永泰青云山风景区森林群落物种多样性研究

应用shannon.simpson多样性指数、均匀度、丰富度指数等指标分析青云山风景区国家生态公益林物种多样性。结果表明:青云山风景区群落物种多样性较高,种类组成较复杂;物种多样性虽然与群落结构、生境有关系,但人为干扰对物种多样性影响更大。     

清西陵旅游区油松侧柏人工林物种多样性研究

采用物种丰富度、物种多样性指数(simpson指数和Shannon-winner指数)和物种均匀度等几个主要参数,对清西陵旅游区人工油松林和侧柏林的物种多样性进行研究。结果表明:清西陵旅游区物种有42种;物种多样性指数偏低,Simpson指数为2.65,Shannon-winner指数为1.28;Pielou均匀度指数较低,Jsw为0.38,Jsi为0.52。与北京西山的人工林群落进行比较,清西陵的乔木灌木种类较少,而草本植物种类相对比较丰富,群落演替发育不良,应加强油松侧柏人工林的保护,以维持其生物多样性。     

松栎混交林抚育对林下灌草多样性的影响

以中村林场大庙岭油松-辽东栎混交林为研究对象,采用典型样地调查法,运用Patric丰富度指数、Simpson和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数研究目标树全林经营前后林下灌草多样性的变化。结果表明:1)抚育后林下灌木层、草本层物种多样性都有增加,说明目标树全林经营有利于增加林下物种多样性。2)灌木层物种各指数在经营前后差异极显著(P0.01),草本层丰富度指数、多样性指数差异不显著(P0.05),均匀度指数降低,差异极显著(P0.01),这说明目标树全林经营对灌木层多样性影响较大;经营后灌木层均匀度增加,草本层物种均匀度降低。3)林下结构多样性受灌木层和草本层的综合影响,不同层次的物种对林下物种多样性的贡献不同,松栎混交林下多样性主要由灌木层决定。     

哈尔滨城郊防护林物种多样性研究

通过对哈尔滨城郊防护林物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度等指数的测量和计算,研究了哈尔滨城郊防护林物种多样性,结果表明,哈尔滨城郊防护林带的物种多样性指数较低,不同样带之间差异不大;物种多样性指数分布范围为1．625～2．402,平均值为2．041。物种均匀度也较低,样带之间差异不大,介于0．596～0．807之间,平均值为0．706。     

黑龙江省西部半干旱地区农林复合系统景观生态分析

运用景观生态学的研究方法和观点对我省西部农林复合经营的典型之一———甘南县音河镇 3个具有不同特点的村的农林复合系统进行景观类型的多样性、均匀性、优势度、相对丰富度及类斑丰度的比较分析。结果表明 :地块平整规范的兴全村景观多样性指数、均匀性指数最低 ,优势度较高 ,地块复杂的山湾村则与之相反 ,景观类型多样性和均匀性指数最高 ,优势度指数最低 ,相对丰富度指数最高 ,兴建村介于 2村之间 ;而从树种景观类型上分析兴全村较山湾和兴建 2村丰富 ,特别是常绿树种类型则较其他 2村丰富 ,表明在景观宜人性、美学价值方面兴全村比其他 2村优越     

基于槟榔叶农林复合系统的经济活力和保护作用：孟加拉Khasia部落原有的农耕系统

在孟加拉锡尔赫特地区Khasia部落家庭园地或其周围,对基于槟榔叶农林复合系统的文化产业与经济管理技术进行了调查研究。Khasia是一个受教育较普及的社区;该区家庭平均大小为7．68人,男女比率为141：100;家庭园地里物种丰富。在槟榔农林复合系统中共有15个木材品种,22个园艺种,6个药用植物种,以及13个一年生作物种（包括一些叶用蔬菜）,7个香味料植物种和5个竹类种。Khasia也是一个经济繁荣区,最小家庭月收入57美元。槟榔收益是当地居民收入的重要来源。该区95．45％的家庭涉及槟榔农事。槟榔人工林年平均收入约为1157美元／公顷,此农林复合生产项目的收益．投入比率为4．47。槟榔人工林区内物种丰富度较高,对维持农林复合系统可持续性以及系统内生物多样性保护具有重要意义。图2表3参19。     

不同经营模式华北落叶松人工林草本物种多样性差异分析

以河北省塞罕坝机械林场不同林龄的华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,以Pielou均匀度指数、ShannonWiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数为指标,在进行结构化森林经营(S)、近自然森林经营(N)、传统森林经营(T)和不经营的对照经营模式(CK)设计的基础上,对华北落叶松人工林草本物种多样性进行差异分析。结果表明:(1)在幼龄林阶段,对照经营模式(CK)下,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度、Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数均达到最大,分别为1.57、0.75、0.70和1.73;与其他模式相比,对照经营模式(CK)更有利于草本物种多样性发展;(2)在中龄林阶段,除Margalef丰富度指数外,近自然森林经营模式(N)的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson多样性指数均优于其他经营模式,分别为1.55、0.78和0.72,近自然森林经营模式(N)更有利于维持林下草本植物多样性;(3)在近熟林阶段,4种经营模式的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson多样性指数由大到小均依次为近自然森林经营(N)、结构化森林经营(S)、传统森林经营(T)、对照经营(CK),其中近自然森林经营(N)的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数分别为1.59、0.75、0.72和1.61,结构化森林经营(S)、传统森林经营(T)在维持林下草本植物多样性上的优势越来越明显。     

兼性互利关系影响地表蚂蚁群落多样性的特点

[目的]为探讨兼性互利关系在生物多样性保护方面的作用,[方法]于2015年5月和10月,采用陷阱法对云南墨江县雅邑镇4种类型样地地表蚂蚁群落进行调查。[结果]显示:(1)物种组成及多度:纯砂仁地(样地I)采集蚂蚁400头,23种;从未放养紫胶虫的紫胶-砂仁混农林样地(样地II)采集蚂蚁382头,15种;曾经放养过紫胶虫的紫胶-砂仁混农林样地(样地III)采集蚂蚁406头,18种;放养紫胶虫的紫胶-砂仁混农林样地(样地IV)采集蚂蚁655头,23种。(2)多样性:4种类型样地地表蚂蚁群落物种丰富度和相对多度存在显著差异,兼性互利关系可以提高地表蚂蚁的物种丰富度和相对多度,物种丰富度大小为IVIIIIII,相对多度排序为IIIIVIII。(3)群落结构相似性:样地III、IV和样地II、I不相似。(4)指示物种:样地I指示物种为毛发铺道蚁,样地II指示物种为卡泼林大头蚁和茸毛铺道蚁,样地III、IV中指示物种为巴瑞弓背蚁。[结论]互利关系对蚂蚁群落的物种丰富度、相对多度和群落结构具有明显的积极影响,并且这种兼性互利关系对生物多样性保护有一定的时空效应。     

香樟群落生物多样性研究

从保护生物多样性的原则出发,采用生物多样性指数、均匀度、丰富度、优势度等指标,对香樟群落的生物多样性进行测定,分析结果表明：与草本层的多样性指数、均匀度、丰富度、优势度相比较,乔灌层生物多样性指数、均匀度、丰富度均较高,但是优势度低;对香樟群落植物各层的重要值进行计算,结果表明：乔灌层香樟的重要值为59．73357,草本层重要值最高的是铁芒萁,为20．61828。对不同面积的植物多样性指数进行计算,以分析多样性指数对样地面积大小的敏感程度,结果表明：在考虑样地面积对多样性指数影响和精确反映群落物种的多样性方面。Shannon—wiener指数优于NcIntoeh指数。     

不同经营模式对天然次生林林下物种多样性的影响

本文以样方调查数据为基础,利用丰富度指数、Simp-son指数、Shannon-wiener指数和Pielou指数等对丹清河林场传统经营、近自然经营和未经营等三种经营模式下的针、阔天然次生林进行了多样性分析。结果表明:(1)同一林分,不同经营模式,林下物种组成不同,植物优势物种有很大变化;(2)灌木层Pielou均匀度指数在近自然经营模式高于其它两种经营模式,草本层Pielou均匀度指数在天然针叶林未经营模式最大,而在天然阔叶林随干扰程度提高而降低;(3)天然针叶林灌木层丰富度指数和多样性指数随着干扰水平提高而增大,草本层的丰富度指数和Shannon-wiener指数以近自然经营最高;(4)天然阔叶林灌木层和草本层丰富度指数和多样性指数随着干扰水平提高而降低。     

Indexing Soil Conservation

Abstract

Soil erosion poses economic and environmental concerns in many tropical uplands. Agroforestry has been proposed as a sustainable land use that can mitigate soil erosion and promote the economic welfare of small farmers. To evaluate such claims, we must (a) develop a composite measure of effectiveness, such as a soil conservation index, and (b) define it in terms understood by the farmers who ultimately choose to adopt and implement agroforestry. We construct an empirical soil conservation index as a weighted average of farmer perceptions of four soil attributes and develop a statistical model of soil conservation benefits of agroforestry by using survey data from the Philippines. Accounting for self-selection bias, we evaluate the soil conservation benefits by testing the correlation between the index and the level of agroforestry adoption. Our estimated model shows that agroforestry can generate 15-20 percent soil conservation for the typical small farmer. We offer several methodological, practical, and policy insights. Because many farmers in developing countries face informational and capital constraints, our study suggests that public policies should support smallholder agroforestry, a type of “natural investment” in soil capital, to generate private and public benefits.     

Abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates in annual crops, agroforestry and forest ecosystems in the Nilgiri biosphere reserve of Western Ghats, India

Biologically mediated soil processes rely on soil biota to provide vital ecosystem services in natural and managed ecosystems. However, land use changes continue to impact on assemblages of soil biota and the ecosystem services they provide. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of land use intensification on the distribution and abundance of soil invertebrate communities in the Nilgiri, a human-dominated biosphere reserve of international importance. Soil invertebrates were sampled in 15 land use practices ranging from simple and intensively managed annual crop fields and monoculture tree plantations through less intensively managed agroforestry and pristine forest ecosystems. The lowest taxonomic richness was found in annual crops and coconut monoculture plantations, while the highest was in moist-deciduous and semi-evergreen forests. With 21 ant species, agroforestry systems had the highest diversity of ants followed by forest ecosystems (12 species). Earthworms and millipedes were significantly more abundant in agroforestry systems, plantations and forest ecosystems than in annual crop fields. Ants, termites, beetles, centipedes, crickets and spiders were more abundant in forest ecosystems than in other ecosystems. It is concluded that annual cropping systems have lower diversity and abundance of soil invertebrates than agroforestry and natural forest ecosystems. These results and the literature from other regions highlight the potential role that agroforestry practices can play in biodiversity conservation in an era of ever-increasing land use intensification and habitat loss.     

Agroforestry Impacts on Soil Fertility in the Rima'a Valley,Yemen

Yemen is one of the world's least developed countries and experiences problems of scarcity of natural agricultural resources as well as soil erosion and degradation. Agroforestry systems (AFS) are being promoted as a more appropriate land use system than monocropping systems (MCS) worldwide. Unfortunately, long-term studies on agroforestry and other land use systems (LUS) do not exist in Yemen. Agroforestry in the Rima'a region has started to deteriorate and many farmers turned to (MCS). This study was conducted in the Rima'a Valley, near Alsharq town, Dhamar, Yemen. The study evaluates the soil nutrients, organic matter (OM), and other soil properties such as pH, bulk density, and porosity under AFS and compares it with soil under MCS. Standard procedures for soil sampling and analyzing were used to collect and analyze 36 composite samples from Site 1 and 36 composite samples from Site 2 from six cropping systems (treatments). The results showed that there were significant variations in relation to LUS. Agroforestry practices—mixed trees with coffee (S1), and Cordia africana L. with coffee (S2) have higher nitrogen concentration (0.17–0.26%) as compared to the Ziziphus spina-christi L. with maize (S3) and the monocropping maize (S5), (<0.16% in both Sites 1 and 2). Similar results were seen on the effect of the different LUS on the soil P, K, and OM contents at the two sites (p < .01). While soil N, P, and soil K were higher under agroforestry systems S1, and S2 in both sites, it was the lowest in S5 in both sites. It can be concluded that agroforestry has more favorable effects on soil fertility and other soil properties. The government should establish programs and campaigns to disseminate AFS technology and promote the importance of agroforestry in soil conservation.     

Agroforestry for soil health

Healthy soil is one of the most critical resources for the health and sustainability of ecosystems, including agroecosystems. Although the agroforestry community has long been convinced of the soil health benefits of agroforestry practices, many of such practices remain to be fully accepted by the mainstream agriculture community. Agroforestry, as a sustainable land management practice, has shown solid evidence of its role in improving soil quality and health based on at least four decades of data gathered from the world over. This thematic issue presents 28 papers that add further to the body of knowledge to reaffirm that agroforestry can improve the major measurable soil metrics that define soil health. Collectively, these papers show that agroforestry has the ability to (1) enrich soil organic carbon better than monocropping systems, (2) improve soil nutrient availability and soil fertility due to the presence of trees in the system, and (3) enhance soil microbial dynamics, which would positively influence soil health. It is imperative that agroforestry, as part of a multifunctional land-use strategy, should receive increased attention in our policy discussion for the future of soil and soil health.     

Landowner perceptions and the adoption of agroforestry practices in southern Ontario,Canada

A mail-out survey questionnaire was developed by the Agroforestry group at the University of Guelph to determine the level of awareness and interest in the adoption of agroforestry systems by landusers from four townships in Wellington County, Ontario. The questionnaire investigated: (1) the current level of knowledge regarding windbreaks, woodlots and plantations, intereropping, riparian plantations and silvipasture, (2) the present level of participation in each of these systems on-farm, (3) the perceived benefits and/or drawbacks of each of these initiatives with respect to total farm income, income diversity, land rehabilitation, land value/equity, soil/water conservation, labour intensity, overhead and return on the term of investment.The majority of respondents were familiar with conventional agroforestry systems such as windbreaks and woodlots/plantations (80%, 62% respectively), therefore the level of interest in the adoption of these practices was significant (74%, 66% respectively). Response rates were lower for silvipasture, riparian plantations and intercropping, most likely as result of the low level of familiarity with these practices (20%, 32%, 4% respectively). Respondents commented that agroforestry systems would have a neutral effect on farm income, and would increase land stewardship. In some cases, interested landusers indicated a willingness to participate in agroforestry systems even though they anticipated increases in overhead and labour intensity; however, this was only true if they held land stewardship as a priority. Landusers were more concerned with the economic aspects of agroforestry, as a determinant to the future adoptability of particular practices. Age, gender, farm operation and farm size were not correlated with the adoption of agroforestry systems.The success of agroforestry programs on farms in the study area is largely dependent on the attitudes and willingness of landusers to participate in non-traditional agricultural systems.     

Nitrogen-Fixing Trees in Small-Scale Agriculture of Mountainous Southeast Guatemala

Abstract

Intensive, subsistence agriculture on hillsides of southeast Guatemala has caused extensive soil degradation. This retrospective study evaluated the success of an agroforestry treatment in improving the sustainability of mountainous agricultural systems in terms of soil nutrient status and erosion control. Three years after maize (Zea mays) and pasture fields were alley-cropped with N-fixing Gliricidia sepium trees, soil nutrient levels were examined and compared to nonalley-cropped controls. Agroforestry treatment showed significantly higher soil organic matter (SOM) over paired plots with no alley-cropping (mean 4.3% vs. 3.2% C, p < 0.05). Mean total N was also higher, with 0.12% in the nonagro-forestry control plots compared to 0.16% underthe agroforestry treatment (p <0.05). Some improvement in soil water-holding capacity(WHC) was also observed in the agroforestry systems. Differences in soil levels of available P, ranging from 8.0 to 64.4 μg/g, were not significant and correlated more with site than with agroforestry treatment versus control. Specific soil and site properties such as texture and slope as well as land use and ground cover management largely influenced improvements in soil nutrient status under the agroforestry treatment at each site. Despite increases in soil nutrients, maize plant productivity showed no response to the agroforestry treatment in terms of leaf chlorophyll index or maize plant height. Three years after the initiation of agroforestry, soil erosion rates showed no difference from paired controls; rates were correlated with ground cover and soil characteristics such as texture and surface rockiness rather than with agroforestry treatment. While soil nutrient status had not reached levels optimum for maize growth after three years, the positive trajectory of change in soil nutrients suggests the potential for using agroforestry systems in mountainous regions of Guatemala to increase the sustainability of agricultural production.     

Insect pest problems in tropical agroforestry systems: Contributory factors and strategies for management

Agroforestry trees are attacked by a wide spectrum of insects at all stages of their growth just like other annual and perennial crops. Pest management in agroforestry has not received much attention so far, but recent emphasis on producing high value tree products in agroforestry and using improved germplasm in traditional systems, and emergence of serious pest problems in some promising agroforestry systems have increased awareness on risks posed by pests. Insects may attack one or more species within a system and across systems in the landscape, so pest management strategies should depend on the nature of the insect and magnitude of its damage. Although greater plant diversity in agroforestry is expected to increase beneficial arthropods, diversity by itself may not reduce pests. Introduction of tree germplasm from a narrow genetic base and intensive use of trees may lead to pest outbreaks. In simultaneous agroforestry systems, a number of factors governing tree—crop—environment interactions, such as diversity of plant species, host range of the pests, microclimate, spatial arrangement and tree management modify pest infestations by affecting populations of both herbivores and natural enemies. Trees also affect pest infestations by acting as barriers to movement of insects, masking the odours emitted by other components of the system and sheltering herbivores and natural enemies. In sequential agroforestry systems, it is mostly the soil-borne and diapausing insects that cause and perpetuate damage to the common hosts in tree—crop rotations over seasons or years. An integrated approach combining host-plant resistance to pests, exploiting alternative tree species, measures that prevent pest build up but favour natural enemies and biological control is suggested for managing pests in agroforestry. Species substitution to avoid pests is feasible only if trees are grown for ecological services such as soil conservation and low value products such as fuelwood, but not for trees yielding specific and high value products. For exploiting biological control as a potent, low cost and environmentally safe tool for pest management in agroforestry, research should focus on understanding the influence of ecological and management factors on the dynamics of insect pest-natural enemy populations. Scientists and policy makers in national and international institutions, and donors are urged to pay more attention to pest problems in agroforestry to harness the potential benefits of agroforestry.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Non-additive effects of litter-mixing on soil carbon dioxide efflux from poplar-based agroforestry systems in the warm temperate region of China

Poplar-based agroforestry systems are one of the most important farming systems on the temperate plains of China, but soil respiration in those systems has seldom been reported. In this study, poplar leaf litter and residues of the two main crops (wheat and peanut) grown in the agroforestry system were amended to form different litter mixing treatments in field experiments at two sites located in Jiangsu Province, China. We measured soil respiration and environmental factors in the different treatments. Soil respiration rates were increased by the addition of plant residues but were strongly influenced by residue quality. During the growing season, soil respiration was negatively related with C/N ratio, while positively related with the initial P concentration of residues (P < 0.05). Poplar leaf litter and crop residues showed non-additive effects on soil respiration when they were mixed. Both air and soil temperature at 10 cm depth explained more than 85 % of the variation of soil respiration at both sites with an exponential model. A significant linear relationship between soil respiration and soil water content at 10 cm depth (W_S) was also observed. The percent of variation in soil respiration explained by a model based on air temperature and soil water content was greater than that explained by a model based on temperature alone. Thus, soil respiration in the studied poplar-based agroforestry systems was driven by both temperature and soil water content. Soil respiration was significantly different between the two sites that had different clay content and C/N ratios. Results from this study are important for us to understand how soil respiration responds to litter mixing or is influenced by biophysical factors in poplar-based agroforestry systems.     

Impact of agroforestry intervention on farm income under the subsistence farming system of the middle hills, Nepal

Practices that minimize the rate of soil degradation, increase crop yields and raise farm income are key to sustaining agricultural productivity in the hills of Nepal. The use of farmland is undergoing rapid changes in response to increasing population pressure, deforestation and subsistence needs. Against this background, this study examined the impact of an agroforestry intervention project on farm income based on a sample of subsistence farm households in Dhadhing district. The project was implemented by Nepal Agroforestry Foundation in 1993/94 to increase fodder production through the promotion of agroforestry. A total of 223 households (82 with project and 141 without project) were interviewed during May–October 1998 to collect information on production and agroforestrys' impact on farm income. The benefit-cost analysis showed that the agricultural system including agroforestry was more profitable than the conventional one. The results also showed that the introduction of mulberry trees for sericulture could further enhance the profitability of an agroforestry-based system. Thus, agroforestry has great potential for enhancing food production and farmers' economic conditions in a sustainable manner through its positive contributions to household income.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Integrating belowground carbon dynamics into Yield-SAFE,a parameter sparse agroforestry model

Agroforestry combines perennial woody elements (e.g. trees) with an agricultural understory (e.g. wheat, pasture) which can also potentially be used by a livestock component. In recent decades, modern agroforestry systems have been proposed at European level as land use alternatives for conventional agricultural systems. The potential range of benefits that modern agroforestry systems can provide includes farm product diversification (food and timber), soil and biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration, both in woody biomass and the soil. Whilst typically these include benefits such as food and timber provision, potentially, there are benefits in the form of carbon sequestration, both in woody biomass and in the soil. Quantifying the effect of agroforestry systems on soil carbon is important because it is one means by which atmospheric carbon can be sequestered in order to reduce global warming. However, experimental systems that can combine the different alternative features of agroforestry systems are difficult to implement and long-term. For this reason, models are needed to explore these alternatives, in order to determine what benefits different combinations of trees and understory might provide in agroforestry systems. This paper describes the integration of the widely used soil carbon model RothC, a model simulating soil organic carbon turnover, into Yield-SAFE, a parameter sparse model to estimate aboveground biomass in agroforestry systems. The improvement of the Yield-SAFE model focused on the estimation of input plant material into soil (i.e. leaf fall and root mortality) while maintaining the original aspiration for a simple conceptualization of agroforestry modeling, but allowing to feed inputs to a soil carbon module based on RothC. Validation simulations show that the combined model gives predictions consistent with observed data for both SOC dynamics and tree leaf fall. Two case study systems are examined: a cork oak system in South Portugal and a poplar system in the UK, in current and future climate.