乳蛋白位点对泌乳性状遗传效应的研究

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分析了７４７头中国黑白花奶牛乳样中的４种乳蛋白的基因型，同时利用最小二乘模型和基因替代模型研究乳蛋白位点对奶牛第一胎泌乳性状的遗传效应，并首次提出数量性状的位点决定遗传力（Ｌｏｃｉ－ｄｅｃｉｄｉｎｇＨｅｒｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ，ｈ）的概念。结果表明，Ｋ－ＣＮ基因型对乳脂率和干物质率有显著效应，β－ＬＧ基因型对乳中干物质率的效应值显著。α＿（ｓ１）－ＣＮ位点Ｂ基因对Ｃ的替代显著影响３０５ｄ产奶量，对乳脂率无显著效应，β－ＣＮＡ￣１基因的替代对３０５ｄ产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率均有显著影响作用。３０５ｄ产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率和乳中干物质率的乳蛋白位点决定遗传力分别为９．４％，８．８％，９．２％和６．７％。     

山谷型藏山羊及其杂种羊乳生化遗传标记研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）分析山谷型藏山羊、安哥拉山羊、Ｆ１乳中的ＬＤＨ、ａｓ－ＣＮ、β－ＣＮ、β－Ｌｇ、ＳＡ等基因座。结果表明，乳ＬＤＨ出现三条带（Ａ）、两条带（Ｂ）、一条带（Ｃ）３种类型；ａｓ－ＣＮ有３种表型（ＡＡ、ＡＢ、ＢＢ），由Ａ基因和Ｂ基因控制；在β－ＣＮ和β－ｌｇ中以ＡＢ型为主，其余类型很少；乳ＳＡ为单态，定为ＡＡ型。分析乳ａｓ－ＣＮ多态性与６个主要经济性状（体重、体直长、体高、胸围、管围、自然毛长）的关系发现，山谷型藏山羊ａｓ－ＣＮＡＡ、ＡＢ型体直长显著大于ＢＢ型体直长（Ｐ＜００５），Ｆ１ａｓ－ＣＮＡＡ型胸围显著大于ＡＢ型。     

藏山羊及其与安哥拉山羊公羊杂交一代乳酪蛋白组分的研究

采用含４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ尿素的ＰＡＧＥ分析了藏山羊及其同安哥拉山羊公羊杂交一代羊的乳酪蛋白组分。结果显示：乳αＳ—ＣＮ均存在遗传多态性，β—ＣＮ均呈现为两条染色强度相近的β１－ＣＮ和β２－ＣＮ。研究中的还对αｓ－ＣＮ和β－ＣＮ的相对含量进行了扫描定量。     

青海本地黄牛的遗传变异性及基因分化

通过对柴达木黄牛和青海东部黄牛ＨＢ,ＫＥ,ＴＦ,ＰＴＦ,ＰＡ,ＡＭＹ１,ＡＬＰＡ,ＡＬＰＢ,ＲＢＣ－ＬＤＨ１,Ｓ－ＬＤＨ１,α－ＬＡ,β－ＬＧ,αｓ１－ＣＮ和β－ＣＮ１４个生化遗传基因座多态性的分的,研究青海本地黄牛的遗传变异性及两个群体间的基因分化。结果发现：（１）青海本地黄牛１４个生化遗传基因座的Ｐｐｏｌｙ为８５．７％,Ｈ为０．２６６２,Ｎｅ为１．４８６１个,Ｈ．Ｉ．为０．５７９８;（２）柴达木黄牛与青海东部黄牛两群体之间的遗传距离为０．００５８,基因分化系数为０．００７１,表明青海本地黄牛两群体间的基因分化程度极小。     

青海本地驴血清白蛋白及其多态性研究

采用折射计法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对８７匹青海本地驴血清白蛋白及其多态性进行了研究。结果表明：①青海本地驴血清白蛋白含量为３４．２９ｇ／Ｌ，占血清总蛋白的４６．６５％；②前白蛋白位点呈单态；③白蛋白位点有ＡＬＢＣＣ和ＡＬＢＣＤ两种表型，其ＡＬＢ￣Ｃ和ＡＬＢ￣Ｄ等位基因频率分别为０．８５６３和０．１４３７；④后白蛋白位点有ＰｏＡＡＡ，ＰｏＡＡＢ和ＰｏＡＢＢ三种表型，其ＰｏＡ￣Ａ和ＰｏＡ￣Ｂ等位基因频率分别为０．１１６３和０．８８３７。     

中国水牛乳蛋白基因多态性与乳蛋白组成的关联研究

本研究的目的是分析中国水牛乳蛋白基因多态性与乳蛋白组成的关联。通过高效液相色谱法对260头尼里、摩拉和杂交水牛奶样的乳蛋白基因多态性及蛋白组成进行分析测定。结果表明:κ-酪蛋白有BB、AB和AC3种基因型,αs2-酪蛋白和αs1-酪蛋白基因型分别为AA、AB型和AB、BB型,β-酪蛋白有AA和AB 2种基因型,β-乳球蛋白和α-乳白蛋白均仅发现BB型。运用SAS 9.0统计分析多态性与乳蛋白组成的关联后,发现在筛选出的5种κ-αs1-β复合基因型中,BB-AB-AA型与κ-酪蛋白相对含量极显著相关;AB-AB-AA型与αs2-酪蛋白相对含量极显著相关。研究结果表明,水牛乳蛋白存在基因多态性,κ-αs1-β-复合酪蛋白多态性与κ-酪蛋白和αs2-酪蛋白相对含量显著相关。     

中国水牛乳蛋白基因型与酪蛋白胶束粒度的关联研究

本研究旨在分析中国水牛乳蛋白各亚型与乳蛋白粒径的关联。采用反向高效液相色谱法对160头泌乳中期的水牛进行多态性测定,并利用激光粒度仪分析水牛乳蛋白的粒径。结果显示:αs1-酪蛋白(αs1-CN)、β-酪蛋白(β-CN)和α-乳白蛋白(α-LA)存在A型和B型2种基因型,κ-酪蛋白(κ-CN)有A型、B型、C型和D型4种基因型,αs2-酪蛋白(αs2-CN)和β-乳球蛋白(β-LG)没有发现多态性。κ-CN和αs1-CN各亚型在乳蛋白面积平均径(D[3,2])上有显著差异,筛选出的6种αs1-β-κ-CN复合基因型在乳蛋白面积平均径(D[3,2])以及中位径(D50)上差异显著。综上,水牛αs1-β-κ-CN复合基因为AB-BB-AB型以及κ-CN的C等位基因均与乳蛋白粒度存在显著关联。     

精氨酸水平对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞体外生长及κ－酪蛋白基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究培养基中添加不同浓度的精氨酸（Ａｒｇ）对乳腺上皮细胞体外增殖及κ－酪蛋白（ＣＳＮ３）基因表达的影响。选用中国荷斯坦奶牛乳腺上皮细胞进行体外培养，以无Ａｒｇ的培养基（０．００ｍｇ／Ｌ）为对照（０组），试验培养基分别添加 ６９．５０（０．２５组）、１３９．００（０．５０组）、２７８．００（１．００组）、５５６．００（２．００组）、１１１２．００（４．００组）和 ２２２４．００ｍｇ／Ｌ（８．００组）的精氨酸。结果表明：Ａｒｇ能促进乳腺上皮细胞的增殖，２４ｈ时，０．２５～４．００组与 ０组相比均差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），８．００组与 ０组相比差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；４８和 ７２ｈ时，各试验组与 ０组相比均差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ａｒｇ能促进 ＣＳＮ３基因的表达，各试验组与 ０组相比均差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），当 Ａｒｇ浓度为 ５５６．００ｍｇ／Ｌ时，ＣＳＮ３基因表达量最高。结果提示，Ａｒｇ对乳腺上皮细胞增殖及 ＣＳＮ３基因表达均具有明显的促进作用，且在 Ａｒｇ浓度为 ６９．５０～１１１２．００ｍｇ／Ｌ时促细胞增殖效果较佳，在 Ａｒｇ浓度为 ５５６．００ｍｇ／Ｌ时促 ＣＳＮ３基因表达作用最强。     

海兰褐鸡血清白蛋白和运铁蛋白的多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对５５只引入乐都的海兰褐鸡血清白蛋白和运铁蛋白的多态性进行研究。结果发现：（１）被检海兰褐鸡血清白蛋白有ＡＬＢ ＢＢ，ＡＬＢ ＢＣ二种基因型，以ＡＬＢ ＢＢ型为优势基因型（９０．９１％），ＡＬＢ＾Ｂ和ＡＬＢ＾Ｃ等位基因频率分别是０．９５４５和０．０４５；（２）运铁蛋白只有ＴＦ ＢＢ一种基因型；（３）ＡＬＢ和ＴＦ两位点的平均基因杂合度（Ｈ）和有效等位基因数（Ｎｅ）分别为０．０     

热磁处理对牛乳中酶活力及蛋白组成的影响

中国黑白花奶牛混合鲜乳，高速离心脱脂后以５０～１００℃加热或磁化１５分仲，测定乳中三种酶活力，并采用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ观察乳蛋白组成变化，结果表明：经７Ｏ℃以上热处理后牛乳中碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ）基本失活，乳过氧化物酶（ＬＰ）和纤溶蛋白酶（Ｐｌａｓｍｉｎ）相对较稳定，需８０℃以上加热，磁化处理对乳中酶活力影响不一致，脱脂乳经磁化后三种酶活力稍有提高，磁化底物使纤溶蛋白酶活力增加６０％以上。磁化处理对乳３０℃保温２０小时后滴定酸度影响不显著。牛乳中白细胞内ＡＫＰ比活力为０．０２４单位／毫克蛋白，ＬＰ比活力为５．５６单位／毫克蛋白，极显著低于乳中酶的比活力，表明它们不是乳中ＡＫＰ和ＬＰ的主要来源。乳蛋白ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析表明，８０℃以上加热使乳牛α－乳清蛋白、β－乳球蛋白发生部分聚合，并对酪蛋白（ＣＳＮ）产生一定影响。磁化后乳中ＣＳＮ同热处理后乳ＣＳＮ电泳特性有相似之处，可能ＣＳＮ空间结构发生了变化。     

Antigen-nonspecific macrophage factors modulating the antibody response in vitro

Antibody response to an antigen involves the co-operation between three types of cells: macrophages, T cells and B cells. The cognate interactions between these cells play a fundamental role in the expression of a specific antibody response, but the last is modulated by antigen-nonspecific soluble factors produced either by macrophages or by T cells. Macrophages elaborate a spectrum of molecules modulating the function of lymphoid cells; among them are IL1 and prostaglandins of the E series, which are respectively enhancer and inhibitor of the antibody response in vitro. These molecules alter T cell and B cell activities through different mechanisms involving activation or inhibition of IL2 production, or alteration of cells surface antigens. However, the cellular events following the fixation of soluble factor on its receptors are not known.     

禽病诊断彩色卡通

给禽看病难，难在诊断；诊断难，难在手段少，而且近年研究出的一些高新诊断技术，由于客观原因，很难短期内在广大农村推广。目前，在广大农村一是合格禽医少，二是实验诊断室少，所以给禽看病难。《禽病诊断彩色卡通》(以下简称《卡通》)在这样的背景下研制成功。这是一个原创性的科研成果，获得了国家专利。它使略有禽病知识的人能用《卡通》诊断禽病。《卡通》是养禽者目前能够得到     

荷斯坦牛泌乳曲线的拟合分析

通过对安徽荷斯坦牛泌乳曲线进行拟合分析，结果 Wood模型对泌乳曲线的拟合精度为（R^2)=0.2336-0.5661；若剔除第1个泌乳月，对2-10个泌乳月利用Wood模型再次拟合，拟合精度则显著提高，达到0.9左右，使用f(t)=∑i=1^5αit^i-1模型拟合泌乳曲线，拟合精度达到0.9442-0.9955。     

Effects of N-methyl-D, L-aspartate on secretion of growth hormone-releasing hormone from the boar hypothalamic-preoptic area and median eminence in vitro

N-methyl-D, L-aspartate (NMA) elicited secretion of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone from both the hypothalamic-preoptic area and the median eminence that were collected from boars. We suggest that the previously described increase in GH secretion that follows peripheral treatment of swine with NMA is attributable, at least in part, to NMA-stimulated secretion of GH-releasing hormone from the central nervous system.     

Hemolytic assay for goat (caprine) and swine (porcine) complement

Optimal conditions for assaying hemolytic complement of goat (caprine) and swine (porcine) sera were determined. Effects of the following were tested: pH, ionic strength, calcium and magnesium ion concentrations, time and temperature of incubation, and ethylenediamine tetracetate concentration. Guinea pig erythrocytes sensitized with goat or cattle antibodies were the most sensitive target cells for goat complement. Sheep and cattle erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit hemolysin were the best target cells for swine complement. Barbital buffer, pH 7.3, ionic strength of 90 nmM relative salt concentration, containing 0.5 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2 was the best for swine complement assay. Goat complement lysed best in a barbital buffer, pH 8, ionic strength of 90 to 120 mM of relative salt concentration, in presence of 0.5 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2. The optimal incubation temperature was 37 degrees C for both complements. The complement dependent lysis required 75 minutes to reach its maximum. Ethylenediamine tetracetate in 4 mM concentration completely inhibited lysis by both species complements. The CH50 for goat sera varied between 18 and 75 per ml, in swine sera between 75 and 210 per ml.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.