节水农业系统工程与农业可持续发展

在分析我国水资源状况的基础上,提出了调整灌溉结构和对节水农业加强综合性研究与开发的观点,阐述了我国节水农业的发展模式不应是单一的而应是多样的。     

发展我国设施农业节水灌溉技术的对策研究

大力推广农业节水灌溉，是从根本上解决我国农业缺水问题的重要措施。在设施农业上大力推广现代节水灌溉技术，将更有利于我国节水农业的稳步发展。本文分析了我国农业的特点和面临的水资源短缺的严峻状况；回顾了国内外设施农业的发展形势和节水灌溉技术与设备的应用现状；提出设施农业实施节水灌溉的重要性和今后大力发展设施农业节水灌溉技术的对策。     

松嫩平原节水农业发展模式

松嫩平原地区水资源严重短缺，制约了农业生产的发展，根据不同地区的自然条件、经济因素，提出采取综合技术措施发展节水农业，改善生态环境，积极研究抗旱措施，要树立长期抗旱思想，低平原地区应因地制宜开发利用水资源，发展节水农业，井灌区要采补平衡；高平原地区要充分利用降水发展旱作农业。     

论农业节水的战略地位

论述了水安全和农业节水问题，认为农业用水的状况直接关系国家水安全；对农业可持续发展的定义进行了诠释，指出水资源的可持续利用是实现农业可持续发展的决定条件，必须优化配置、高效利用和有效保护水资源；分析了粮食安全和农业节水的关系、农村经济和农业节水的关系、生态环境建设和农业节水的关系。结论指出：农业节水将是21世纪我国农业现代化进程的主旋律，也将成为农业可持续发展不可替代的坚实基础。     

机械化旱作节水农业技术

我国是一个干旱缺水的国家，农业用水面临双重危机。一方面，水资源严重缺乏；另一方面，农业溉灌用水的浪费问题十分突出。因此，旱区农业生产的根本出路在于加快机械化旱作节水农业的发展。发展机械化旱作节水农业是水资源高效利用的需要；是增加粮食产量、保障粮食安全的需要；是促进农业可持续发展的需要；是增加农民收入、消除旱区贫困的需要。     

我国水资源现状与节水农业发展探讨

我国是世界上水资源严重紧缺的国家之一,干旱缺水已成为威胁粮食安全、制约农业可持续发展的主要限制因素.分析我国水资源现状和促进节水农业发展的经济意义,指出我国节水农业发展中存在的问题,并提出具体措施,以促进对水资源的保护与合理利用.     

四川省农业用水紧缺度评价与节水

农业水资源紧缺已成为限制四川省实施西部大开发和实现社会经济可持续发展的瓶颈。在分析四川省农业水资源现状基础之上，以全省21个各行政区域为对象，评估了四川省农业水紧缺状况，综合分析了水资源紧缺的原因；并对节水农业的发展，提出了相应的战略对策和建议。     

开封市农业节水措施研究

开封市是一个水资源严重短缺的地区，供需矛盾异常尖锐，发展节水灌溉是缓解开封市水资源短缺的唯一出路。在阐述开封市水管理状况、水资源利用现状和水资源利用趋势基础上。对开封市农业节水的必要性及其节水潜力等方面存在的问题进行分析，并提出了灌区农业灌溉节水措施。     

农业节水灌溉的概念及措施

探讨了我国目前农业节水灌溉的主要技术措施；针对我国水资源紧缺状况，就如何促进水资源持续利用和农业持续发展提出了相关措施。     

推广多途径的农业节水措施

随着全球水资源的日趋紧张，发展节水农业愈来愈重要。发展节水农业，需要推广多途径农业节水措施。我国大力发展了节水灌溉面积，推广了田间节水灌溉技术，减少作物及田间的水量损失，并逐步发展污水灌溉等。研究和推广全面的节水技术，加强水资源的管理，是促进节水工作效益显著的关键。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。