重庆市草坪草病害种类调查及病原鉴定初报

为了明确重庆草坪草主要病害及其病原菌的种类,作者调查了重庆草坪草病害种类,并分离鉴定了病原。结果表明：重庆草坪草常见病害有锈病、结缕草炭疽病、褐斑病、镰刀枯萎病、结缕草弯孢霉叶枯病和结缕草根结线虫等病害,分别由柄锈菌（Puccinia spp.）、尾状炭疽菌（Colletotrichum caudatum）、立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani）、镰刀菌（Fusarium sp.）、弯孢霉（Curvularia spp.）和根结线虫（Meloidogyne sp.）危害所致。     

水稻旱育秧立枯病致病菌鉴定及药剂防治研究

从水稻旱育秧病苗上分离到67个菌株 ,经鉴定分属于镰刀菌58个、腐霉菌7个、丝核菌2个。经回接测定其致病性 ,结果表明致病的镰刀菌主要是串珠镰刀菌 (Fusarium moniliforme) ;腐霉菌中主要是盐腐霉 (Pythium salinum)、间生腐霉 (P .interedium)和顶生腐霉 (P .acrogenum) ;丝核菌为立枯丝核菌 (Rhizoctonia solani)。接种试验表明串珠镰刀菌在6～8d龄幼苗的根中部侵染发病率最高 ,腐霉菌和丝核菌在一叶一心期茎基部侵染发病率最高。药剂试验表明以浸种灵(二硫氰基甲烷)、土菌消(hymexazol)、甲霜灵(metalaxyl)等种子处理加土壤处理 ,防效优于单独种子处理或土壤处理。     

噁霉灵与福美双等药剂混配对几种病原真菌的毒力测定

霉灵（通用名ｈｙｍｅｘａｚｏｌ）,是一种新型内吸性土壤杀菌剂。据报道它对镰刀菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｐｐ．）、腐霉菌（Ｐｙｔｈｉｕｍｓｐｐ．）、丝囊霉菌（Ａｐｈａｎｏｍｙｃｅｓｓｐｐ．）、伏革霉菌（Ｃｏｒｔｉｃｒｕｍｓｐｐ．）及多数丝核菌（Ｒｈｉｚ...     

草坪腐霉枯萎病的防治

草坪腐霉枯萎病也叫绵腐病、油斑病等。该病病原菌较多,如禾草腐霉、终极腐霉和瓜果腐霉等20余种腐霉菌都能引发这种病害。气温高、雨水多、湿度大、土壤含氮量高或碱     

新疆花芸豆根腐病病原及防治的初步研究

通过对花芸豆根腐病菌的分离、纯化培养和致病性的研究,初步确定新疆花芸豆根腐病的主要病原是终极腐霉菌(Prthium ultimum)、尖孢镰刀菌(Eoxysporum)、木贼镰刀菌(Eeqvseti)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)等多种病原菌复合侵染所致。花芸豆根腐病的发生不是单一病原侵染造成的,通常是两个或更多病原共同侵入产生的。4个病原菌中致病力最强的是终极腐霉菌,幼苗的存活率低于对照9.00个百分点,其次是立枯丝核菌。4种病原菌对温度、光照时间、酸碱度等的要求有差异,5℃低温下只有木贼镰刀菌和终极腐霉菌能缓慢生长;木贼镰刀菌和终极腐霉菌对光照时间较敏感,光照时间大于12 h,生长速度逐渐下降;尖孢镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌和终极腐霉菌对pH值均比较敏感,在pH值小于4或大于8生长速度明显下降。药剂处理种子经过室内、田间试验,多菌灵、福美双和五氯硝基苯处理的种子保苗效果好,病情指数降低明显,对种子安全。     

绿亨一号新型内吸性土壤杀菌剂

绿亨一号 (95%恶霉灵 )是一种新型内吸性土壤杀菌消毒剂 ,对土壤真菌 ,特别对镰刀菌、苗腐菌、腐霉菌、伏革菌、丝核菌等有极显著的效果。作土壤处理时活性不仅不减 ,并能与土壤金属离子结合 ,增强杀菌能力。对水稻、棉花、麦类、大豆、西瓜、黄瓜、番茄、茄子、青椒、烟草、果     

水稻旱育秧立枯病的化学防治

水稻旱育秧立枯病的化学防治颜显菊（陕西省汉阴县植保站立枯病是陕西汉阴水稻旱秧上的主要病害,每年四月中下旬常因低温阴雨和寒潮侵袭,使水稻秧苗发生立枯病,一般病株率在１５％左右。病原菌以禾谷镰刀菌为主,还有腐霉菌、丝核菌等。对于立枯病除了加强苗田管理外,...     

绿亨一号(恶霉灵)防治西瓜枯萎病试验

绿亨一号 ,又称恶霉灵、土菌消 ,是中国农业大学作物学院研制开发的一种新型、高效、低毒的内吸性土壤杀菌剂 ,具有内吸性强、药效持久、抗菌谱广、高效低毒、促进生长、健苗壮苗等特点。对土壤真菌 ,尤其是对苗腐菌、腐霉菌、伏革菌、镰刀菌以及丝核菌等有极其显著的防治效果。它既能杀灭土壤中的病原菌 ,又能促进植物生长。　　为了解“绿亨一号”对“西风雨”诱发蔓延的西瓜、红子瓜 (籽用西瓜 )、甜 (香 )瓜等枯萎病杀菌防病效果和最佳施用方法 ,作者在 2 0 0 0年安排了绿亨一号杀菌剂田间试验示范及室内测定。结果表明 :绿亨一号防治西…     

南方红豆杉内生真菌的抗菌活性

从南方红豆杉中分离到549株内生真菌,以终极腐霉Pythiumultimum、立枯丝核菌Rhizocto-niasolani为靶标菌进行抗菌活性的筛选。结果表明,对终极腐霉、立枯丝核菌的半抑制稀释倍数(ID50)在10以上的活性菌株分别为20株(占总菌株的3.6%)和15株(占总菌株的2.8%)。其中矮棒曲霉Aspergillusclavatonanicus菌株F0028对这两种病原菌的活性最高(对终极腐霉、立枯丝核菌的ID50分别为278±15.0、108±18.6)。进一步研究表明,F0028发酵液在pH值为1.0~7.0之间均有较强的抑菌活性;经高温高压处理后抑菌活性仍达到了对照的(65±3.8)%。发酵液经高效液相色谱纯化得到5种化合物,活性测定表明,5种化合物对终极腐霉、立枯丝核菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,半抑制浓度(EC50)在7.0~45μg/mL之间。     

寡聚糖在农作物病害防治中应用研究

为研究寡聚糖在农作物病害防治中的作用机制(直接抑菌或诱导抗病)，采用生长速率法测定了寡聚糖与3种致病真菌的互作关系，结果表明，寡聚糖对3种病原菌均存在不同程度的抑制作用，EC50分别为：立枯丝核菌0．01％、腐霉菌0．1％、镰刀菌0．1％：从寡聚糖对3种离体病原菌的抑制程度来分析，它的田间病害防治中的应用价值，应归因于三方面的因素：它对病原菌的抑制作用、对农作物的生长调节作用及诱导植物抗病性。     

木霉对土传病原真菌的拮抗作用

 分别在体外及温室测定了筛选菌株哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum(T₈₂)和Tricho-derma sp.(NF9)对土传病原真菌的拮抗作用。体外测定表明,木霉菌株T₈₂和NF₉对白绢病菌Sclerotium rolfsii,立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani,瓜果腐霉Pythium aphanidermatum刺腐霉P.spinosum和尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum在对崎培养中的拮抗系数分别为2或2~3和2。温室测定表明,用0、6%(W/W)T₈₂麸皮培养物(10⁷cfu/g)处理土壤。在人工接种白绢病菌,立枯丝核菌及瓜果腐霉20天后,黄瓜发病率分别比未用木霉处理的对照减少46、5%,28.4%和81。2%;用T₈₂和NF₉木霉孢子悬浮液(10⁸cfu/ml)处理黄瓜种子,人工接种白绢病菌11天后,黄瓜成苗率分别比未用木霉处理的对照增加14%的20%。分别在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察到木霉T₈₂对白绢病菌菌丝和菌核的重寄生以及木霉T₈₂和NF₉对立枯丝核菌菌丝的缠绕。穿入及寄生。作者认为重寄生可能是试验木霉菌株T₈₂和NF₉对白绢病菌和立枯丝核菌的主要拮抗机制。     

四川柑桔根腐病病原真菌种类研究

 本文报道四川柑桔根腐病的病原真菌12种,其中腐皮镰孢(Fusarium solani)、寄生疫霉(Phytophthora parasitica)、柑桔褐腐疫霉(P. citrophthora)、德氏腐霉(Pythium debaryanum)和腐霉-1(Pythium sp.-1)等5种为主要种群,其余7种为次要种群。     

播前施用氟乐灵对棉花苗期病害及蕾期枯萎病的影响

田间试验在棉花苗病和枯萎病常年发病田进行。以１７５ｍｌ４８％氟乐灵乳油／６６６．７ｍ＾２的剂量处理苗床地表土，播种棉籽后以含氟乐灵（１．０－１．５ｍｇ有效成分／ｋｇ土）的土壤覆盖。以清水处理为对照，。结果表明Ｌ氟乐灵处理组的出苗率高于对照，苗前残废对比照降低，５２．９１％－７９．８０％。处理组苗床期立枯病和侄蛱贩发病率及死苗率显著降低，分别下降３０％和４２％左右；棉苗枯萎病的发病率及病情指明显低于     

新疆南疆枣树根腐病病原的分离与鉴定

<正>枣为鼠李科(Rhamnaceae)枣属(Ziziphus M ill.)植物,在我国拥有悠久的栽培历史。枣树的喜光、喜温、耐寒、耐旱等栽培特点,非常适合在新疆这种气候条件特殊的地区生长。近年来,随着新疆红枣产业的迅速发展,枣树病害问题也逐渐突显。2010和2011年,新疆南疆多地枣园出现枣树根腐病,该病害主要造成枣树实生苗和多年生枣树根部腐烂,叶片黄化,植株树势衰弱,最终导致植株     

拮抗性根瘤菌对大豆根部病原物的影响研究

 从大豆根瘤中分离到1株对大豆胞囊线虫和大豆根腐病菌有拮抗作用的根瘤菌菌株L396。根据16S rDNA序列同源性、形态学特征和生理生化反应,将该菌株鉴定为费氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium fredii)。室内测定结果表明,细菌悬液处理胞囊7d,对胞囊孵化的相对抑制率达到82.96%;处理二龄幼虫96h,线虫的致死率达到66.7%;与茄腐镰刀菌对峙培养发现可以形成4mm的抑菌带,可以使腐霉菌发生溶菌现象;该菌株对病原真菌有较宽的抑菌谱,对其它作物病害的防治也具有潜在的应用价值。     

In vitro suppression of fungal root pathogens of cereals by Brassica tissues

The superior growth of wheat following Brassica crops compared to that following non- Brassica crops may be due to the suppression of soilborne fungal pathogens by volatile isothiocyanates (ITCs) released in the soil during hydrolysis of glucosinolates contained in Brassica tissues. We investigated the effects of volatile compounds released from the root, shoot and seed meal tissues of canola ( Brassica napus ) and Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea ) on the mycelial growth of five soilborne pathogens of cereals— Gaeumannomyces graminis var . tritici, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium graminearum, Pythium irregulare and Bipolaris sorokiniana. Three isolates of each species, originally collected from the roots of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and barley grass ( Hordeum leporinum ) in southern Australia, were exposed to volatiles released in vitro when sterile water was added to freeze-dried Brassica tissues. The root and shoot tissues of both Brassica species were more suppressive at flowering than maturity and mustard tissues were generally more suppressive than canola. The degree of fungal suppression by the various Brassica tissues was related to the concentration and type of isothiocyanates released, which varied with Brassica species, tissue age and tissue type. There were significant differences in the sensitivity of the fungal species and among isolates of each species. Gaeumannomyces and Rhizoctonia were generally the most sensitive to the volatiles released, Pythium and Bipolaris the least. The results indicate that the effectiveness of fungal suppression by Brassica crops will depend upon the species, age and type of Brassica tissue, which influence the type and concentration of isothiocyanates evolved, and the sensitivity of the pathogen.     

Bacterial and fungal diseases in the major potato-growing areas of Tunisia

In a two year survey of Tunisian rustic potato stores, the losses were nearly equally distributed between dry rots induced by Fusarium solani and watery wound rot or leak caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and P. ultimum. Symptoms of leak were different from those normally induced by Pythium spp. Surveys of the growing potato crop confirmed the prevalence of these pathogens, which caused wilt and internal vascular stem necrosis. Most rotted progeny tubers also exhibited leak symptoms caused by P. aphanidermatum. Hardly any Erwinia diseases were found in Tunisia. The incidence of diseased plants was significantly higher in fields with successive cultivation of solanaceous crops, which may be attributed to a high rate of soil infestation by wilt-inducing pathogens such as Pythium spp., F. solani and Verticillium dahliae. The health of seed potatoes also played a significant role, affecting the incidence of rot in potato stores as well as in the soil before plant emergence. Therefore, Tunisian integrated management programmes for potato diseases should focus on soil disinfestation with appropriate crop rotation as well as seed quality and treatments.