长治市红脂大小蠹防治方法及防治效果比较

红脂大小蠹是由国外传入的一种危险性极高的林木害虫。本文介绍了长治市防治红脂大小蠹技术和方法，该技术简便、易于推广，且防治效果显著，对于其他地方防治红脂大小蠹具有指导作用。     

太原地区红脂大小蠹防治技术

介绍了太原地区红脂大小蠹的生物学特性和危害特点,预测了红脂大小蠹发生的不同时期,总结了太原市国有林场红脂大小蠹防治工作中的经验和方法,提出了红脂大小蠹防治措施。     

红脂大小蠹侵入辽阳市风险分析及防控对策

红脂大小蠹是我国检疫性林业有害生物，对松科植物可造成难以修复的生态灾害损失。红脂大小蠹现已在辽宁省多个市县发生，侵入辽阳的风险日益增大，一旦扩散侵入势必会对当地的生态安全造成重大的损害。该文应用风险分析方法对红脂大小蠹侵入的风险进行分析，认为红脂大小蠹对辽阳市属于特别危险林业有害生物，并结合当地实际，提出相应的防控对策。     

南阳山林场红脂大小蠹防治技术

红脂大小蠹是为害油松林的主要害虫,爆发快,成灾面积大。介绍了南阳山林场红脂大小蠹危害情况,分析了该场油松林感染红脂大小蠹的原因,提出了综合治理红脂大小蠹的措施。     

阳城县红脂大小蠹监测及防治技术

分析了阳城县红脂大小蠹发生原因，介绍了红脂大小蠹形态特征及生物学特性、传播途径、为害树种和为害症状、虫情监测方法，提出了红脂大小蠹防治的营林、化学、生物、天敌等防治方法。     

红脂大小蠹发生与营林技术和林分因子关系的研究

笔者在山西省红脂大小蠹（Dendroctonus valens LeConte）发生地区做了连续调查,结果表明：油松抚育间伐林红脂大小蠹危害重于对照林;割脂与未割脂油松林红脂大小蠹危害差异显著（P=0.001）,割脂油松林红脂大小蠹危害重于未割脂油松林;过火与未过火油松林红脂大小蠹危害差异显著（P=0.014）,过火油松林红脂大小蠹危害重于未过火油松林;油松混交林与油松纯林红脂大小蠹危害无显著差异（P=0.828）,混交林不能减轻红脂大小蠹对油松的危害;不同郁闭度下对应的平均有虫株率不完全相同（P〈0.000 1）,郁闭度为0.3,0.4的林分受害最为严重;阴坡与阳坡油松林红脂大小蠹危害差异显著（P=0.000 1）,阳坡油松林红脂大小蠹危害重于阴坡油松林。     

大小蠹植物引诱剂对红脂大小蠹诱引效果试验

2000年至2001年，在山西省榆次区庆城林场应用加拿大生产的大小蠹类植物引诱剂对红脂大小蠹（dendroctonux valens LeConte)成虫发生期进行了监测。并开展了大量诱杀试验。结果表明，该引诱剂对红脂大小蠹成虫有较强的引诱作用，60个诱捕器在成虫扬飞期共诱到大小蠹成虫7119头。应用诱捕器后，林地红脂大小蠹被害主下降54.5%，平均侵入孔数下降58.7%。可用于红脂大小蠹的监测和防治。     

红脂大小蠹危害特点及防治对策

对外来入侵种红脂大小蠹发生和危害情况进行了研究,结果显示,阳坡危害程度要重于阴坡;不同位置以山沟路边危害最重;红脂大小蠹主要危害胸径大于30 cm的油松。通过对红脂大小蠹扬飞扩散时间的监测,发现5月上旬到6月中旬是红脂大小蠹扬飞扩散的高峰期。根据上述研究,进一步讨论了红脂大小蠹防治策略。     

实施工程治理 控制红脂大小蠹虫灾——对红脂大小蠹暴发成因及治理对策的探讨

该文从害虫、寄主、环境和人类活动四个方面论述了红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens Lecon-te的暴发成因，建议从营林措施，监测检疫和生物防治等方面完善我国红脂大小蠹工程治理的基本思路，同时对国家级红脂大小蠹治理工程的进展情况作了简要介绍。     

辽宁省红脂大小蠹发生面积分析及趋势预测

通过对辽宁省近3年红脂大小蠹发生数据结合影响红脂大小蠹发生的因素综合分析,预测全省未来两年红脂大小蠹的扩散蔓延将呈高危态势。除朝阳、阜新市之外,葫芦岛市建昌县的过火立木林地内部和周围接壤林分,锦州市、沈阳市等周边区域存在疫情传入的高风险。     

Alkaline degradation of spruce and beech wood

Summary The alkaline delignification of spruce and beech wood is accomplished in three phases. The first phase results in a decrease of yield down to 83...80%, the second one in a decrease from 83...80% to 64...61% and the third one in a yeld drop from 64...61% to 50...46%. The amount of polysaccharides removed in the first phase was 22%, in the second phase 5...6% and in the third phase 10% of the total polysaccharides in the original wood. The amount of lignin removed in the first phase of delignification was 9...11% in the second phase 53...54% and in the third phase 28% of the total lignin in the original wood. The polysaccharides extracted in the second and third phase amounted to 70...78% of the polysaccharides removed in the first delignification phase. For an entire characterization of the delignification reaction not only the course of lignin removal is of importance but also the course of the polysaccharide extraction. The results show that for a two-stage alkali-oxygen-cooking technology the optimum yield after initial partial alkaline delignification lies in the range of 64...61%.     

祁连山土壤呼吸的时空变异及其与影响因子的关系

采用美国Li—cor公司生产的L16400-09土壤呼吸室连接到L16400便携式光合作用测量系统,对祁连山不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率进行了连续1年在生长季的野外测定,并通过多元回归手段对其影响因子进行了分析。结果表明：1）2003年生长季祁连山不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率的季节动态均为一单峰曲线,最大值出现在7月份;2）不同植被类型之间的土壤呼吸及其影响因子都存有一定程度的空间变异,且随着季节的变化,表现出一定规律性;其变异系数分别为：土壤呼吸速率在21．4％-72．18％之间,温度在12．00％-38．67％之间,土壤水分在32．17％．201．34％之间,地上生物量在72％左右;3）CO2释放速率、气温、土壤含水量和生物量之间的关系分析表明约有81％的土壤呼吸量变化是由气温、土壤水分和生物量共同决定的。     

6种植物源农药对竹斑蛾幼虫的毒力及应用分析

为筛选有效控制竹斑蛾（Artona funeralis）幼虫的植物源农药,选用6种植物源农药开展室内毒力测定和林间防治效果分析。结果表明：6种植物源农药对竹斑蛾幼虫均有良好的致死作用。参试的植物源农药以1.2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油和1.5%苦参碱可溶液的毒力较强,0.4%蛇床子素乳油的毒力较弱;4%鱼藤酮乳油、1.2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油、0.4%蛇床子素乳油、1%苦皮藤素可溶液、碧绿1%苦参碱和1.5%苦参碱可溶液对竹斑蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为0.826 mg/L、0.596 mg/L、1.016 mg/L、0.962 mg/L、0.811 mg/L和0.612 mg/L;林间施药4 d后,6种植物源农药的防治效果均超过90%;最佳田间施药浓度为：1.5%苦参碱可溶液和1.2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油均为1 500倍液,碧绿1%苦参碱和4%鱼藤酮乳油均为1 200倍液,0.4%蛇床子素乳油和1%苦皮藤素可溶液均为1 000倍液。参试的植物源农药对竹斑蛾幼虫的防治效果良好,可用于生产上防治竹斑蛾幼虫。     

安徽岭南优势树种(组)生物量特征

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,在全球陆地生态系统碳循环和碳储量中占有十分重要的地位(Dixon et al.,1994;Watsonetal.,2000;史军等,2004;徐新良等,2007)。测定森林群落生物量,可以反映群落利用自然的潜力,衡量群落生产力的高低,也是研究森林生态系统物质循环的基础(薛立等,2004)。森林乔木层生物量研究是开展森林群落生物量碳库研究的基础,国内外已有不少该方面的研究,分别从不同角度分析了树种生物量的组成与分配特征,并进行了相关因子分析(Chidumayo,1990;林开敏等,1996;Arashkevich et al.,2002;樊后保等,2006;陈美高,2006)。冯宗炜等(1999)总结了全国不同森     

伏牛山曲茎石斛栽培技术研究

野生曲茎石斛人工栽培试验结果：室内栽植最好,其次荫棚栽植,成活率分别为８２．７％、８０．３％;２￣３月和９￣１０月栽植最好,成活率（室内栽植,下同）分别为７９．８％、８１．２％;施饼肥２００ｇ／ｍ＾２最好,成活率８７．７％,生长良好;浇山泉水最好,其次井水、河水,成活率分别为９０．７％、８５．３％、８２．５％,且生长旺盛、良好;栽植成活率均呈现随海拔增高而提高,随遮荫度增加而增加的趋势。同时还详细     

加勒比松凋落物对土壤性状的影响

加勒比松(Pinus caribaea Morelet)生长快、适应性强、耐瘠薄土壤,是南亚热带低海拔丘陵地区造林绿化的主要树种之一[1].由于纯松林结构简单、生态效益差[2],在纯松林下套种阔叶树进行改造,可以建成针阔混交林,为修复脆弱的生态系统提供了一条有效途径.土壤影响着林木的生长,土壤理化性质是土壤质量的重要指标[3-4],土壤微生物和酶在分解凋落物及土壤的生化循环中起重要作用[5-6],影响植物养分的吸收[7-10],二者越来越多地被用做土壤肥力的一个指标[6,11].由于土壤的物理、化学和生物性质相互作用,土壤质量应该结合物理的、化学的和生物的因子进行评价[12].森林凋落物是林地养分的主要来源,可以改变森林土壤的理化性质,并对土壤微生物产生影响.     

Essential oil from the leaves of Cryptomeria japonica acts as a silverfish (Lepisma saccharina) repellent and insecticide

This is the first article to report the evaluation of a natural product used as an antisilverfish agent. Silverfish (Lepisma saccharina), primitive wingless insects, feed on a variety of materials, including paper, cotton, starch, and cereals. They can be a problem in libraries and other places where books, documents, and papers are stored. In this pilot study, the essential oil from leaves of Cryptomeria japonica was investigated to test its properties as a silverfish repellent and insecticide. The results from a repellency bioassay show that the essential oil significantly repelled silverfish. The repellent activity was 80% at a dosage of 0.01 mg/cm³. When silverfish were exposed to a concentration of 0.16 mg/cm³ of essential oil, they were killed within 10h. The chemical composition of essential oil, the emissions from a test chamber, and the residue left on filter papers previously soaked with the essential oil in a chamber were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The components of the essential oil were found to be: elemol (18.22%), 16-kaurene (11.63%), 3-carene (9.66%), sabinene (9.37%), 4-terpineol (9.06%), β-eudesmol (5.70%), α-pinene (5.62%), and limonene (5.26%). Only some constituents of the essential oil compounds collected by solid-phase microextraction were found to be emitted in the test chamber. The main constituents were: 3-carene (21.03%), p-cymene (10.95%), limonene (9.49%), β-myrcene (9.39%), γ-terpinene (9.10%), α-terpinene (8.57%), and 4-terpineol (7.97%).     

水曲柳与长白落叶松混交造林技术的研究

水曲柳与长白落叶松混交造林技术研究的结果表明,混交林中水曲柳的平均胸径、树高和单株材积分别为纯林的108.76%~123.71%、105.46%~114.59%和121.66%~161.26%;混交林中长白落叶松的平均胸径、树高和单株材积分别为纯林的127.78%~136.23%、104.07%~111.71%和179.8%~207.45%;双行混交的效果优于单行混交。混交林中长白落叶松24a生的单株平均材积为0.13007m3,为纯林单株材积的1.53倍。混交林的土壤养分含量较水曲柳和长白落叶松纯林平均提高了34.78%;减少了土壤容重,增加了土壤表层的孔隙度、持水量和通气度,改善了土壤的物理性状。     

Low rates of pollen contamination in a Scots pine seed orchard in Sweden: the exception or the norm?

We investigated mating structure and gene flow in a clonal seed orchard of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) over three consecutive pollination seasons (2010–2012) with nine nuclear microsatellite markers. The paternity of 1991 offspring from four maternal parents was assigned to 28 candidate fathers using an exclusion procedure and a likelihood-based method implemented in the program CERVUS. Relative reproductive success was highly variable among pollen parents but consistent across years and ranged from 0.1% to 18.3%. Consequently, the seed crops’ effective number of fathers was reduced to 52.9%, 48.8%, and 45.7% of the census in the three seasons, respectively. Self-fertilization fluctuated around the orchard's expected value of 5.1%, reaching 4.05%, 7.71%, and 6.61%, respectively. Pollen contamination was estimated to be 5.64%, 7.29%, and 4.89%, respectively, after correction for cryptic gene flow. CERVUS provided similar results as the exclusion method, but estimates greatly varied depending on the input parameters, mainly the proportion of fathers sampled. These results indicate the studied seed orchard is a well-functioning production population with only minor negative effects of self-fertilization and pollen contamination on the quality of seed crops. Genotyping issues associated with microsatellites as a potential source of false paternity assignment and exclusion are discussed.     

Effects of wheeled cable skidder on rut formation in skid trail — a case study in Hyrcanian forest

The impact of skidding operations on forest soils can be divided into three major categories: soil profile disturbance, soil compaction, and soil puddling and rutting. The present study was designed as a factorial experiment in the Kheyrud Forest with a Timberjack cable skidder to evaluate the influences of number of machine passes and soil moisture of skid trails on rutting over a fine-grained soil, and to quantify these effects. The effects of soil moisture of 20% 30%, 30% 40% and 40% 50% and different levels of compaction were studied. Compaction treatments were applied using different numbers of skidding passes (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 times). Result shows that an increase in the number of machine passes could increase rut depth, but the majority of rutting was occurred after the initial few machine passes. Also rut depth at soil moisture of 40% 50% was higher than rut depths at soil moisture of 30% 40% and 20% 30%. The average rut depth in soil with 20% 30%, 30% 40% and 40% 50% moisture was 17, 22 and 35 cm, respectively. Rut depths were increased significantly with soil moisture and number of machine passes. It is suggested that skidding operations should be planned when soil conditions are dry in order to minimize rutting., but if skidding must be done under wet conditions, the operations should be stopped when machine traffic could create deep ruts.