浅谈奶牛场微贮甜玉米秸秆的制作

我国南方地区种植有大量的甜玉米,甜玉米秸秆水分含量偏高,采用常规青贮方法制作出来的青贮饲料品质差,浪费多,而采用微贮技术制作出来的甜玉米秸秆腐败率低、营养价值高,能够很好地提高青贮饲料的品质.介绍了微贮甜玉米秸秆的制作技术.     

新型糖工程发酵饲料对改善南方青贮饲料品质的研究

为了改善南方青贮饲料品质,试验选择3个青贮窑,分为3组,设计贮量为300 t青贮玉米,试验1组青贮玉米秸杆中添加5%糖工程发酵饲料,试验2组添加2‰微生态制剂,对照组不添加任何添加剂,试验期6个月,测定青贮玉米的损耗、感官品质和营养品质。结果表明:在南方地区制作青贮饲料时添加富含乳酸菌等有益菌、糖分和高蛋白载体的糖工程发酵饲料能避免水分流失和营养丧失导致的损耗,明显改善青贮饲料的感官品质,显著提高青贮饲料的消化利用率和营养价值。     

南方地区高温高湿条件下甜玉米秸秆青贮饲料制作技术研究

秸秆青贮技术是发展草食动物饲草加工的关键技术之一。制作青贮饲料的关键在于合理控制好原料的水分含量,一般要求原料的水分含量保持在65%左右,而南方地区甜玉米秸秆在收获时一般水分含量在85%左右,水分过高制成的青贮饲料偏酸,饲料容易腐败。在我国北方等地,在制作玉米秸秆青贮饲料时可以通过晾晒的方式达到降低水分的目的,但南方多高温高湿天气,通过晾晒很难降低水分。本试验通过液压原理,集成创新了一套先进的牧草加工设备及其秸秆发酵工艺配套技术,能使青绿的甜玉米秸秆不需要晾晒就可直接进行青贮饲料制作,秸秆中过多的水分在压力的作用下通过管道排出,保证了青贮饲料制作对水分的要求,为南方地区高温高湿条件下青贮饲料制作奠定了坚实的基础。     

云南省全株玉米青贮饲料生产现状及质量分析

为了更好地掌握云南省全株玉米青贮饲料的质量状况,采用抽样方法对云南省5个州市17个粮改饲试点县的全株玉米青贮饲料进行质量抽查,通过感官评价及实验室分析方法,对全株玉米青贮饲料进行了质量综合评定。结果表明,云南省全株玉米青贮饲料发酵品质状况良好,通过对青贮饲料发酵品质综合评分,评价为优有31个样品(占总数79.49%),评价为良的7个样品(占总数17.95%),评价为差的有1个样品(占总数2.56%)。同时,通过此次抽查也可以看出云南省全株玉米青贮目前存在:全株玉米收获时间过早,青贮制作技术有待提高,青贮玉米品种选择有待进一步优化等问题。     

内蒙古青贮饲料质量研究

为探讨内蒙古青贮饲料品质现状,采用抽样方法对内蒙古青贮饲料质量进行研究。结果表明,内蒙古青贮设备主要以窖贮和壕贮为主,青贮时间一般为9和10月,青贮种类主要有全株玉米青贮、玉米秸青贮、甜菜类青贮等;青贮饲料发酵品质总体表现较好,通过对青贮饲料有机酸进行费氏评分,达到优良等级的占总样品的83%,全株玉米青贮和甜菜类青贮经费氏评分均达到优等,但是,全株玉米青贮饲料中的乳酸含量显著高于甜菜类青贮饲料(P＜0.05),乙酸和丁酸含量均显著低于甜菜类青贮饲料(P＜0.05),玉米秸青贮饲料费氏评分为良,内蒙古青贮饲料有机酸费氏评定结果与感官评定结果基本相符;3种青贮饲料中,甜菜类青贮饲料的营养品质最好,全株玉米青贮饲料次之,玉米秸青贮饲料最劣。综合分析结果表明,内蒙古全株玉米青贮饲料和甜菜类青贮饲料营养保存率高,发酵效果好,玉米秸青贮饲料质量较差。     

南方农区青贮玉米品种适应性及生产性能比较

青贮玉米为我国南方农区最重要的青贮饲料制作原料,本试验用南方农区应用较广泛的4个国内青贮玉米品种和引进的4个国外青贮玉米品种,在江苏南京地区研究其生长适应性及生产性能,结果表明,国内玉米品种的适应性和生产性能普遍好于国外引进品种,其中国内品种科多4号、白顶1号和新青2号生物产量均较高且品种间差异不显著,但新青2号叶片宽大,叶片数多,叶茎比高,植株高度适中,抗倒伏能力强,综合表现优良,适于南方农区大面积推广应用。     

南方农区青贮玉米品种适应性及生产性能比较

青贮玉米为我国南方农区最重要的青贮饲料制作原料，本试验用南方农区应用较广泛的4个国内青贮玉米品种和引进的4个国外青贮玉米品种，在江苏南京地区研究其生长适应性及生产性能，结果表明，国内玉米品种的适应性和生产性能普遍好于国外引进品种，其中国内品种科多4号、白顶1号和新青2号生物产量均较高且品种间差异不显著，但新青2号叶片宽大，叶片数多，叶茎比高，植株高度适中，抗倒伏能力强，综合表现优良，适于南方农区大面积推广应用。     

全株玉米青贮饲料制作技术要点

全株玉米青贮饲料的制作是一项系统工程,本文综述了全株玉米青贮饲料制作的技术要点。只有掌握了青贮池(平台)的建设,全株玉米的收割、加工、运输、装填、压实、封顶等每个环节的技术要点,才能制作出品质优良的全株玉米青贮饲料。     

全株玉米青贮、玉米秸秆青贮及黄贮对奶牛泌乳性能和乳品质的影响

为解决奶牛养殖中粗饲料的来源问题,并为全株玉米青贮饲料的推广应用提供科学依据,本项目开展了全株玉米青贮、玉米秸秆青贮及黄贮对奶牛泌乳性能和乳品质影响的对比试验研究。结果显示,全株玉米青贮相对于玉米秸秆青贮可显著提高奶牛的平均日产奶量和乳蛋白率( P <0.05);全株玉米青贮相对于玉米秸秆黄贮可显著提高奶牛的平均日采食粗料量、平均日产奶量、乳蛋白率、乳脂率和乳糖率( P <0.05);全株玉米青贮相对于玉米秸秆青贮、黄贮,每头奶牛每天可分别多获得利润3.34元、9.48元。表明全株玉米青贮饲料可有效提高奶牛的泌乳性能及乳品质,提高奶牛养殖经济效益。     

压实密度对玉米秸秆青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响

本研究旨在探究不同压实密度对玉米秸秆青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响，通过在青贮玉米秸秆青贮过程中采用不同压实密度的方法设置不同处理组，青贮60 d后，对各处理组玉米秸秆青贮进行色泽、气味和质地的感官评价，同时测定各处理组玉米秸秆青贮的发酵指标和营养成分。结果显示，在压实密度为700 kg/m³时，玉米秸秆青贮饲料的发酵品质及有氧稳定性均高于其他处理组，能够获得优质的玉米秸秆青贮饲料。本研究可用于指导玉米秸秆优质青贮饲料的制备加工过程，为有效提高青贮饲料有氧稳定时间，延缓青贮饲料变质，提高青贮饲料发酵品质提供理论支持。     

2019年天津市全株玉米窖贮前营养品质调研

为加强青贮玉米贮前品质调控,实现全株玉米青贮品质全面提升,试验在已有青贮后品质调研的基础上开展贮前青贮玉米品质调研工作。试验采集天津市22个奶牛养殖场共55个批次的窖贮前的青贮玉米,进行粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、淀粉等营养指标分析。结果显示,天津市青贮玉米窖贮前干物质含量21.06%~43.85%、粗蛋白含量6.14%~10.09%、酸性洗涤纤维含量20.92%~30.41%、中性洗涤纤维含量34.38%~40.90%、淀粉含量18.74%~35.85%。根据国标青贮玉米品质分级,青贮玉米品质综合等级为一级和二级的占比58.18%,说明大部分牧场青贮玉米综合品质控制良好,但仍有部分奶牛养殖场在青贮玉米窖贮前品控方面有较大提升空间。     

丰都县青贮玉米品种引种栽培试验

青贮玉米引种栽培试验结果表明:青贮玉米1号、青贮玉米2号和墨西哥饲用玉米品种在试验区种植适应性好,鲜草产量为127725.0kg/hm2、131625.0kg/hm2和180465.0kg/hm2,分别比当地普通玉米增产59.8%、64.6%和125.7%,青贮后品质优良,肉牛喜食,有很重要的推广利用价值。     

西北地区4种优质饲草的肉牛体外瘤胃发酵性能研究

本试验选用黄土高丘陵沟壑区推广应用的玉米、燕麦、苜蓿裹包青贮及苜蓿干草为试验材料,旨在研究其在肉牛体外瘤胃发酵性能及组合效应,为其科学应用提供技术支持。将4种优质饲草按干物质基础组成7种不同比例组合,即C₁(50%玉米青贮+50%燕麦青贮)、C₂(50%玉米青贮+50%苜蓿青贮)、C₃(80%玉米青贮+20%苜蓿干草)、C₄(50%燕麦青贮+50%苜蓿干草)、C₅(70%玉米青贮+10%燕麦青贮+20%苜蓿青贮)、C₆(65%玉米青贮+15%燕麦青贮+25%苜蓿青贮)和C₇(50%玉米青贮+20%燕麦青贮+30%苜蓿青贮)共构成11种发酵底物。结果表明:4种单一饲料在各时间点的产气量(GP)玉米青贮最高,苜蓿青贮最低(P<0.05);7种组合不同时间点产气特点为,C₃的GP最高,C₄最低(P<0.05)。4种单一饲料的快速降解部分产气量(a)和产气速率常数(c)分别为玉米青贮和苜蓿干草最高,与其他单一饲料存在显著差异(P<0.05);7种组合中的a和c均以C₂最高;慢速降解部分产气量(b)和潜在产气量(a+b)均以C₃最高,亦均显著高于其他组合(P<0.05)。体外发酵48 h后,4种单一饲料中玉米青贮的干物质消失率(DMD)显著高于其他3种(P<0.05);培养液的pH介于6.27~6.72,且各组间差异显著(P<0.05);氨态氮(NH₃-N)浓度燕麦青贮最高(P<0.05)。7种组合的DMDC₂显著低于C₅和C₇(P<0.05);pH介于6.40~6.69,其中C₃显著低于其他6种(P<0.05);NH₃-N的浓度C₁与C₂显著高于其他5种(P<0.05)。4种单一粗饲料的总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)为玉米青贮显著高于苜蓿青贮和干草(P<0.05);7种组合培养48 h后,培养液的TVFA浓度C₂和C₄显著低于C₅和C₆(P<0.05)。综上,玉米青贮的体外发酵GP、DMD、TVFA及乙酸浓度均最高;苜蓿青贮的体外发酵GP较低,发酵速度慢;不同组合的综合组合效应值(MFAEI)均为正值,由高到低依次为C₄、C₂、C₅、C₁、C₃、C₆、C₇。     

Storage quality and marketability potential of bagged silage for smallholder dairy farmers in Zimbabwe

Bagged sole maize and maize–cowpea silages in three bag sizes were assessed at 42 and 282 d post-ensiling for sensory and chemical quality. A survey of dairy farmers on silage use and preferences was conducted in the Chikwaka communal area and Marirangwe small-scale commercial farming area. Only silage dryness changed with time. Percentage neutral detergent fibre significantly changed in 20?kg bags from 58.1 ± 0.75% at 42 d to 52.3 ± 0.86% at 282 d and in 10?kg maize–cowpea bags from 48.6 ± 0.75% to 56.0 ± 0.86%. Percentage crude protein significantly decreased (P < 0.05) for 15?kg (11.8 ± 0.30% to 9.4 ± 0.35%) and 20?kg bags (11.4 ± 0.30% to 8.9 ± 0.35%) for maize– cowpea. All 45 farmers surveyed knew about silage and 90% were feeding it to cows, 53% were making their own and 37% purchased silage. Challenges in making silage included unavailability of forage choppers, lack of requisite resources and inadequate knowledge. Silage unavailability and difficulties in transportation and storage resulted in a low frequency of silage purchases. There was no association (χ2 0.18; P > 0.05) between farming system and farmers’ willingness to buy or sell silage, and larger bags were preferred (χ2 78.96; P < 0.05). Computed silage costs per tonne were farm-produced sole maize US$57.54, maize–cowpea US$58.59 and bought-in sole maize US$89.80.     

象草与玉米秸秆混合青贮效果的研究

为研究不同含水率条件下象草（Pennisetum purpureum）与玉米（Zea mays var.rugosa）秸秆混合青贮的效果,用含水率同为71.20%的象草与玉米秸秆调制了含水率为73.86%~73.10%的混合青贮（MC1青贮）,用含水率分别为59.30%与59.10%的象草与玉米秸秆调制了含水率为62.30%~60.91%的混合青贮（MC2青贮）,MC1和MC2青贮均设3种混合比例（象草与玉米秸秆质量比为80∶20、70∶30和60∶40）。每个处理重复3次,常温下贮存60 d,开封后评定青贮的品质。结果表明,所有青贮的品质优良;MC1和MC2青贮均随玉米秸秆比例的升高,乳酸含量极显著增加（P<0.01）,pH值极显著降低,水分、乙酸、氨态氮、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量极显著或显著减少,干物质回收率极显著提高;MC2青贮的品质优于MC1青贮。     

超声波预处理对全株青贮玉米品质的影响

为研究超声波预处理对全株青贮玉米品质的影响,设置空白对照组、超声处理组（5、10、15、20、25 min）和乳酸菌对照组进行青贮玉米品质研究。结果表明：15 min和20 min超声处理后,全株玉米青贮饲料感官评定属于优良级。与对照组相比,超声处理后饲料的pH和氨氮比分别降低7.71%和7.82%,乳酸和乙酸含量分别提高52.14%和97.22%,干物质、水溶性碳水化合物、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量分别提高6.31%、15.76%、19.65%和16.34%,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质素含量分别显著降低26.10%、22.44%和29.08%。综合以上指标,15 ~ 20 min超声处理能明显提高全株玉米的青贮质量。     

Grass silage versus maize silage effects on retail packaged beef quality

The effects of three preslaughter diets on heifer beef quality were investigated. Heifers (n = 45) were divided into three groups and fed for ad libitum consumption either maize silage, grass silage, or a 50:50 mixture of maize silage and grass silage. Meat quality was determined by measuring color, lipid oxidation, alpha-tocopherol levels, and fatty acid composition. Beef from the maize silage group had poorest color stability (P < 0.05), whereas beef from the grass silage diet had best (P < 0.05) color stability. The visual panel least preferred the maize silage group after 2 or more days of display, and lipid oxidation was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in this group compared to the 50:50 maize:grass silage and grass silage groups. There was a significant (P < 0.001) difference in the alpha-tocopherol levels detected in the meat from the three dietary groups. Alpha-tocopherol levels increased in the order: maize silage < 50:50 maize:grass silage < grass silage, at levels of 2.08, 2.95, and 3.84 microg/g meat, respectively. Fatty acid analysis indicated 18:3 was significantly (P < 0.001) lower in the maize silage-fed group than in the maize:grass silage and grass silage groups. However, 18:3 was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the grass silage group than in the other two groups. There were no significant differences in all other fatty acids among the three dietary groups. It was concluded that beef from grass silage-fed animals had better overall quality in terms of color, lipid oxidation, and alpha-tocopherol levels than beef from maize silage fed animals.     

Studies on the use of lucerne silage source for high-milk-producing dairy cows

Studies on the use of lucerne silage as a forage source for high-yielding dairy cows. It was the main objective of this study to investigate effects of lucerne silage inclusion in maize silage-based rations on dry matter intake, milk yield and metabolic parameters of high yielding dairy cows. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were used. They contained as the main forage source on a dry matter basis 41.5% maize silage and 12% grass silage (ration maize) or 18% maize silage and 29% of either grass silage (ration grass) or lucerne silage (ration lucerne). Organic matter digestibility, determined with wether sheep, was 77 and 65% for the grass and the lucerne silage, respectively. Each TMR was fed to 4 wether sheep to determine crude nutrient digestibilities. The content of net energy for lactation (NEL), as calculated from digestible crude nutrients, was (MJ/kg dry matter (DM)): 7.1 (maize), 7.2 (grass) and 6.8 (lucerne). Based on the results of a chemical fractionation of crude protein it was calculated that the content of utilisable crude protein (nXP) was not below 167 g/kg DM and that the N balance in the rumen was not negative for all 3 TMR. The TMR were fed for 169 days to at least 28 dairy cows per treatment which were in their first half of lactation. Feed intake, milk performance data and physiological indicators were measured for each individual cow. The DM intake was significantly higher in treatment lucerne (23.2 kg/d) than in treatments grass (21.2 kg/d) and maize (22.6 kg/d). Daily intakes of NEL and nXP were significantly lower in treatment grass than in the other two treatments. Milk yield was significantly higher in treatment maize (41.7 kg/d) than in treatments grass (37.3 kg/d) and lucerne (38.5 kg/d). This was associated with a significantly lower milk fat content in treatment maize (3.5%) in comparison with the other two treatments (3.9% each). Milk protein content was unaffected by treatment (3.4% on average). Similarly, the acetone content of milk was not significantly different between treatments. The beta-hydroxybutyrate content of the deproteinized blood was significantly higher in treatment lucerne at start of lactation, but this difference disappeared in subsequent parts of the experimental period. Measurements of back fat thickness indicated mobilisation and retention of energy by cows during the experimental period to be similar in all treatments. It is concluded that lucerne silage is a suitable forage source for high yielding dairy cows in spite of its low digestibility.     

不同品种青贮玉米与拉巴豆套种对青贮玉米农艺性状及产量的影响

为寻求青贮玉米栽培中性状改良、产量升高的新途径和新技术,在贵州松桃县九江乡试验地以青贮玉米(郑青贮1号、豫青贮23)和拉巴豆为研究材料,于青贮玉米行距间套种不同行数的拉巴豆,共设3个处理玉米不套作、一行玉米+一行拉巴豆、一行玉米+两行拉巴豆,研究多行拉巴豆套种对青贮玉米农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明,青贮玉米行间套种两行拉巴豆时青贮玉米产量最高,郑青贮1号产量达55350.00 kg·hm^-2,豫青贮23产量达75410.71 kg·hm^-2;套种一行拉巴豆时株高最高,但豫青贮23的产量、株高均优于郑青贮1号,分别高达62013.89 kg·hm^-2和298.99 cm;随着套种拉巴豆行数的增加郑青贮1号农艺性状指标叶长增大,叶宽和穗数减小,而豫青贮23的农艺性状指标变异正好相反;郑青贮1号套种两行拉巴豆时穗长最长达37.24 cm,而豫青贮23不套种拉巴豆时穗长最长达43.57 cm;变异分析中,两个青贮玉米品种产量和穗数均是变异较大,达到17%以上;套种两行拉巴豆时的郑青贮1号收入最高可达29335.50元·hm^-2,豫青贮23收入最高可达38664.76元·hm^-2,豫青贮23的经济效益要显著优于郑青贮1号。     

Effect of mixed maize-legume silages on milk quality and quantity from lactating smallholder dairy cows

The study investigated the effect of the following maize:legume (70:30) mixed crop silages: maize:cowpea, maize:velvet bean, and maize:lablab on milk production during the 2016 dry season. Using a 5?×?5 double Latin square design, five Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows in early lactation (30?±?15 days) and five Jersey crossbred cows in early lactation (25?±?10 days) were given the supplementary mixed crop silage diets at 0.5 kg/l of milk produced over 105 days. Commercial dairy meal and sole maize silage were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Milk yield was significantly higher (P?< 0.05) in cows given the dairy meal compared to mixed crop silages; however, milk yield was also significantly higher (P?< 0.05) for cows given the three mixed crop silages compared to cows given sole maize silage. Cows given mixed crop silages produced milk of significantly higher protein content (P?< 0.05) than those given sole maize silage. There was no significant difference (P?> 0.05) in butterfat content of milk across all the dietary treatments. The dietary cost of producing 1 l of milk was highest at 0.31USD/l for cows given commercial dairy meal and lowest for cows given maize:velvet bean and maize:cowpea silage at 0.19USD/kg. The highest dietary gross margins of 68% were observed when cows were given maize:velvet mixed silage compared to commercial dairy meal (47%) and sole maize silage (57%). The 70:30 maize:legume mixed crop silages showed the capability to increase milk quantity and quality at very low production costs in smallholder dairy schemes.