野外放水条件下坡面流水动力学特征

坡面流是土壤侵蚀的主要动力因素之一,也是侵蚀泥沙搬运、农业面源污染的重要载体,为探讨坡面流水力学特征变化规律,本文通过径流小区放水冲刷试验,研究不同坡面覆盖和放水条件下坡面流水动力学特征.结果表明:坡面流雷诺数和弗劳德数受植被覆盖情况和坡面坡度的影响较小,受放水流量影响较显著.其中,坡面流人流断面雷诺数和弗劳德数随时间基本保持不变;出流断面雷诺数动态变化呈增加趋势,弗劳德数呈缓慢下降趋势,其动态变化幅度随植株密度增加而趋于平缓,植株布设方式对雷诺数和弗劳德数的动态变化影响较小.流量和植株密度增加会引起阻力系数增长,阻力系数随冲刷历时呈增长趋势,坡度和植株密度可以控制这种增长趋势.     

植被类型对河岸带坡面流水动力特性的影响

为了研究河岸带植被类型对坡面流水动力学特性的影响,通过野外简易径流小区放水冲刷试验,在3种流量(4,6,8 L/min)和6种不同坡面类型条件下对河岸带坡面流水动力学参数变化进行了分析。结果表明：(1)坡面植被的存在具有明显降低径流流速的作用,裸坡坡面平均流速(0.276±0.065 m/s)显著高于其他植被类型(p<0.05),坡面平均径流流速随着来水流量的增加而增加;(2)雷诺数随着放水流量和放水时间的增加而增加,所有河岸带边坡流型都属于层流;弗劳德数随着放水时间先减小后趋于稳定,各坡面流均属于急流状态(弗劳德数大于1);(3)植被覆盖能够明显减小坡面径流雷诺数和弗雷德数,裸坡的雷诺数(128.53)和弗雷德数(4.0)显著高于其他坡面类型(p<0.05)。狗牙根坡面的Darcy-weisbach阻力系数(3.71)以及曼宁糙率系数(0.062)均最大,表现出对坡面流流速最好的阻滞效果。     

植被格局对坡面流阻力影响的试验研究

利用室内模拟降雨试验,定量研究在15°坡度和60,90,120,150mm/h降雨强度下,茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris)不同分布格局对坡面流阻力(Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数,f)的影响。结果表明:由于植被格局的阻滞作用,相对于裸地坡面,不同格局坡面流阻力系数明显增大,平均阻力系数是裸坡的1.25~13.13倍;带状格局(BP)、棋盘状格局(CP)和小斑块格局(XP)增强坡面流阻力的作用显著高于长条状格局(LP)。剪除地上部分后,根系作用坡面阻力系数显著降低,约为裸坡的0.75~3.78倍。裸坡平均阻力系数随雨强增大呈减小趋势,完整植被格局和根系作用坡面相对阻力系数(与裸坡阻力系数比值)随雨强增大呈指数函数增大。阻力系数与水流雷诺数的关系可用幂函数表示;阻力系数与坡面侵蚀速率呈极显著幂函数关系。     

台田措施下坡面流土壤侵蚀水动力学特征

通过野外径流小区放水试验,研究2种台田类型(土坎,石坎)、3种台田级数(1,2,3级)、1种坡度(10°)、3种放水流量(0.5,1,1.5m~3/h)下坡面流土壤侵蚀过程,分析台田措施下坡面流土壤侵蚀水动力学特征。结果表明,台田级数对坡面流流态影响较大,增加台田级数可使坡面流波动性降低,台田类型对雷诺数影响相对较小。土壤分离速率总体随流量增大而增大,相同流量条件下,呈波动性增加后减少且逐渐趋于平稳的特征,两者相关关系用指数函数回归方程拟合(R20.840)。同类台田且田面宽度和相同条件下,土壤分离速率与台田级数呈负相关关系,阻力系数与流量呈负相关关系,坡面流土壤分离速率与阻力系数呈负相关关系。研究结果对认识坡面流土壤侵蚀的过程和规律具有重要意义,也为坡面侵蚀物理模型的建立提供参考。     

坡面细沟侵蚀过程的水动力学特征试验研究

通过不同坡度、不同流量的组合放水冲刷试验 ,对坡面细沟侵蚀发生过程中的坡面流水动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明 ,在试验的坡度和流量范围内 ,坡面流的雷诺数变化于 36 2～ 4 2 84之间 ,并且其变化有随冲刷历时和流量的增大而增大的趋势。而坡面流弗劳德数在整个试验过程中均大于 1,属于急流范围。坡面流阻力系数的大小与水流雷诺数有关 ,但其变化趋势受坡度的影响。在坡度较缓时 ,阻力系数随雷诺数的增大而减小 ;在坡度较大时 ,阻力系数随雷诺数的增大而增大。在径流冲刷侵蚀过程中 ,径流流速并非一恒定值 ,而是随冲刷时间的延长和坡面冲刷形态的变化呈现出先减小后稍增大的趋势。     

坡沟系统水动力因子的坡长效应研究

基于可调控的放水冲刷试验,建立黄土高原典型沟壑区坡沟系统试验模型,研究不同放水流量和坡长条件下坡沟系统各过水断面水动力参数的变化特征,为研究坡沟系统水蚀过程作用机理提供科学依据。通过室内放水冲刷试验,采用5个放水流量(6,8,10,12,14L/min)和3个坡长(4,6,8m)研究坡沟系统侵蚀动力因子的坡长效应。结果表明:坡沟系统中沿程各过水断面的雷诺数随放水流量的增大而增大,且不同放水流量和坡长条件下坡面雷诺数明显大于沟道。弗劳德数在坡沟系统中沿程变化过程中逐渐增大,且沟道增长速率明显大于坡面;不同坡长条件下放水流量为10L/min时,弗劳德数远大于其他放水流量。相同放水流量条件下,沟道的径流流速明显大于坡面,坡沟系统的坡面径流流速相对沟道明显稳定且变化范围较小。不同坡长条件下放水流量为10L/min时沿程阻力系数值从2号断面急剧减小到0.03~0.05范围之内,且远小于其他放水流量下同断面的阻力系数值;相同放水流量条件下(除10L/min外),坡长越小,坡面和沟道的波动性相对越小,且坡面处的波动值大于沟道。径流侵蚀功率与雷诺数、弗劳德数、流速显著相关,与雷诺数呈对数函数关系,而与弗劳德数、流速和沿程Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数值呈幂函数关系。研究结果表明,坡长能够影响坡沟系统中坡面和沟道的侵蚀动力因子,并对坡面和沟道沿程侵蚀能量削减和增加效应研究提供重要的科学依据。     

陡坡面发育的细沟水动力学特性室内试验研究

为了为黄土高原陡坡水蚀预报模型的建立提供科学依据,通过组合不同坡度(21°、24°、27°)、不同流量(6.5、8.5、10.5 L/min)的陡坡室内放水冲刷试验,对坡面细沟侵蚀发生过程中的坡面流水动力学特性进行了研究.结果表明,在试验的坡度和流量范围内,坡面流的雷诺数Re在798～4620之间变化,且雷诺数Re变化幅度随冲刷历时的增大而增大.而坡面流弗劳德数Fr在整个试验过程中均大于1,表明坡面流处于急流范围.坡面流阻力系数f随雷诺数Re的增大而增大,其变化还受坡度的影响.坡面在径流冲刷侵蚀过程中,流速随冲刷时间的延长和冲刷形态的变化呈现出先减小后增大义减小的变化趋势.     

地表粗糙度及植被盖度对坡面流曼宁阻力系数的影响

为探明地表颗粒和植被共同影响下的坡面流曼宁阻力系数变化规律,在5°缓坡定床条件下,以曼宁阻力系数表征坡面流阻力,利用等效水力半径计算等效曼宁阻力系数,等效水力半径考虑了水流与植被的接触面,分别研究了4个地表粗糙度(0.009,0.12,0.18,0.38 mm)和4个植被盖度(0,4.0%,6.6%,12.2%)在9个单宽流量(0.2×10^-3~0.5×10^-3m^3/(m·s))冲刷下的坡面综合等效曼宁阻力系数、颗粒等效曼宁阻力系数及植被等效曼宁阻力系数的变化特征及相互之间的关系。结果表明:1)在坡面没有植被时,坡面综合等效曼宁阻力系数与流量呈负相关,当坡面有模拟植被时,两者间呈正相关。坡面综合等效曼宁阻力系数随着地表粗糙度和植被盖度的增加而增加;2)当地表粗糙度和模拟植被存在的坡面,线性叠加原理不适用于坡面综合阻力的计算,在水深较小时,会出现附加阻力。附加等效曼宁阻力系数与粗糙度和盖度呈正相关,而与水深负相关;3)通过多元回归分析得到坡面综合等效曼宁阻力系数的计算式,模拟效果较好(相关系数R=0.98),并分析得到各阻力分项等效曼宁阻力系数的计算式。分别剔除各阻力分项后将相关系数比较,植被阻力对坡面流综合阻力的影响最大,颗粒阻力次之,而附加阻力最小。研究成果将为构建坡面侵蚀模型和防治坡面侵蚀提供科学依据。     

模拟植被类型及空间配置对坡面流水动力学特性的影响

通过室内水槽模拟冲刷试验,研究缓坡坡降1.4%、流量0.6~1.8L/s、非淹没条件下,植被类型(柔性植被、刚性植被)和植被配置格局(棋盘状格局、长条状格局、带状格局)对坡面流水深、流速、流态、达西阻力系数等水动力学特性的影响,探究其规律。结果表明:(1)与裸坡相比,植被具有雍水缓流作用,水深雍高1.4~2.8倍,流速延缓31%~65%,植被格局较植被类型作用更为明显,其中柔性植被、带状格局雍水效果最好。(2)坡面流态指数m显示刚性植被、棋盘状格局条件下水流紊动性最强,而坡面综合指数k显示柔性植被、带状格局对水流作用更强。(3)各试验条件下,水流流型以过渡流为主,主要受单宽流量影响而与植被条件无关;裸坡条件下水流流态为急流,植被覆盖下为缓流,受单宽流量和植被类型影响较小,棋盘状和带状格局影响较大。(4)植被使坡面平均阻力系数较裸坡增加约2.9~20.5倍,缓流条件下阻流效果更好;植被类型较植被格局对阻力系数的影响更大,其中柔性植被和带状、棋盘状格局阻水效果更好,而沿程阻力系数变化显示带状具有明显的波动特性,棋盘状格局较为稳定,即水动力学条件更佳。     

植被覆盖度与空间格局对坡面流水动力学特性的影响

为研究植被覆盖度与空间格局对坡面流水动力学参数的影响,采用室内定床冲刷试验,以圆柱体模拟树木定量研究了4种覆盖度、3种空间格局的植被在5个坡度、6个流量下坡面薄层流水力要素及阻力的变化特征,探讨了植被覆盖度、空间格局对坡面流水动力参数的影响,并分析了植被覆盖度和空间格局对流速和阻力的影响指数。结果表明,在5种坡度下流速的变化范围在0.2~1.4m/s之间,流速最小的是覆盖度为6.1%角尺度为0的坡面条件,最大的是裸坡(对照)。各坡面条件的流态指数变化在0.7~0.8,表明水流以克服阻力做功为主。覆盖度对流速的影响在各流量下皆大于空间格局对流速的影响,且空间格局的影响效果只有覆盖度的50%。坡面阻力系数随着覆盖度的增加而增加,在各坡度下,达西阻力系数在0~0.16间变化,角尺度为0时的阻力系数大于其它角尺度下的。覆盖度对坡面流阻力系数的影响大于空间格局对阻力系数的影响。在缓坡(10°以下),空间格局对坡面流阻力的影响是覆盖度对坡面流阻力影响的50%以上,而在陡坡(15°以上)空间格局对坡面流阻力的影响仅仅是覆盖度对坡面流阻力影响的20%左右。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.