:以国家二级标准为评价标准,该地区土壤未被污染.     

陇东地区主要土类土壤质地及其与水分常数相关性研究

对陇东地区主要农业土壤质地及水分常数的研究表明:各主要土壤类型的质地均属壤土类,但其中的砂粒、粉粒、细粘粒含量差异明显;各类土壤中小于0.005 mm土壤颗粒的含量与土壤吸湿水含量、最大吸湿量、凋萎系数之间具有明显的直线相关性,回归系数均达极显著水平,而与土壤有效水含量无明显相关性。据此提出陇东主要农业土壤的质地改良和水分管理对策。     

K和P对巴基斯坦西北地区向日葵籽粒质量及经济盈利的交互效应

A field experiment was conducted using a split plot randomized complete block design with three replications to study the effects of potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) application on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth at the New Developmental Research Farm of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University in Peshawar,Pakistan.Six levels of K (0,25,50,75,100 and 125 kg K ha-1) were main plots while four levels of P (0,45,90 and 135 kg P ha-1) were subplots.Increase in both K and P levels enhanced grain oil concentration of sunflower.Increase in P level increased grain protein concentration,while increase in K level decreased grain protein concentration.Both oil and protein yields increased significantly with increase in K and P levels.The increase in oil and protein yields of sunflower was mainly attributed to the improvement in yield components (grains per head,grain weight and head size) and the significant increase in grain yield.The highest net returns of 297 and 368 US$ ha-1 based on grain and oil yields,respectively,were obtained from a combination of 100 kg K ha-1 + 45 kg P ha-1.