红胫花椒跳甲的初步研究

红胫花椒跳甲(Podayricomela zanthoxylum)是1986年在陇南山区的礼县首次发现危害花椒的一种新害虫。经鉴定属于鞘翅目,叶甲科,桔潜跳甲属。关于本属跳甲我国记述7种,均与本种不同,本种虽与枸杞跳甲(P.Weisei Heiker.)背面体色接近,然而在构造与生活习性上有明显差异。该虫每年发生1代,以成虫越冬,翌年4月中旬出蛰活动。以幼虫于4月底5月上旬蛀食椒树花序梗和羽状复对柄,造成花椒减产。应用氧化乐果、水胺硫磷等1000—1500倍液,于4月中旬(花椒萌芽时)和椒芽长到1.5cm左右时各喷1次,保花、保叶效果达90％以上。     

豫西地区落叶松鞘蛾发生规律及防治技术

落叶松鞘蛾在豫西地区主要危害日本落叶松和华北落叶松。1年发生1代,以幼虫负鞘在树枝及树皮裂缝中越冬。越冬幼虫4月上旬开始活动,以幼虫负鞘取食叶肉危害。5月中旬出现成虫,6月上旬产卵,6月中旬第1代幼虫开始孵化,10月上旬陆续入蛰。4月中旬为幼虫最佳防治时期,用3％高渗苯氧威2000倍液防治,效果达92．2％以上;6月上旬为成虫最佳防治时期,用敌马烟剂防治,效果达90％以上。     

药液灌蔸防治春植烤烟小地老虎效果好

小地老虎是我县春植烤烟返苗期至团棵期的主要害虫。4月上旬至5月中旬发生,4月中旬至5月上旬为害最重,受害严重的田块每株烟的根有幼虫3—5条,断棵率可达30％以上,严重影响烤烟的全苗。我站多次多点试验结果表明,采用50％甲胺磷1400-1750倍液,每株250—300毫升晴天灌蔸防治小地老虎效果很好,平均保苗效果为     

东方粉蝶生物学的观察

东方粉蝶是十字花科蔬菜上的重要害虫,在铜鼓县一年发生6—8代,以蛹越冬,卵期3—5天。幼虫期,第1代16—18天,第2～6代11—13天,第7～8代18—20天,11月为25天。蛹期5～10月中旬为7～10天,10月底～11月初为12～18天,越冬蛹128～174天,成虫寿命,雄为3—4天,雌为7—8天,产卵量150粒左右。文中对该虫的形态作了描述和绘图。防治时,给合人工捕采幼虫和卵粒,田间施药可用2.5％敌杀死剂2500—3000倍液、90％敌百虫1000倍液、50％马拉硫磷或敌敌畏800—1000倍液,防治效果很好。     

甲胺磷缓释剂拌种防治小地老虎

据1974—1980年在本地区研究,小地老虎越冬代发生有三个蛾峰。初峰多在4月上旬,中峰在中旬,末峰一般在下旬。而中末蛾峰和田间幼虫发生关系至为密切,约占总虫量的80％以上,是予报和防治的重点。当地玉米播期为4月20日左右,4月底至5月上旬,恰在2—3个叶片生育期,如在玉米播种时,用内吸剂处理种子,使种苗带毒,可以防治小地老虎的为害。 1979—1980年试用20％甲胺磷缓释剂拌种,经室内毒效测定:1％、2％、4％用量杀虫率均达100％。拌种后21天田间小区观察,2％用量的保苗效果达83.1—86.1％:在5000亩春玉米、棉花大面积示范,平均保苗效果88.4％。此法不     

苹果斑点落叶病防治技术研究

70年代以来,苹果斑点落叶病在全国苹果产区普遍发生。1985年以来,作者等在烟台地区进行系统调查和防治研究。该地区自5月下旬至6月初开始发病,7月中、下旬至8月上、中旬达发病高峰。流行时期与发病程度取决于田间菌原量、6—9月份降水。发病高峰期同园调查,红星与青香蕉病叶率分别为91.88％和92.42％,小国光则为35.41％。防治试验表明,10％多氧霉素1000—2000倍液效果均优于波尔多液,但因残效期短,不能控制危害,而与波尔多液交替使用效果明显,增产23.1％。     

番茄自粉病田间扩展流行规律与药剂防治试验

通过2年对番茄自粉病田间扩展流行动态调查和药剂防治试验研究,结果表明：番茄白粉病菌首先由中心病株下部叶片向上部作垂直扩散,随后进行水平传播,且顺垄传播快;在甘肃省张掖市一般7月中旬至下旬开始出现,田间蔓延快;环境条件适宜时,从植株上部叶片显症到发病率达91.5％仅需5d。田间防治试验表明,喷药7d后,24％噻呋酰胺悬浮剂1200倍液、15％三唑酮可湿性粉剂750倍液、30％苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑乳油2000倍液和62.25％代森锰锌·腈菌唑可湿性粉剂600倍液防效达到最大,依次为83.4％、81.4％、81.3％和68.7％,而喷药10d后40％氟硅唑乳油3个浓度梯度（3000、5000倍液和7000倍液）的药效均达到最高值,依次为72.2％、73.3％和78.5％,表明40％氟硅唑乳油持效期较长,药效稳定。     

新型植物源杀虫剂--血根碱对苹果二斑叶螨控制效果初探

2001—2002年，在湖北广水进行的2年1％血根碱可湿性粉剂防治苹果二斑叶螨的田间药效试验表明，1％血根碱可湿性粉剂对苹果二斑叶螨有良好的灭杀效果，使用浓度在2500倍时，防治效果与生产上推广使用的20％哒螨灵可湿性粉剂2500倍液相当。     

灭蚜菌对四种果树蚜虫的防效试验研究

１９９２－１９９３年室内试验，用灭蚜菌１５０倍液喷雾防治桃粉蚜、石榴上棉蚜、桃蚜和２００倍液防治苹果黄蚜，２４小时的防治效果分别为９７％、６６．８５、８４％和９２％。田间小区试验用１００、１５０和２００倍液防治苹果黄蚜，２４小时治效果均在９９％，但９６小时后２００倍液防治区的蚜虫数量即迅速增加。从田防防治示范果园分别用２００、４００和６００倍灭蚜菌防治苹果黄蚜２４小时后效均在９４．９％－９８．１％     

阳春砂仁叶枯病药剂防治试验

室内药效测定以甲基托布津对砂仁叶枯菌的抑菌效果最好。田间小区防治试验以７０％甲基托布津１０００倍液效果最佳，２０％粉诱宁乳油１５００倍液和６４％杀毒矾Ｍ_８５００倍液对该病的的防治效果亦较好。     

双齿锤角叶蜂生物学特性及药剂防治

双齿锤角叶蜂（Odontocimbex svenhediniMalaise）是近年发生于甘肃天水刺五加（Acanthopanax senticosus）的一种食叶新害虫,其寄主刺五加是首次报道。该虫1年发生1代,翌年4月上旬越冬预蛹开始化蛹,4月中旬成虫羽化,下旬开始产卵,卵产于叶背面或正面主脉周围叶表皮下,卵期9~11 d;幼虫食叶为害,共5龄,6月上旬至7月中旬为猖獗为害期,6月下旬幼虫开始老熟,老熟幼虫于寄主或周围非寄主植物枝条结茧越夏越冬。5月中下旬3龄前幼虫期,用25%灭幼脲悬浮剂1 500倍液,防效达95%以上。用3%高渗苯氧威乳油或1.8%阿维菌素乳油5 000 倍液,防治3龄后幼虫,防效达92%以上。     

Agronomic practises for weed control in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

Weeds are the main problem with turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivation where herbicides are not allowed. This is because herbicides cause water contamination, air pollution, soil microorganism hazards, health hazards, and food risks. Considering turmeric's medicinal value and the environmental problems caused by herbicides, various agronomic practises have been evaluated for non‐chemical weed control in turmeric. One additional weeding is required before turmeric emergence and weed infestation is much higher when turmeric is planted in February and March, as compared to April, May or June planting. A similarly higher yield of turmeric is achieved when it is planted in February, March, and April, compared to late plantings. Weed emergence and interference are not affected by planting depth, seed size, planting pattern, planting space, ridge spacing, and the row number of turmeric until 60 days after planting. This is because turmeric cannot develop a canopy structure until then. Thereafter, weed infestation reduces similarly and significantly when turmeric is planted at depths of 8, 12, and 16 cm, compared to shallower depths. The yield of turmeric at these depths is statistically the same, but the yield for the 16 cm depth is difficult to harvest and it tends to decrease. Turmeric grown from seed rhizomes (daughter rhizomes) weighing 30–40 g reduces weed infestation significantly and obtains a significantly higher yield compared to smaller seeds. The mother rhizome also can suppress weed infestation and increase the yield markedly. Around 9% weed control and 11% higher yield are achieved by planting turmeric in a triangular pattern compared to a quadrate pattern. The lowest weed infestation is found in turmeric grown in a 20 or 30 cm triangular pattern and the highest yield is obtained with the 30 cm triangular pattern. Turmeric gown on two‐row ridges spaced 75 cm apart shows excellent weed control efficiency and obtains the highest yield. This review concludes that turmeric seed rhizomes of 30–40 g and/or the mother rhizome could be planted in a 30 cm triangular pattern at the depth of 8–12 cm on two‐row ridges spaced 75–100 cm apart during March to April in order to reduce weed interference and obtain a higher yield. Mulching also suppresses weed growth and improves the yield. The above agronomic practises could not control weeds completely; biological weed management practises could be integrated in turmeric fields using rabbits, goats, sheep, ducks, cover crops or intercrops.     

‘Instant’ Bordeaux and Burgundy Mixtures

Four annual experiments with garlic (Allium sativum) were established in fields naturally infested with Sclerotium cepivorum, causal agent of garlic white rot, to investigate the effect of time of planting on yield. Initial stands were unaffected by time of planting. Final stands and yields were highest when garlic was planted approximately 1 month earlier (28 January-15 February) when soils were warmer than at the traditional time of planting (15 March-15 April). When garlic was planted at the traditional time, final stands and yields were reduced 56-92% primarily from the attack of S. cepivorum. A 100% loss in yield occurred in some crops planted in cool soils in late March. With an early planting (15 January), final stands were similar to the plantings of 28 January and 15 February, but yields were reduced by half because of a much lower mean weight of the harvested bulbs. In a late planting (15 May), the final stand was 75% lower with correspondingly lower yield than that obtained with the early plantings. The largest bulbs (21.6 g) were obtained from the planting on 28 February; however, the yields from this planting were reduced by half from the planting 2 weeks earlier because of the 50% reduction in final stand. Early planting of garlic is recommended as an important management strategy to avoid white rot in areas with soils infested with sclerotia of S. cepivorum.     

冬小麦田大穗看麦娘种群动态及对小麦产量的影响

为明确麦田杂草大穗看麦娘Alopecurus myosuroides的田间种群发生动态规律,采用固定样方和随机样方取样方法于2013—2015年在山东省济南市研究了冬小麦田大穗看麦娘田间种群的萌发和生长动态,并分析了不同密度大穗看麦娘对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明:在济南市小麦播后20~40 d为大穗看麦娘出苗高峰期,至11月下旬出苗量占全年出苗总量的97.1%。11月上旬,大穗看麦娘开始出现分蘖,至翌年4月上中旬结束,分蘖数平均每株为6.3个,比小麦多3.1个。3月下旬大穗看麦娘开始拔节,4月中旬平均株高超过小麦,5月下旬平均株高达到75.6 cm,高出小麦2.5 cm。5月上旬大穗看麦娘单茎平均鲜重达到最大为1.7 g,小麦为12.6 g。大穗看麦娘出苗、株高、分蘖和鲜重的变化与小麦变化趋势一致,与时间、温度密切相关。随着大穗看麦娘密度的增加,小麦产量急剧下降,当密度达到420株/m~2时,小麦产量损失率高达65.8%。大穗看麦娘对小麦产量构成因素中的穗密度影响最大,其次是穗粒数,对千粒重影响不显著,当密度为420株/m~2时,小麦穗密度减少55.2%,穗粒数减少26.4%。     

苯磺隆在冬麦田减量施用的试验探讨

采用随机区组试验方法,选取阔叶杂草分布均匀的地块。苯磺隆设2个浓度,采取不同时间喷药和添加助剂2种方式用药,以不施药为对照,综合评价不同处理的防效及对小麦生长的影响,探讨苯磺隆在南疆地区冬麦田减量施用的可行性。结果表明,同一施药时间,添加助剂处理对阔叶杂草的防效和小麦产量增幅与不添加助剂处理结果相当;苯磺隆12ga．i．／hm2处理4月613施药对阔叶杂草的防效和小麦产量的增幅均优于3月24日施药2浓度处理的防效和产量增幅,与苯磺隆18ga．i．／hm2处理的防效和小麦产量增幅相当,在试验条件下对小麦生长安全,无药害。     

小麦田不同杂草群落及防除时间对小麦产量的影响

为明确小麦田不同杂草群落及防除时间对小麦产量的影响,于2013—2015连续两年在山东省聊城市高唐县小麦田中设无草对照区、禾本科杂草区、阔叶杂草区以及混合杂草自然发生区4种不同杂草群落以及不同的杂草防除时间,测定在不同条件下小麦产量及各项产量构成指标的情况。结果表明,阔叶杂草对小麦产量的影响大于禾本科杂草,冬小麦田杂草的最佳防除时间为4月1日之前,在此期间除草对小麦产量影响均不大,但之后防除或不除草会造成小麦严重减产甚至绝产,2014年4月15日除草可造成在阔叶杂草区和杂草混合生长区的小麦减产30.5%和32.6%,不除草可造成在禾本科杂草区、阔叶杂草区和杂草混生区的小麦减产8.6%、91.4%和94.3%,2015年趋势和2014年一致。从构成小麦产量的3个指标来看,杂草危害主要影响小麦的总穗数,其次为穗粒数,对千粒重影响最小。     

Effect of sowing dates and fertilizer on the severity of stem borer (Busseola fusca Fuller,Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on sorghum in Eritrea

The influence of sowing date and fertilizer application on the incidence anddamage ofthe maize stemborer (Busseolafusca Fuller) in sorghum(Sorghumbicolor L.) was investigated at the Halhale Research Centre in Eritrea during 1997 - 99. The trials were conducted in a splitplot design with sowing date as the main plot and fertilizer as subplots. There were six sowing dates at an interval of 15 days starting fromearly April tomid-June. There were fertilized and unfertilized subplots. Data on larval count, per cent infestation, per cent deadheart, heading and maturity dates, plant height and yield were recorded for each plot. Fertilizer had no effect on the incidence and damage of the stem borer (B. fusca). There was no interaction between fertilizer and sowing dates on the larval population and damage by stem borers. Sowing date had a significant effect on stem borer incidence and damage levels. Early sowing dates (April 1 and 15) had a significantly lower number of larvae, infestation, deadheart and gave higher yields compared with the other sowing dates while late sowing dates (mid-May- mid-June) resulted in significantly higher infestation and damage. The highest infestation and damage were recorded from mid-May sowings. High stem borer infestations in delayed sowing was due to the coincidence of the susceptible stage of the crop (3 - 6 weeks after germination) with high populations ofstemborer larvae fromthe first generationin late June and July. Mid- and late sown crops were also later attacked by the second generation at the grain-filling stage in September- October. These results indicate that early planting (April) is effective in reducing stem borer damage on sorghum in the highlands of Eritrea.     

播期对江苏省冬小麦产量及其构成的影响

以江苏省冬小麦播期为主要研究对象，利用近20年冬小麦大田播期试验数据相关文献，按照晚播天数、品性、区域、年代进行分组，利用Meta分析方法定量研究了播期变化对江苏省冬小麦产量及其产量构成的影响。结果表明：近20年江苏省冬小麦的播期随时间的推移总体呈现出延迟的趋势，约5.5 d·10a^-1，苏北和苏南地区冬小麦均在晚播18~22 d开始出现减产趋势，苏中地区冬小麦在晚播23~27 d开始出现减产趋势；整体上江苏省晚播13~17 d左右的冬小麦有显著增产效应，增产达3.1%（95%置信区间0.4%～5.8%），晚播18~22 d及以上时，冬小麦产量开始呈现减产趋势。随着年代不断向后推移，晚播的减产效应出现的越来越早。2000—2010年，晚播23~27 d开始出现减产趋势；2011—2017年，晚播18~22 d开始出现减产趋势；（弱）春性冬小麦从晚播18~22 d开始出现减产效应，（半）冬性冬小麦从晚播8~12 d开始出现减产趋势，冬小麦的选择偏于春性化。Meta分析的数据中，冬小麦穗数对产量的影响更大（P＜0.05，R²＝0.3166）。适当晚播是江苏省稳定冬小麦产量，适应气候变化的有效手段，其主要是通过影响晚播小麦穗数进而影响冬小麦产量。     

玉米不同生育期遭受螟害对产量损失的影响

1963年在北京防蛾网室的条件下,在盆栽春玉米上分期用人工接种螟卵,試驗螟害对产量损失的影响,得出如下的結果: 玉米产量的损失与玉米螟为害当时玉米的生育时期有密切的关系。在螟虫数量相同或接近的情况下,心叶期(心叶中期、心叶末期)被害较穗期(灌浆期)影响产量显著为大;心叶末期孵化的螟虫,其为害所造成的損失又显著较心叶中期为大。心叶期被害的处理,产量較对照区显著減低,但穗期被害的处理,每株平均虫数为3.5—15.1时,产量仍与对照差异不显著。同一接种时期,处理間平均虫数的差异大部分是显著的,但产量間的差异則不显著。玉米受害时期对产量的影响远較同一时期不同虫量的影响为明显。虫数与心叶中期和穗期接种的两个处理的产量有显著的負相关,相关系数分別为-0.89和-0.88;虽然产量随着虫数的增加而递減的趋势是明显的,但每株虫数在1—12头的范围內,产量间差异不一定显著。虫数与心叶末期接种的处理的产量,相关不显著,这可能是由于供試株数太少的原因。应用迴归方程式計算时,每增加一虫产量的損失,心叶中期为3.17％,穗期为1.84％。接种后被害玉米发育受到影响,心叶期遭受螟害植株高度減低17％。作者等指出心叶末期孵化为害的螟虫影响玉米产量特别严重的原因,可能是由于玉米抽雄时,这批幼虫尚未成熟,大量轉移蛀入茎稈或为害正在成长中的雌穗,妨碍营养物的輸送和雌穗的正常受粉所致。本文試驗所得的結果,初步指出当前用颗粒剂防治玉米螟,提倡在心叶末期施药的措施,不仅从減少虫数上看是适当的,从保証产量的角度来看也是有利的。     

近年来中国马铃薯晚疫病的时空演变特征及防控情况分析

为系统全面地了解马铃薯晚疫病在我国的发生演变特征及防控情况,基于2008—2017年国家统计局官方数据、《中国农业统计资料》《全国植保专业统计资料》及全国马铃薯品种分布等数据,对全国及各马铃薯产区晚疫病的发生及防治情况进行综合量化分析。结果表明：马铃薯晚疫病在我国连年发生,年平均发生面积约197.47万hm²,占马铃薯总种植面积的40.66%;晚疫病造成马铃薯年平均产量损失占所有病害所致产量损失的63.54%,远高于其他病害,损失巨大;在我国马铃薯4大产区中,马铃薯晚疫病在北方一作区的年平均发生面积最大,约73.44万hm²,而在西南混作区造成的年平均产量损失最高,约14.29万t;晚疫病发生与马铃薯种植区域的重心在空间上呈现相似的迁移趋势;以费乌瑞它为代表的高感晚疫病品种在全国大面积种植,但近年来部分抗病品种的种植面积正在逐年增加;近年来我国对马铃薯晚疫病的防治面积大幅度提升,但仍太过依赖化学防治,应加大绿色防控技术的推广和应用力度。