寒地秀珍菇菌渣生物腐熟技术研究

[目的]以寒地栽培的秀珍菇菌渣为研究对象,实现无害化处理和资源化利用。[方法]采用生物学强化发酵方法和传统堆肥发酵的方法对秀珍菇菌渣进行处理。[结果]在秀珍菇菌渣堆肥中加入生物腐熟剂,可以有效提高堆体温度,缩短堆肥发酵时间。秀珍菇菌渣接种生物腐熟剂可使堆内温度迅速上升至57℃以上,并可持续10 d以上。经过30 d堆制,秀珍菇菌渣的养分含量、有机质含量、pH等试验数据可达无害化处理后的标准。从整个堆体的发酵时间、堆体温度、养分含量和外观形态等方面看,接种发酵腐熟菌剂的处理3秀珍菇菌渣的腐熟效果最好,获得秀珍菇菌渣的成本较低,因此更适合作为作物的栽培基质。[结论]可实现秀珍菇菌渣的无害化处理和资源化利用。     

马铃薯渣饲料化利用研究进展

目前,对于马铃薯加工后的副产物马铃薯渣资源化使用的最多方式是将其饲料化,将马铃薯渣进行发酵作为饲料可以提高其营养价值,整个操作简便,适合大规模推广.用马铃薯渣发酵饲料饲喂畜禽,能够提高生产性能、免疫力,进一步提升畜牧业的经济效益.就马铃薯渣饲料资源的营养特性、饲料化利用技术、对畜禽生产和经济效益的影响进行综述,并对研究...     

菠萝叶渣生物有机肥在蔬菜生产上的应用

利用提取纤维后的新鲜菠萝叶渣为主料，通过添加鸡粪、木糠和过磷酸钙等辅料，以EM生态液菌为生物发酵菌剂，经发酵腐熟，生产生物有机肥，并利用该肥进行蔬菜种植试验。结果表明，利用菠萝叶渣生产生物有机肥，可提高蔬菜产量，缩短种植周期，蔬菜品质好，符合绿色食品标准的要求。     

辽宁省主要农田土壤有机质状况及调控对策

根据辽宁省各类高低产农田土壤有机质状况的调查，分析了土壤有机质下降的主要原因。获得了各类农田土壤有机质含量的适宜值。指出作物秸秆、畜禽粪便、城市生活垃圾等都是可利用的有机肥资源。积极推广优质有机肥料，可以改善生态环境、提高土壤肥力、改善农产品品质。     

辽宁省主要农田土壤有机质状况及调控对策

根据辽宁省各类高低产农田土壤有机质状况的调查,分析了土壤有机质下降的主要原因。获得了各类农田土壤有机质含量的适宜值。指出作物秸秆、畜禽粪便、城市生活垃圾等都是可利用的有机肥资源。积极推广优质有机肥料,可以改善生态环境、提高土壤肥力、改善农产品品质。     

土壤有机质

土壤有机质是土壤肥力的主要物质基础,它包括遗留在土壤里的动植物残体、施入的有机肥料以及经过微生物作用所形成的腐殖质,其中腐殖质是土壤有机质的主体,一般约占土壤有机质的50％～90％。 1 土壤有机质含量 各种土壤有机质的差异很大,因地域、土类和利用方式等不同而异。在湖南茶园中,红     

马铃薯渣综合利用研究现状及发展趋势

介绍了马铃薯渣营养成分及主要性质,综述了马铃薯渣综合利用研究现状,包括生产高蛋白饲料、制备膳食纤维和果胶,制备燃料酒精和薯渣新型吸附剂和粘结剂、制备饲料种曲、方便面油料包可食性膜和有机化工产品等。剖析了马铃薯渣综合利用中存在的问题,即综合利用率低、食用安全性问题、技术推广困难。展望了马铃薯渣的开发应用前景与发展趋势。马铃薯渣提取膳食纤维和果胶,薯渣加工附加值提高,经济效益较高;固态发酵马铃薯渣生产蛋白饲料或生产配合饲料是薯渣处理最具发展潜力的方向。利用薯渣制作发酵培养基是进行薯渣增值的研究方向;利用薯渣制备燃料酒精及生物质混合燃料是理想的薯渣利用途径;利用马铃薯渣联合生产膳食纤维和燃料酒精是薯渣综合利用研究值得探索的新思路。     

秸秆还田降解对土壤肥力的影响研究现状

棉花生产同时产生大量棉秆剩余物，目前主要处理方式是直接粉碎还田。秸秆还田虽然可以增加土壤有机质含量、改善土壤肥力，但也存在一些问题，如受处理方式、环境条件等制约，秸秆还田后不能有效降解，不利于作物生长以及造成资源的浪费。通过文献查阅和实地调研，分不同影响因素阐述了秸秆还田降解对土壤肥力的影响，从而为新疆棉秆粉碎还田资源化利用技术提供参考。     

特殊有机肥在水稻上开发应用研究

特殊有机肥料是当代国际上开发研究的一种新型肥料。它有别于国际农业生产上通用的各种化肥，也不同于自制的农家肥料，而是应用肥料学、土壤学、生物及微生物学的理论和原理，以自然植物和动物排泄物或废弃物为原料，以生物技术手段，工厂化、科学化、规范化和规模化生产的高有机质、较高养分含量的新型有机质型完全肥料，具有改良和培肥土壤、增强农业后劲，满足作物多种营养元素的需求，增产增收，改善和提高农产品品质，减少和减轻病虫危害，生产出无污染，无公害食品等多种作用。它是“两高一代”农业、绿色食品的最佳肥料。我所从1994…     

连作花生土壤养分变化及对施肥反应

采用盆栽试验,探讨了连作花生土壤养分的变化及对施用有机肥料和无机肥料的反应。结果表明,中等肥力砂壤土多年不施肥连作花生,土壤中的速效钾含量每年以近10％的量递减,速效磷含量以连作第3年减少最多,达52.99％。连年施用有机肥料,可增加土壤中的有机质和氮素含量。多量施用N、P、K化肥,土壤中的速效磷,速效钾含量较施用有机肥料分别增加77.05％,23.53％。连作花生施用有机肥料和无机肥料,增产效果均低于轮作花生。     

氟对黑茶中的冠突散囊菌和黑曲霉生长的影响

用单孢子接种,分别通过固体平板培养与液体培养,测定氟对分离自黑茶的6株冠突散囊菌和1株黑曲霉生长的抑制率、菌体生长速率和菌丝生物量,研究氟对各菌株生长的影响。结果表明：6株冠突散囊菌在含氟2 000 mg/L、黑曲霉在含氟1 800 mg/L的固体培养基中能生长。100 mg/L剂量的氟对冠突散囊菌生长的抑制率为0.76%~10.24%,对黑曲霉的抑制率达35.71%。随氟浓度的增加,生长速率变小,抑制率增大。液体培养中,100 mg/L的氟对冠突散囊菌与黑曲霉菌丝生物量的抑制率分别为34.47%、80.59%。冠突散囊菌的子囊孢子与黑曲霉的分生孢子对氟具有较强的耐受性,且两种培养方式表明冠突散囊菌比黑曲霉更耐氟。     

Growth and hydrolase profiles can be used as characteristics to distinguish Aspergillus niger and other black aspergilli

Wild type Aspergillus niger isolates from different biotopes from all over the world were compared to each other and to the type strains of other black Aspergillus species with respect to growth and extracellular enzyme profiles. The origin of the A. niger isolate did not result in differences in growth profile with respect to monomeric or polymeric carbon sources. Differences were observed in the growth rate of the A. niger isolates, but these were observed on all carbon sources and not specific for a particular carbon source. In contrast, carbon source specific differences were observed between the different species. Aspergillus brasiliensis is the only species able to grow on D-galactose, and A. aculeatus had significantly better growth on Locus Bean gum than the other species. Only small differences were found in the extracellular enzyme profile of the A. niger isolates during growth on wheat bran, while large differences were observed in the profiles of the different black aspergilli. In addition, differences were observed in temperature profiles between the black Aspergillus species, but not between the A. niger isolates, demonstrating no isolate-specific adaptations to the environment.These data indicate that the local environment does not result in stable adaptations of A. niger with respect to growth profile or enzyme production, but that the potential is maintained irrespective of the environmental parameters. It also demonstrates that growth, extracellular protein and temperature profiles can be used for species identification within the group of black aspergilli.     

渥堆过程中主要微生物对云南普洱茶品质形成的研究

对云南普洱茶渥堆过程中的微生物研究表明：主要微生物有黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）、青霉属（Penicllium）、根霉属（Rhizopus）、灰绿曲霉（Aspergillus gloucus）、酵母属（Saccharomyces）、土生曲霉（Aspergillus terreus）、白曲霉（Aspergillus candidus）、细菌类（Bacterium）。其中黑曲霉最多,它能产生葡萄糖淀粉酶、果胶酶、纤维素酶等;酵母次之,除它本身含有极丰富的对人体有益的营养物质、丰富的酶系统和生理活性物质外,酵母菌还能代谢产生维生素B₁、B_2、、维生素C^[1]等物质。这些微生物对普洱茶品质形成都直接或间接地起作用。     

New and revisited species in Aspergillus section Nigri

Four new species, Aspergillus eucalypticola, A. neoniger, A. fijiensis and A. indologenus are described and illustrated. Aspergillus eucalypticola was isolated from Eucalyptus leaf from Australia, and is related to A. tubingensis and A. costaricaensis, but could clearly be distinguished from them based on either β-tubulin or calmodulin sequence data. Aspergillus eucalypticola produced pyranonigrin A, funalenone, aurasperone B and other naphtho-γ-pyrones. Aspergillus neoniger is also a biseriate species isolated from desert sand in Namibia, and mangrove water in Venezuela, which produces aurasperone B and pyranonigrin A. Aspergillus fijiensis is a uniseriate species related to A. aculeatinus, and was isolated from soil in Fiji, and from Lactuca sativa in Indonesia. This species is able to grow at 37 °C, and produces asperparalines and okaramins. Aspergillus indologenus was isolated from soil, India. This species also belongs to the uniseriate group of black aspergilli, and was found to be related to, but clearly distinguishable from A. uvarum based on β-tubulin, calmodulin and ITS sequence data. Aspergillus indologenus produced the insecticidal compounds okaramins A, B, H, and two types of indol-alkaloids which have not been structure elucidated. Two other species, A. violaceofuscus and A. acidus, are revalidated based on molecular and extrolite data. Aspergillus violaceofuscus was found to be related to A. japonicus, and produced some of the same interesting indol-alkaloids as A. indologenus, and also produced several families of partially characterised extrolites that were also found in A. heteromorphus. Aspergillus acidus (previously known as A. foetidus var. pallidus and A. foetidus var. acidus) is also a valid species, while A. foetidus is a synonym of A. niger based on molecular and physiological data. Two other species described previously, A. coreanus and A. lacticoffeatus, were found to be colour mutants of A. acidus and A. niger, respectively. Methods which could be used to distinguish the two closely related and economically important species A. niger and A. awamori are also detailed. Although these species differ in their occurrence and several physiological means (elastase activities, abilities to utilise 2-deoxy-D-glucose as sole carbon source), our data indicate that only molecular approaches including sequence analysis of calmodulin or β-tubulin genes, AFLP analysis, UP-PCR analysis or mtDNA RFLP analysis can be used reliably to distinguish these sibling species. Aspergillus section Nigri now includes 26 taxa.     

剑麻茎腐病菌基因组SSR标记开发

下载Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015菌株全基因组序列,利用GRAMENE网站提供的SSR鉴定工具SSRIT(Simple Sequence Repeat Identification Tool),并按含有2~10个碱基重复、碱基数在18 bp以上的SSR基元为标准进行SSR鉴定。结果从A.niger ATCC 1015全基因组中,共发现4 000个2~10碱基SSR,其中含9个碱基重复基元类型最多,共有1 433个,占所鉴定SSR总数的35.8%。其次为6个碱基重复基元类型,共有753个,占SSR总数的18.8%;接着为3个碱基重复类型,共有547个,占13.6%。从鉴定出来的SSR中,选择含有SSR的合适区段,从中设计了36对引物,对剑麻茎腐病菌17个菌株的基因组DNA进行了PCR检测,发现这些引物都能从剑麻茎腐病菌基因组DNA中有效扩增。由此表明,黑曲霉ATCC 1015菌株基因组SSR在剑麻茎腐病菌基因组中具有通用性。这为研究剑麻茎腐病菌群体遗传变异、多样性和进化,定位和克隆功能基因等提供了分子标记。     

大豆胞囊线虫胞囊内寄生真菌研究

从辽宁沈阳、黑龙江伊春、山东青岛、山西汾阳等地采集的大豆胞囊线虫土样,经分离获得定殖于胞囊上的真菌菌株128株.通过测定菌株对胞囊的寄生率,筛选出6株对大豆胞囊线虫有强寄生能力的胞囊内寄生真菌,经鉴定为Aspergillus niger,Paecilomyces lilacinus,Fusarium semitectum,Verticillium chlamydosporium,Verticillium sp.,Acremonium sp.,其中Aspergillus niger,Fusarium semitectum为国内首次报道定殖于大豆胞囊线虫胞囊上的真菌.通过6株胞囊内寄生真菌对大豆胞囊线虫二龄幼虫毒性作用的研究,结果表明Verticillium chlamydosporium和Verticillium sp.两株菌的发酵液对大豆胞囊线虫二龄幼虫有较强毒杀作用.     

剑麻茎腐病6个病原菌生物学特性的研究

对6株剑麻茎腐病原菌黑曲霉菌生物学特性的研究结果表明,在不同种类培养基、pH值、温度、光照等培养条件下病原菌生长速率有差异,病原菌的孢子生长的温度范围为10～44℃,最适温度为32℃,菌落生长的最适pH值为9,全光照条件下菌落生长最适,分生孢子的致死温度为60℃,50 min。     

豆粕固态发酵产活性肽的发酵条件优化

以豆粕粉为原料,采用固态发酵法,接入产酶能力较强的米曲霉、黑曲霉和混合细菌进行发酵,以多肽转化率为指标对发酵过程中的发酵条件进行优化,单因素试验优化的发酵条件为:发酵时间102 h,发酵温度32℃,接种量4%。采用响应面分析法确定最适发酵工艺条件为:接种量2.6%,发酵温度32℃,发酵时间96～98 h,得到的大豆肽转化率为38.13%。层析柱分析得到分子量在500～1 000 Da之间的肽段是具有特殊生理活性的功能肽。     

普洱茶固态发酵过程中环境因子变化的研究

通过对云南大叶种晒青毛茶接种发酵有益菌种(绿色木霉Trichoderma viride Pers.ex Fr.、黑曲霉Aspergillus niger van Tieghem、少根根霉Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer、酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae)进行固态发酵,并对固态发...     

剑麻茎腐病菌的rDNA-ITS序列分析

应用核糖体rDNA-ITS区的序列分析研究13个不同地区来源的剑麻茎腐病菌,测序结果表明,参试菌株的ITS扩增区约600 bp,无太大的长度变异,同时通过在GenBank中搜索其同源性序列并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明,引起剑麻茎腐病的病原为黑曲霉菌Aspergillus niger。