荒漠植物白麻气孔导度特征及其影响因子研究

依据2010年对干旱荒漠区白麻的观测资料,对白麻气孔运动及其影响因子进行了分析研究并揭示了荒漠植物白麻的水分利用特征。结果表明:(1)白麻气孔导度的整体下降过程中有少许周期性波动,与净光合速率、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度的转折点基本一致。(2)白麻气孔导度与影响因子之间进行偏相关分析,多元回归分析,通径分析,最终得出白麻气孔导度主要受光合有效辐射(PAR)、水汽压亏缺(VPD)、叶气温差(ΔT)和空气温度(Ta)的影响。(3)白麻水分利用效率和气孔限制值的关系可以看出:水分利用效率随着气孔限制值的增大而增大,随着气孔限制值的减小而减小。     

西北旱区制种玉米灌浆期气孔导度与叶水势对水氮胁迫的响应

为了探究西北旱区制种玉米水氮胁迫条件下的生理节水机理,设置充分灌溉（FI）与亏缺灌溉（DI）处理,以及施氮（N150）与不施氮（N0）处理,分析了不同水氮模式下叶水势与气孔特征的变化规律。结果表明：充分灌溉条件下,施氮主要通过增加气孔开度和气孔数量提高气孔导度,与不施氮处理相比,气孔开度提高19.46%,气孔数量增加8.46%;亏缺灌溉条件下则通过增加单位面积开放气孔数量和降低气孔开度来应对水分消耗,提高抗旱能力,与充分灌溉相比,亏缺灌溉气孔开度平均降低21.38%,气孔数量平均增加14.08%;增加灌水量能极显著增大气孔开度（P＜0.05）和提高玉米叶片黎明和正午叶水势值,促进作物蒸腾作用;FIN150处理较DIN150处理黎明和正午叶水势均值分别上升了3.30%和2.00%,FIN0处理较DIN0处理黎明和正午叶水势均值分别上升了13.41%和14.29%;亏缺灌溉条件下,施氮处理黎明和正午叶水势均值分别上升了2.87%和0.17%。干旱导致气孔导度及正午叶水势的降低可以通过增施氮肥得到部分补偿。     

Response of stomatal conductance of two tree species to vapor pressure deficit in three climate zones

Stomatal behavior is a central topic of plant ecophysiological research under global environmental change. However, the physiological mechanism controlling the response of stomata to vapor pressure deficit(VPD) or relative humidity(RH) has been inadequately understood till now. In this study, responses of stomatal conductance(gs) to VPD in two species of trees(Fraxinus chinensis Roxb., Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis Bge.) in three different climate zones(Jinan with typical warm humid/semi-humid climate, Urumqi with temperate continental arid climate and Turpan with extreme arid desert climate) were measured. Levels of two phytohormones(abscisic acid, ABA; indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) in the leaves of the two tree species at these three sites were also measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the responses of gs to an increasing VPD in these two tree species at the three sites had peak curves which could be fitted with a Log Normal Model(gs=a·exp(–0.5(ln(D/c)/b)2). The VPD/RH values corresponding to the maximum gs can be calculated using the fitting models for the two tree species in the three sites. We found that the calculated gs-max-VPD correlated negatively with relative air humidity in the three sites during the plant growth period(April to October 2010), which showed the values of gs-max-VPD were related to the climate conditions. The prevailing empirical stomatal model(Leuning model) and optimal stomatal behavior model could not properly simulate our measured data. The water use efficiency in the two tree species did not show obvious differences under three very different climatic conditions, but the highest gs, photosynthetic and transpiration rates occurred in P. alba var. of Turpan. The sensitivity in response of gs to VPD in leaves of the two trees showed positive correlations with the concentration of ABA, which implied that ABA level could be used as an indicator of the sensitivity of stomatal response to VPD. Our results confirmed that the prediction of the response of gs to VPD might be incomplete in the two current popular models. Therefore, an improved gs model which is able to integrate the results is needed. Also, the stomatal response mechanism of single peak curves of gs to VPD should be considered.     

Hydraulic resistance partitioning between shoot and root system and plant water status of Haloxyolon ammodendron growing at sites of contrasting soil texture

Hydraulic resistance components and water relations were studied on Haloxyolon ammoden-dron,a small xeric tree,growing at sites significantly differed in soil texture.Soil water content,leaf water potential(ψl),xylem water potential(ψx),root water potential(ψroot),leaf transpiration rate(TR) and stomatal conductance(gs) were measured at the two sites during the growing season of 2005 and 2006.Leaf spe-cific hydraulic resistance(Rplant) during the whole growing season,hydraulic resistance of plants(Rp),shoots(Rshoot) and roots(Rroot) in the August of both years were calculated and expressed on leaf area basis.The results showed the proportion of the hydraulic resistance of the aerial part(Rshoot) to the Rp was the same to the proportion of the hydraulic resistance of the soil part(Rroot) to the Rp,indicating that both parts were equivalent important to plant water hydraulic system from soil to leaf.Positive significant corre-lations were found between Rp and Rroot,suggesting that root hydraulics resistance was a major determinant of plant hydraulic resistance(Rp) and transpiration rate.The integrated effect of stomatal control,hy-draulic regulation and morphology adjustment enabled plants at heavy soil site surviving the extreme water deficit period.     

秸秆覆盖和根系互作对间作玉米生理特性及产量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同秸秆覆盖水平和玉米/大豆间作系统中根系互作对玉米的影响。结果表明：秸秆覆盖 和根系互作可增加玉米成熟期单株绿叶面积和不同生育时期的叶绿素含量,且根系互作的作用随覆盖水平的提高而增强;玉米成熟期的植株含水量和根伤流显著受到覆盖的影响,而受根系互作的影响不显著(P＞0.05);覆盖和根系互作可提高玉米光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,而降低胞间CO₂浓度,其中相同隔根处理下,T1和T0间的差异显著;覆盖和根系互作可改善玉米产量各构成因素,并提高成熟期单株生物产量和经济产量。相关分析发现,玉米单株绿叶面积、叶绿素含量、根伤流速度、光合速率均与产量存在直线正相关关系。得出,覆盖和根系互作有利于改善玉米生理特性,提高产量,且根系互作的优势作用随覆盖水平的提高而增强。     

山杏幼苗水分生理生态特性及凋萎湿度的研究

对山杏幼苗进行 3种施水量的水分培养和干旱处理。结果表明 :随施水量的减少 ,叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率等指标都随之下降 ,叶片温度提高。 40 9.2和 1 89.2 mm施水量对山杏幼苗各项指标的影响呈显著差异 ,而 40 9.2和 32 1 .2 mm之间与 32 1 .2和 1 89.2 mm之间均无差异。随土壤干旱的加剧 ,山杏幼苗叶片的蒸腾速率和水势与土壤含水量呈规律性变化 ;当干旱持续 39天时 ,1 .44%的土壤含水量可视为山杏幼苗的凋萎湿度     

毛乌素沙地臭柏匍匐茎蒸腾速率和水势的日变化

采用LI-1600稳态气孔计和压力室对臭柏匍匐茎的蒸腾速率和水势进行了测定。结果表明,生长在毛乌素沙地沙丘顶部、滩地、人工造林地的来源于同一上级枝的有不定根和无不定根匍匐茎,在午前有不定根匍匐茎的蒸腾速率和气孔导度较无不定根的高,午后则相反,但日平均蒸腾速率和气孔导度没有差异(P<0.05)。无不定根匍匐茎的小枝(叶)水势比有不定根的略高,生长在沙丘顶部的臭柏,这种特征比滩地的明显。位于沙丘顶部臭柏的蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶水势均低于滩地的,多元线性回归分析表明,臭柏蒸腾速率主要与气温、空气相对湿度、有效光幅射有关(P<0.01)。遭受切断干扰的有不定根匍匐茎,虽然能够维持其生命,但其水分生理特性受到了明显的抑制(P<0.05),干扰1周后,蒸腾速率仅能达到对照的45%。     

基于冠层温度的玉米缺水诊断研究

冠层温度是判断植物水分状况的一项重要指标。以玉米良玉11为试验作物,在2014和2015年玉米抽雄期(7—8月)进行了4种不同梯度的土壤水分胁迫处理,研究了作物冠层温度、冠气温度比以及冠气温度差等指标与土壤含水量的关系,分析了冠气温度比与生理指标气孔导度的关系。研究结果显示:当土壤含水量低于0.16 cm3·cm~(-3)时,植株出现了明显的萎蔫现象,这时冠层温度、冠气温度比、冠气温度差也都分别达到了其最大值34℃,1.2℃和5℃;随着土壤含水量增大到0.20 cm3·cm~(-3),冠层温度等指标均达到其最小值,约为30℃,1.0℃和1℃,且变化比较稳定,这时植株生长良好,说明土壤供水充足,植株未受到水分胁迫。冠层温度等指标与气孔导度有显著的线性关系,气孔导度随着冠层温度等指标的增加而线性降低,表明气孔关闭会使得冠层温度显著提升。     

不同水分处理下冬小麦冠层温度、叶片水势和水分利用效率的变化及相关关系

小区栽培冬小麦,设计5种程度的干旱胁迫,利用防雨棚分别控制土壤重量含水量为田间持水量的45%、55%、65%、70%、80%,观测不同水分处理下冬小麦冠层温度、叶片水势和水分利用效率的变化及相关关系。结果显示,随着含水量的增加,各处理的平均和最高冠层温度整体呈下降趋势,叶水势和蒸腾速率呈上升趋势,在小麦抽穗期干旱胁迫最严重处理表现出最大水分利用效率,开花期的水分利用效率较抽穗期整体下降了50.70%;相关分析表明,抽穗期小麦的冠层温度与空气饱和差极显著正相关(P<0.01),开花期的冠层温度和叶水势呈显著负相关(P<0.05),冠层温度和空气饱和差存在着极显著正相关,空气饱和差和蒸腾速率极显著负相关,冠层温度和水分利用效率有着显著的正相关性。综上所述,冠层温度在小麦抽穗和开花期完全可以作为作物水分状况的有效监测指标之一。     

降水对青杨蒸腾速率及其内部调节机制的影响

降水主要增加３０～８０ｃｍ土层含水量,使空气相对湿度在１３时以前有明显提高,此时气孔导度和叶片水势亦明显提高。雨前青杨蒸腾速率日进程曲线呈双峰型,日均值３８．８μｍｏｌ·ｍ－２·ｓ－１,蒸腾速率主由气孔导度和近叶面空气相对湿度进行调控。雨后蒸腾速率日进程曲线呈单峰型,日均值４９．９μｍｏｌ·ｍ－２·－１,植物蒸腾主受空气相对湿度和土壤水的影响,气孔调节不明显。一日内水分利用效率平均值雨前高于雨后。     

Gas exchange of Populus euphratica leaves in a riparian zone

Riparian vegetation belts in arid regions of Central Asia are endangered to lose their ecosystem services due to intensified land use.For the development of sustained land use,management knowledge of plant performance in relation to resource supply is needed.We estimated productivity related functional traits at the edges of the habitat of Populus euphratica Oliv.Specific leaf area(SLA) and carbon/nitrogen(C/N) ratio of P.euphratica leaves growing near a former river bank and close to moving sand dunes in the Ebinur Lake National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang,Northwest China(near Kazakhstan) were determined and daily courses of CO2 net assimilation(PN),transpiration(E),and stomatal conductance(gs) of two consecutive seasons were measured during July-August 2007 and June-July 2008.Groundwater level was high(1.5-2.5 m below ground) throughout the years and no flooding occurred at the two tree stands.SLA was slightly lower near the desert than at the former river bank and leaves contained less N in relation to C.Highest E and g s of P.euphratica were reached in the morning before noon on both stands and a second low maximum occurred in the afternoon despite of the unchanged high levels of air to leaf water vapor pressure deficit(ALVPD).Decline of g s in P.euphratica was followed by decrease of E.Water use efficiency(WUE) of leaves near the desert were higher in the morning and the evening,in contrast to leaves from the former river bank that maintained an almost stable level throughout the day.High light compensation points and high light saturation levels of PN indicated the characteristics of leaves well-adapted to intensive irradiation at both stands.In general,leaves of P.euphratica decreased their g s beyond 20 Pa/kPa ALVPD in order to limit water losses.Decrease of E did not occur in both stands until 40 Pa/kPa ALVPD was reached.Full stomatal closure of P.euphratica was achieved at 60 Pa/kPa ALVPD in both stands.E through the leaf surface amounted up to 30% of the highest E rates,indicating dependence on water recharge from the ground despite of obviously closed stomata.A distinct leaf surface temperature(Tleaf) threshold of around 30℃ also existed before stomata started to close.Generally,the differences in gas exchange between both stands were small,which led to the conclusion that micro-climatic constraints to E and photosynthesis were not the major factors for declining tree density with increasing distance from the river.     

叶片被毛对干旱区短命植物狭果鹤虱生理生态特征的影响

以荒漠短命植物狭果鹤虱为研究对象,通过野外控制实验,研究叶片被毛(leaf hairs)对狭果鹤虱生理生态特征的影响。结果表明:对于叶片有被毛的植物,模拟凝结水能显著提高叶厚、叶重、叶片水势、净光合速率、气孔导度以及地上生物量(干重),而对根径、根长与地下生物量(干重)表现出较小的效应;对于人工去除叶片被毛的植物,模拟凝结水对其根长、根径、叶厚、叶重、叶片水势、净光合速率、气孔导度、地上与地下生物量的影响不大。由此可知,被毛的存在能显著增加狭果鹤虱叶片吸附凝结水的量,同时也能增强其对干旱环境的适应能力。     

Time lag characteristics of sap flow in seed-maize and their implications for modeling transpiration in an arid region of Northwest China

Plant capacity for water storage leads to time lags between basal stem sap flow and transpiration in various woody plants. Internal water storage depends on the sizes of woody plants. However, the changes and its influencing factors in time lags of basal stem flow during the development of herbaceous plants including crops remain unclear. A field experiment was conducted in an arid region of Northwest China to examine the time lag characteristics of sap flow in seed-maize and to calibrate the transpiration modeling. Cross-correlation analysis was used to estimate the time lags between stem sap flow and meteorological driving factors including solar radiation(R_s) and vapor pressure deficit of the air(VPD_(air)). Results indicate that the changes in seed-maize stem sap flow consistently lagged behind the changes in R_s and preceded the changes in VPD_(air) both on hourly and daily scales, suggesting that light-mediated stomatal closures drove sap flow responses. The time lag in the maize's sap flow differed significantly during different growth stages and the difference was potentially due to developmental changes in capacitance tissue and/or xylem during ontogenesis. The time lags between stem sap flow and R_s in both female plants and male plants corresponded to plant use of stored water and were independent of total plant water use. Time lags of sap flow were always longer in male plants than in female plants. Theoretically, dry soil may decrease the speed by which sap flow adjusts ahead of shifts in VPD_(air) in comparison with wet soil and also increase the speed by which sap flow adjusts to R_s. However, sap flow lags that were associated with R_s before irrigation and after irrigation in female plants did not shift. Time series analysis method provided better results for simulating seed-maize sap flow with advantages of allowing for fewer variables to be included. This approach would be helpful in improving the accuracy of estimation for canopy transpiration and conductance using meteorological measurements.     

植物对土壤水分变化的响应与控制性分根交替灌溉

在土壤水分减少的情况下,植物可以感知并利用脱落酸(ABA)作物信号传递物质,将水分胁迫信号传至叶片,进而调节气孔导度,减少蒸腾耗水。同时,植物蒸腾耗水与气孔导度为线性关系,而光合作用与气孔导度为渐趋饱和关系,如果适当降低气孔导度,可以在显著降低蒸腾耗水的基础上,对光合没有影响或影响很小。在此理论基础上,提出了一种新的灌溉技术——控制性分根交替灌溉。其核心是通过一定的灌溉措施,形成土壤水分的不均匀分布,使作物的根系处于不同的水分状态：处于湿润部分的根系吸收水分,保证作物光合,处于干燥土壤的根系产生ARA,调节叶片气孔导度。这样,在不降低或少量降低光合作用的前提下,更多地减少作物的蒸腾耗水,提高作物的水分利用率。它是一种以内涵为主的节水灌溉技术,具有坚实的理论基础和良好的应用前景。     

Comparison of transpiration between different aged black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia)trees on the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia)is widely planted throughout the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China.The spatial distribution of this species at different ages is highly heterogeneous due to restoration and management practices.In this study,we aimed to compare the transpiration levels between different aged black locusts at the tree and stand scales,clarifying the physiological status of this species with different ages.Black locust trees with two representative age classes(12 and 28 years)were selected in the Yangjuangou catchment on the semi-arid Loess Plateau.Sap flux density(F_d)and environmental variables(solar radiation,air temperature,relative humidity and soil water content)were simultaneously monitored throughout the growing season of 2014.Tree transpiration(E_t)was the product of Fd and sapwood area(A_S),and stand transpiration(E_c)was calculated basing on the stand sap flux density(J_s)and stand total sapwood area(A_(ST)).Stomatal conductance(g_s)was measured in a controlled environment and hydraulic conductance was estimated using the relationship between transpiration rate and vapor pressure deficit(VPD).Our results showed that Et and Ec were higher in the 28-year-old stand than in the 12-year-old stand.The gs and hydraulic conductance of 28-year-old trees were also higher than those of 12-year-old trees,and the two parameters were thus the causes of variations in transpiration between different age classes.After rainfall,mean Fd increased by 9% in 28-year-old trees and by 5% in 12-year-old trees.This study thus suggests that stand age should be considered for estimating transpiration at the catchment and region scales in this area.These results provide ecophysiological evidences that the older black locust trees had more active physiological status than the younger ones in this area.These findings also provide basic information for the management of water resources and forests on the semi-arid Loess Plateau.     

Nighttime sap flow and its driving forces for Populus euphratica in a desert riparian forest,Northwest China

Nighttime sap flow is a potentially important factor that affects whole-plant water balance and water-use efficiency(WUE). Its functions include predawn disequilibrium between plant and soil water potentials as well as between the increments of oxygen supply and nutrient uptake. However, main factors that drive nighttime sap flow remain unclear, and researches related to the relationship between nighttime sap flow velocity and environmental factors are limited. Accordingly, we investigated the variations in the nighttime sap flow of Populus euphratica in a desert riparian forest of an extremely arid region, Northwest China. Results indicated that P. euphratica sap flow occurred throughout the night during the growing season because of the partial stomata opening. Nighttime sap flow for the P. euphratica forest accounted for 31%–47% of its daily sap flow during the growing season. The high value of nighttime sap flow could be the result of high stomatal conductance and could have significant implications for water budgets. Throughout the whole growing season, nighttime sap flow velocity of P. euphratica was positively correlated with the vapor pressure deficit(VPD), air temperature and soil water content. We found that VPD and soil water content were the main driving factors for nighttime sap flow of P. euphratica.     

环境因子对白刺叶片气孔扩散阻力与蒸腾速率影响的模拟模型及分析

在干旱胁迫条件下,沙生植物白剂叶片气孔扩散阻力和蒸腾速率昼夜变化是双峰曲线。对白刺进行灌水和不灌水处理,结果表明:叶片气孔扩散阻力除8:00点外,差异性极显著;蒸腾速率在白天具有十分显著的差异性。经实测和数据分析得出白刺叶片气孔扩散阻力和蒸腾速率对光照强度、大气湿度、大气温度和叶温反应的数学模型。实验结果表明:该模型与实测误差在25%左右,由此可见,它具有较好的预测性。     

用双涌源能量守恒模型计算浑善达克沙地羊草群落蒸腾量的研究

文章利用浑善达克沙地南沙梁试验站两年的羊草群落气孔导度及相关的环境因子观测数据,用多元逐步回归法建立了羊草群落单一牧草与环境因子间响应关系模型,并用此模型计算出单一牧草的冠层导度。羊草群落冠层的导度用叶宽、株高加权单一牧草气孔导度获得。利用羊草群落冠层阻力及其他阻力按S-W能量守恒模型计算了两个不同水文年的羊草群落蒸腾量。2004年是丰水年(生育期雨量R=274.6mm;P=5%),计算的羊草群落的蒸腾量为430.1mm,实测土壤蒸发169.0mm;2005年(生育期雨量R=178.8mm;P=50%)计算的羊草群落的蒸腾量为378.4mm,实测土壤蒸发124.2mm。     

密度对大豆群体冠层结构及光合特性的影响

以垦农4号大豆为试验材料,在大田条件下,研究了密度对大豆群体植株形态特征、叶面积指数、干物质重、透光率、光能截获量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、比叶重及产量的影响.结果表明:群体冠层结构及光合特性存在差异,高密度与低密度群体之间差异显著;株高、平均茎长及平均柄长均随着密度的增加呈增加趋势,而节数、平均茎粗、平均柄粗及...     

敦煌绿洲区覆膜补灌对谷子光合特性农艺性状及产量的影响

在年降雨量不足40 mm的敦煌绿洲灌区,以谷子为材料,采用裂区试验,研究了覆膜栽培条件下拔节、抽穗和灌浆各阶段灌一次水对其光合特性、农艺性状及产量的影响。结果显示:在播前统一灌600 m~3·hm~(-2)底墒水的情况下,抽穗期灌600 m~3·hm~(-2)水处理(A3),谷子的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)及叶绿素含量显著的高于生育期内不灌水(A1)、拔节期灌600 m~3·hm~(-2)水(A2)和灌浆期灌600 m~3·hm~(-2)水(A4)处理,胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)因品种不同各处理间也存在较大差异;抽穗期灌600 m~3·hm~(-2)水(A3)不仅抽穗明显提前,株高、主穗长、单株穗重、单株粒重、单株草重显著高于A1、A2、A4,且产量也极显著高于A1、A2、A4;相关分析表明,不同处理净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量均与产量显著正相关,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度间彼此极显著相关。