基因枪转化MAR序列介导水稻bar基因的表达分析

以水稻（Oryza sativa L.) 成熟胚愈伤组织作为水稻遗传转化受体，采用带有MAR（matrix attachment region)和不带MAR的两种植物表达质粒进行基因枪轰击转化bar基因，获得抗basta转基因水稻。分析了MAR序列介导在转基因水稻中对转基因表达的影响。研究结果表明，利用MAR序列介导bar基因表达，获得的转基因系的数量比对照提高66．7％，单块抗性愈伤组织再生植株数比对照提高27．3％，MAR序列介导bar基因表达的转基因系中，bar基因的表达水平比对照高，并且不同转基因系间bar基因表达差异比对照小。     

转codA基因的耐盐碱水稻对大鼠生理代谢的影响及外源基因的水平转移

实验选用32只SD大鼠随机分成2组，分别饲喂含30％转codA基因水稻（Oryza sativa L．）和含30％非转基因水稻的大鼠配合饲料，2组饲料其它成分相同，各项营养指标和卫生指标均无显著差异，连续饲喂30d。结果发现，实验组大鼠体增重与对照组相比无显著差异（P〉0．05），血清中生长激素（growth hormone，GH）、胰岛素（insulin）、胰高血糖素（glucagon）、甲状腺素（triiodothyroxine T3，tetraiodothyroxine T4）、促甲状腺素（thyroid—stimulating hormone，TSH）、尿素氮（serum urea nitrogen，SUN）、葡萄糖（glucose）、谷丙转氨酶（glutamyl tranpeptidase，GPT）和血清总胆固醇（total cholesterol）等与对照组相比无显著差异（P〉0．05）。同时，分析大鼠的血液、肌肉、肝脏、胰脏、肾脏、胃及肠道内容物PCR扩增水稻内源基因SPS和外源基因codA的特异性片段在大鼠体内的转移情况，结果表明，用含转codA基因水稻的饲料饲喂大鼠，大鼠血液及各组织器官中没有发现转基因水稻内源基因和外源基因片段，而在大鼠胃、肠道内容物中发现了转基因水稻的内源基因和外源基因的片段，说明短期内转基因水稻的内源和外源基冈没有发生遗传转移。     

拟南芥CycD2基因在水稻中的表达及初步分析

细胞周期蛋白CycD2基因是在拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）基因组中发现的，对调节细胞周期具有重要作用的调控因子。研究利用RT-PCR技术由拟南芥幼苗mRNA扩增了CycD2基因，构建了超量表达载体并对单子叶植物水稻（Oryza sativa ssp. japonica）进行了转化。对获得的转基因植株进行半定量RT-PCR分析表明，CycD2 mRNA的确能够在水稻中积累。超量表达CycD2的转基因水稻植株在发育早期生长与发育加快，表现为幼苗植株根长和株高均显著高于对照（转空载体植株），加快了水稻的生长速率。     

抗除草剂基因导入旱稻（Oryza sativa）栽培品种

摘要：以生产上优良旱稻（Oryza sativa L. ）新品种旱稻297、旱稻10号等的幼胚愈伤组织为转化受体材料，用基因枪法把抗Basta除草剂的bar基因导入了这些品种的愈伤组织，经两轮Basta抗性筛选和分化获得了再生植株，对再生植株进行PCR扩增和Southern杂交检测，T0和T1代Basta抗性实验表明，bar基因已整合到旱稻的基因组DNA中，并在T1代继续表达。对各品种幼胚培养的诱导、分化培养基实验表明，MB和MS培养基可作为这5个品种的愈伤组织诱导培养基，改良的RMB2、RMS2培养基可显著地提高愈伤组织的分化频率。实验所获得的转基因植株和建立的遗传转化系统，为旱稻的抗除草剂分子育种和其它基因转化奠定了初步的基础。     

转基因产品中抗除草剂基因的PCR检测

抗除草剂作物占全球转基因作物的75％以上，并且这类作物还有不断增加的趋势。首次建立并优化了对4类转基因作物（大豆（Glycine max）、玉米（Zea mays）、棉花（Gossypium hirsutnm）和油菜（Brassica campestris var.oleifera））的5种外源抗除草剂基因（bar、pat、cp4-epspsI、cp4-epsps2和gox）的PCR检测方法，并在实践中应用。结果表明，本方法灵敏特异、结果准确可靠，可对目前批准的所有抗除草剂转基因产品进行定性检测。     

转基因水稻秸秆还田对土壤硝化反硝化微生物群落的影响

转基因作物可能通过根系分泌物和植株残体组成的改变及外源基因的转移释放令土壤微生物群落产生变化,影响土壤微生物的生态功能。氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌是驱动土壤硝化和反硝化过程的关键微生物,其群落结构的变化直接关系土壤氮素的转化与利用。本研究利用荧光定量PCR和PCR-DGGE技术分析了转cry1Ac/cpti双价抗虫基因水稻‘Kf8’秸秆还田降解过程中,土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌群落丰度与组成的变化,探讨转基因水稻是否存在影响稻田土壤氮素转化与N2O排放的可能。结果显示:无论是氨氧化细菌amo A基因还是反硝化细菌nirS基因,其丰度在转基因水稻‘Kf8’与非转基因水稻‘Mh86’的秸秆还田土壤中都没有显著差异;转基因水稻‘Kf8’和非转基因水稻‘Mh86’秸秆还田降解过程中0~10 cm土层中的amo A基因丰度均显著高于10~20 cm及20~30 cm土层(P0.05);各深度土层中的nirS基因丰度均存在随秸秆还田时间延长而增加的趋势。水稻秸秆还田降解过程中,转基因水稻‘Kf8’的土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌的群落多样性指数及组成,均与非转基因水稻‘Mh86’没有显著差异。相关分析结果表明土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌群落组成均与水稻秸秆还田时间存在显著相关性(P=0.002),反硝化细菌群落组成还与土层深度显著相关(P=0.024)。本研究表明转cry1Ac/cpti抗虫基因水稻秸秆还田对稻田土壤硝化和反硝化关键微生物群落不会产生明显影响。就土壤微生物群落而言,转cry1Ac/cpti抗虫基因水稻秸秆还田不存在影响土壤氮素转化与N2O排放的可能。     

我国水稻产业发展的期望与守望

中国生物安全网于2009年10月22日发布了“2009年第二批农业转基因生物安全证书批准清单”,在清单中审批编号分别为“农基安证字（2009）第072号”和“农基安证字（2009）第073号”,由华中农业大学张启发教授及其同事申报的“转crylAb／crylAc基因抗虫水稻华恢1号”和“转crylAb／crylAc基因抗虫水稻Bt汕优63”的两个水稻品种已获得安全证书,     

转Cry1Ac/Sck基因大米的免疫毒理学评价

为观察转Cry1Ac/Sck基因大米对小鼠免疫功能的影响,将BALB/c小鼠按体重分为4组,即转基因大米组、非转基因大米对照组、AIN93G饲料正常对照组和阳性对照组,相应饲料喂养30d,比较各组小鼠免疫功能改变情况。结果显示,转基因大米组血小板数量显著低于非转基因大米对照组,但是与正常对照组无显著性差异,并且这3组血小板数量均在正常变化范围内;其他观察指标转基因大米组与非转基因大米组相比均无显著性差异;阳性对照组的各项指标,绝大多数均显著低于其他3组。表明转Cry1Ac/Sck基因大米对小鼠免疫功能的影响与非转基因亲本大米基本相同,未对小鼠免疫功能产生不良影响,因此转Cry1Ac/Sck基因大米在小鼠免疫毒理学方面的评价是安全的。     

中国转基因油菜的环境安全性分析

根据中国转基因油菜研究和环境释放的现状，对中国环境条件下转基因油菜的生存竞争能力、基因扩散风险以及对生物多样性影响等环境安全问题进行了分析。分析认为，中国是许多十字花科植物进化起源中心和生物多样性中心，生态环境类型复杂；转基因油菜的外源基因可以通过花粉向油菜（Brassica napus）、白菜（B．rapa）和芥菜（B．juncea）类植物扩散；中国转基因油菜的基因扩散风险高于其它作物．存中国，油菜的转基因技术相当成熟，油菜的转基因实验频次很高，涉及的基因种类繁多，进口的转基因油菜数量巨大，隐患不容忽视。在中国，转基因油菜的安全性管理和研究相当薄弱，检测和监测手段无法满足安全管理需求，这一现状必将阻碍中国转基困油菜的产业化进程，并对中国环境安全带来隐患。作者提出，加强转基因油菜的环境安全意识，加强中国转基冈油菜的安全管理及其措施的落实，加强转基因油菜检测和监测等技术平台的建设。     

小鼠乳汁中重组人乳铁蛋白的提取与抗菌活性的研究

本研究从人乳铁蛋白（hLF）cDNA转基因小鼠乳汁中提取重组人乳铁蛋白（rhLF）,并用提取的rhLF进行抗菌活性分析。收集了2个基因和2个品系的（PCL25和AP基因）转基因小鼠乳汁,采用凝胶过滤层析法从转基因小鼠乳汗中提取rhLF,提取物通过SDS-PAGE电泳及Western-blotting分析,ELISA检测提取物中rhLF含量;按不同浓度rhLF作琼脂扩散抑制大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌试验。结果表明,通过凝胶过滤层析获得的PCl25和AP转基因小鼠乳汁中的rhLF分子量为78KDa,与天然人乳铁蛋白一致,rhLF对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌均具有明显的抑菌作用。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.