国有林场改革存在的问题与发展对策分析

国有林场对于林业的发展发挥重要的作用。但是在当前市场经济条件下,在社会转型发展的大背景下,国有林场原有的模式呈现出多方面的弊端,因此国有林场改革是大势所趋。当前,国有林场改革还存在多方面的问题需要解决,解决好这些问题有利于提升林业资源的利用效果,提升林场的整体效益,为林场的可持续发展创造条件。     

泾县国有林场改革调研情况报告

正国有林场改革是我国林业一项重大改革,事关国家生态安全和木材安全的大局。管理好国有林场森林资源、确保国有林场森林资源稳定增长是国有林场改革的主要目的之一,也是改革能否取得成功的主要标志。为切实加强国有林场森林资源管理,保障泾县国有林场改革顺利进行,笔者对泾县国有林场改革进行了调研分析。1基本情况1.1林场概况泾县国有林场除马头林场于1918年建场外,其他三场都在1958年至1963年期间建场,经营面积     

借改革东风 建秀美林场

正湖南省青羊湖林场是2011年由省编委批准成立的唯一省属国有林场,也是我省国有林场改革的试点林场,通过5年的改革发展,林场发生了翻天覆地的变化。1999年刚从学校毕业的我怀着满腔激情与几个同事一同到原宁乡县黄材林场报到上班,刚到林场的那一幕至今还让我记忆犹新:沿一条坑坑洼洼的砂石公路辗转来到林场,面对破旧的机关办公楼,我的心顿时一凉。随后,林场领导带我们到工区、护林点了解情况。我们     

广东省国有林场现状与可持续发展探讨——以佛山市云勇林场为例

为探讨国有林场改革后可持续发展策略,以广东省国有林场改革先行单位佛山市云勇林场为例,围绕国有林场的改革目标及原则,通过回顾云勇林场的林业发展历史,剖析林场改革发展中存在问题,提出林场可持续发展策略建议,为国有林场的未来发展提供参考。     

南漳县国有神龙山林场改革发展现状、问题及对策

深化林业体制改革是党中央、国务院的重大战略决策，而国有林场改革是林业改革的重要内容之一。南漳县国有神龙山林场,自2016年3月启动林场改革工作以来，在基础设施建设、人员安置等方面已明显改善，但还存在森林资源总量和质量不高、林场生态建设缺乏活力、技术人员力量较弱等问题，针对以上薄弱环节和不足提出相应对策和建议，为其他国有林场改革提供参考。     

在“转机”上下功夫 向管理要求效益——石台县国有林场转换经营机制实施方案执行情况综述

为进一步深化林业改革．实现国有林场经济持续、快速、健康发展．省国有林场管理总站扣林业科学技末推广中心于1993年9月伢在石台县国有林场开展转换经营机制试点工作，从改革国有林场人事、劳动，分配三项制度着手，加快垒省国有林场改革步伐，尽快探索建立符合经济规律扣林场特点的国有林场管理体制和经营机制，推动林场经济的健康发展。     

山中那一座“五星”别墅

大唤起林场是塞罕坝机械林场总场的六个下属林场之一,30多万亩的经营面积在全省140个国有林场中排在前列,其资源总量遥居榜首。大唤起林场的一举一动常常关系着河北省国有林场的改革动向,成为河北国有林场的标杆。     

贵州省国有扎佐林场现状、存在问题及发展思考

指出了贵州省国有扎佐林场是省林业厅直属林场,也是贵州省2016年纳入改革的110个国有林场之一。目前国有林场改革任务已基本完成,但改革后的诸多发展问题逐渐显现。分析了贵州省国有扎佐林场的现状和存在的问题,有针对性地提出了国有札佐林场发展的思路。     

加强国有林场财务管理的对策

国有林场是我国林业的重要组成部分,是国家森林资源的培育基地。国有林场是全民所有制为主体的生产性事业单位,依据1994年颁布的《国有林场与苗圃财务制度》,实行企业化经营管理。财务管理是林场管理的重要组成部分,处于林场经营活动的中心地位,在林场生存发展中发挥着重要的参谋作用。随着林场经营情况的改革发展,怎样才能更好的加强林场财务管理,成了每个林场财务工作者所面临的首要任务。     

秭归九岭头林场发展现状与对策研究

国有林场改革是当前林业改革进程中的一项重要内容.通过对秭归县国有九岭头林场发展现状的调查,分析了当前影响林场发展的制约因素和有利条件,并结合其它地区国有林场发展的成功经验,提出了相应的发展对策,为进一步推进国有林场发展提供参考.     

Measurement of the dynamic modulus of elasticity of wood panels

This study investigated the dynamic modulus of elasticity (DMOE) of wood panels of Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, and Juglans mandshurica using the natural frequency measurement system of fast Fourier transform (FFT). The results were compared with the static modulus of elasticity (E _S) tested by a mechanical test machine. The results show a significant correlation between E _S, transverse vibration DMOE (E _F), and longitudinal vibration DMOE (E _L). For all of these species, the correlation between E _S, E _F and E _L is more significant than the individual species, which indicated that the FFT method is universal. The correlations between E _S and sample’s density (ρ) are significant, but the correlation coefficient of E _S and ρ is lower than those between E _F, E _L and E _S. The E _S of wood is more accurately tested by the analysis based on FFT measurement than by the estimation based on density. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(6): 126–131 [译自: 林业科学, 2005, 41(6): 126–131]     

Susceptibility of species of Juglans to pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris

Bacterial blight is considered one of the most serious diseases affecting the genus Juglans. Artificial inoculations with Xanthomonas campestris pv. Juglandis were performed in the field by spraying seedlings of Juglans cinerea, Juglans hindsii, Juglans mandshurica, Juglans nigra, Juglans regia and Juglans sieboldiana. Juglans nigra, J. cinerea ana J. sieboldiana proved to be the most resistant. The multiplication ability of Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina, X. c. pv. juglandis, and X. c. pv. campestris was evaluated by injecting 2-year-old seedling leaves of J. mandshurica, J. nigra and J. regia. The bacterial growth was monitored in the infected tissue over 12 days. Xanthomonas c. pv. juglandis exhibited a high growth rate and induced black greasy spots in J. mandshurica and J. regia; X. c. pv. campestris grew in leaf tissues without inducing symptoms, X. c. pv. corylina showed a very low growth rate. None of the tested bacterial strains multiplied in the leaves of J. nigra. This confirms the results obtained in the field tests. Juglans regia was the most susceptible among the walnut species tested.     

Nondestructive test and prediction of modulus of elasticity of veneer-overlaid particleboard composite

The effects of grain angle, thickness of face veneer, and shelling ratio on dynamic modulus of elasticity (E) of veneer-overlaid particleboard composite (VOP) were examined by using nondestructive test. In this study, the possibility that E of VOP can be predicted by means of some empirical formula was also discussed. This study has shown that grain angle, thickness of face veneer, and shelling ratio have substantial effects on E of VOP. The E at 0° of grain angle of face veneer was the largest, decreasing rapidly with increase in the grain angle. The lowest value of E occurred at 90° of grain angle of face veneer. The relationship between grain angle of face veneer and E of VOP can be expressed in the form of Jenkin’s and Hankinson’s equations. The orthotropic properties of wood and VOP defined as the ratio E ₀/ E ₉₀ were 25.7 for wood and 4.7 for VOP. When the grain direction of face veneer was parallel to the length of the specimens, the E of VOP increased with increasing shelling ratio. VOP increased E from 125 to 179% over that of the particleboard and veneer thickness from 2.1 upto 3.6 mm. However, when the grain direction of face veneer was perpendicular to the length of the specimens, the E of VOP decreased with increasing shelling ratio. VOP decreased E from 23 to 41% over that of the particleboard and veneer thickness from 2.1 upto 3.6 mm. The relationship between E of VOP and face veneer thickness can be expressed in the form of a second-order parabolic equation. Rule of Mixture (ROM) can be used to predict E of VOP from the E of wood element and particleboard element.     

CONTROL TECHNIQUE OF BACTERIAL CANKER OF POPLAR

The poplar bacterial canker caused by Erwinia sp is a serious disease spreading inmost parts of Northeast China,where poplars are cultivalted.The disease seriously infects thosepoplars belonging to section Aigeiros or the intersection hybrids of section Tacamahaca and section Aigeiros and their clones.Five fine poplar cultivars resistant to the bacterial canker have been ob-tained by screening tests.They are Lz_2(Populus simonii×nigra var.italica),A_(15)(P.×sp.)613(P.×sp.),A_(102)and A_(98)(P.simonii×sp.)T following chemicals are obviously effective,such as:50％DT germicide ,40％ XF-136 and 10％ C.C.M.A.or 12.5％ ramphencol and 50,000 ppm/mlvalidamycin,with which the stems or roots can be watered.     

Inhibition of Armillaria by bacteria isolated from soils of the Boreal Mixedwood Forest of Ontario

Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp. and Agrobacterium radiobacter were isolated from root-free soils of the Boreal Mixedwood Forest of Ontario a, nd found to be capable of inhibiting the linear growth of Armillaria ostoyae in vitro. Isolates of P. fluorescens, Bacillus spp. and A. radiobacter were the most effective inhibitors of mycelial growth. To test the ability of the bacteria to suppress rhizomorph formation, A. gallica, which produces rhizomorphs in culture more consistently than does A. ostoyae, was used; only a small fraction of P. fluorescens and Bacillus spp. isolates were capable of preventing in vitro rhizomorph formation by A. gallica.     

Theory of the shrinkage of wood

Summary The wood, composed of alternate earlywood and latewood lamellae, forms a statically indeterminate system with two redundants. The redundant forces are the shearing forces arising at the edge of the boundary between earlywood and latewood in the longitudinal and in the tangential directions of wood. By determining the redundant forces according to the theory of statically indeterminate systems, we know the state of stress and the state of detormation of the wood element and thus can determine its shrinkage and stresses in the longitudinal, tangential and radial directions.

---

Zusammenfassung Holz ist aus Früh-und Spätholzlamellen aufgebaut und bildet damit ein statisch unbestimmtes System mit zwei statisch unbestimmten Größen. Diese statisch unbestimmten Größen sind die Scherkräfte, die in longitudinaler und tangentialer Richtung an den Kanten der Grenzschicht zwischen Früh-und Spätholz entstehen. Bestimmt man die statisch unbestimmten größen nach der Theorie der statisch unbestimmten Systeme, so kennt man den Spannungs-und Verformungszustand der Gefügeteile des Holzes und ist damit in der Lage, scine Schwindung und Schwindspannungen in longitudinaler, tangentialer und radialer Richtung zu berechnen.

     

Improvement of softening treatment technology of bamboo

In order to improve the efficiency of softening bamboo block when manufacturing bamboo veneer, chemistry reagents such as NaHCO₃ are often adopted during bamboo softening treatment. But the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the band intensity at 1,733 cm⁻¹, assigned to C=O stretching vibration in xylan, was reduced in the spectrum of softening-treated bamboo with NaHCO₃ compared with that of not softening-treated bamboo and softening treatment of bamboo without NaHCO₃. That is to say, that the hemicellulose of bamboo was destroyed after softening treatment with NaHCO₃, which meant that softening treatment of bamboo with NaHCO₃, is not a perfect softening treatment method. Thus, in this paper a softening technology at 120°C for 30 min in a closed container was adopted. The results of FTIR show that there was almost no difference in FTIR spectra between no softening treatment of bamboo and softening treatment of bamboo at 120°C for 30 min, which meant that softening treatment at 120°C for 30 min had no effect on the composition of bamboo. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) show that T _g of not softening-treated bamboo was 120°C, while T _g of softening-treated bamboo at 120°C for 30 min was 88°C. T _g of softening-treated bamboo at 120°C for 30 min decreased by 26.7% compared with that of not softening-treated bamboo. The results of hardness show that the hardness of bamboo strip after a softening treatment for 30 min at 120°C decreased by 42.0–54.6% compared with that of not softening-treated bamboo. The results of hardness and DMA show that the effect of softening treatment of bamboo at 120°C for 30 min was resultful.     

Effects of flooding on growth of seedlings of woody riparian species

The effects of flooding on growth of seedlings were compared over a 7-month period (April–November) among six different woody species: Aesculus turbinata, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Fraxinus platypoda, Pterocarya rhoifolia, Pterostyrax hispida, and Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata. Flooding reduced the shoot length of F. platypoda, P. rhoifolia, C. japonicum, P. hispida, and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata seedlings but did not affect that of A. turbinata seedlings. Among control seedlings, shoot elongation occurred once in A. turbinata and twice in F. platypoda and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata; the other species continued to grow from April to August. Among the flooded plants of all species, shoot elongation occurred only once at the beginning of the growing season. On August 25, flooding significantly reduced the number of developed leaves as compared with control plants except for A. turbinata. In the flooded plants except for F. platypoda, leaf fall began on June 30; in controls, by contrast, the number of developed leaves increased until August 25. Flooding reduced the total dry weight increment in all species. The survival ratio of flooded plants after the experiment differed with species. All of the F. platypoda and A. turbinata seedlings survived the flooding treatment, while only 20% of P. hispida and 30% of Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata survived. Flooding seriously affected the growth of riparian pioneer species including P. rhoifolia, C. japonicum, P. hispida, and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata. The effects of flooding on growth of the seedlings differed with the tree species because of differences in leaf-emergence pattern and physiological flood tolerance. The responses of tree seedlings to flooding reflected species habitats and growth patterns.     

Characterization of strength properties of branchwood and stemwood of some tropical hardwood species

The mechanical strength properties of the branchwood of Aningeria robusta and Terminalia ivorensis with diameters ranging from 10 to 25 cm were examined to determine the suitability of branchwood as raw material for downstream processing. The study precisely assessed the static bending strengths, compression strengths and shear strengths parallel to the grain of the branchwood and stemwood of T. ivorensis and A. robusta. It was observed that under static bending, the overall (sapwood and heartwood combined) modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of the branchwood of A. robusta and T. ivorensis were lower than that of their corresponding stemwood. The results further show that the overall compression and shear strengths parallel to the grain of the branchwood of A. robusta and T. ivorensis were higher than that of their corresponding stemwood. Under static bending, compression parallel to the grain, and shear parallel to the grain, the experimental results indicate that the sapwood of the branchwood from both T. ivorensis and A. robusta had lower strength values than that of their corresponding heartwood. Similar results were recorded for the stemwood of T. ivorensis where the heartwood had higher strength values than the sapwood. However, in the case of the stemwood of A. robusta, the sapwood had higher strength values than the corresponding heartwood.     

Diversity and bioactivity of bacterial endophyte community of Cupressaceae

The plant family Cupressaceae (Coniferales) harbours diverse endophytic fungi with antifungal, antibacterial and antiproliferative activities. Here, endophytic association of a broad bacterial community with the healthy foliar tissues of Cupressus arizonica, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus communis and Thuja orientalis (Cupressaceae) is shown. We isolated over 69 endophytic bacterial strains of Proteobacteria, Bacilli and Actinobacteria from Cupressaceae. The initial screening for antifungal activity against Pyricularia oryzae identified eleven superior bacterial strains which were identified as Brevundimonas diminuta CAE₂₄ (G^?, Caulobacteraceae, Alphaproteobacteria); Stenotrophomonas maltophilia CAE₂₃, CSE₄, CSE₁₂, CSE₄₂, CSE₄₉ and CSE₆₂ (G^?, Xanthomonadaceae, Gammaproteobacteria); Bacillus pumilus CSE₆₆ and Bacillus subtilis POE₂₆ (G⁺, Bacillaceae, Bacilli); and Microbacterium resistens CSE₁₉ (G⁺, Microbacteriaceae, Actinobacteria). The dominant isolated bacterial species was S. maltophilia. This species represented 63.6% of the superior strains which was ubiquitous and also non‐host specific. In addition, the superior bacterial strains produced bioactive secondary metabolites and volatile compounds (VOCs) with antifungal activity against the fungal pathogens of Cupressaceae, that is Diplodia seriata, Phaeobotryon cupressi and Spencermartinsia viticola. The antagonistic activity of the endophytic bacteria on the target fungi was also confirmed in vitro. To our knowledge, this is the first to document such an endophytic bacterial community in Cupressaceae and its bioactivity. These findings may find application in organic agroforestry for plant disease biocontrol and in biopharmacy for lead molecule discovery.