Characteristics of the soils developed under broad-leaved evergreen forests in okinawa prefecture and the kinki district with special reference to their pedogenetic processes

Abstract

Properties of sesquioxides, clay mineralogical composition, and charge characteristics of the soils developed under broad-leaved evergreen forests in Okinawa Prefecture (subtropical climate) and the Kinki District (warm temperate climate) were studied with special reference to their pedogenetic processes in order to reexamine the corresponding parameters of Brown Forest soils and related soils in Japan.

The soils in Okinawa Prefecture were characterized by a higher degree of weathering as compared to the soils in the Kinki District. Major differences involved the values of the Fed/Fet ratio for the soil samples throughout the profile, and those of the ratios of (Fed-Feo)/Fet, CEC/clay, and (Feo + Alo)/ clay and the content of CaO plus Na₂O for the B horizon. The soils in the Kinki District did not show andic soil properties, nor Al translocation in the profile and, both of which were characteristic of Brown Forest soils developed under cool temperate climatic conditions at high altitudes in the same District.

The difference in the degree of weathering were reflected on the charge characteristics at the very surface of the soils, i.e., the surface of the particles of the soils in Okinawa Prefecture exhibited a lower reactivity as compared with those of the soils in the Kinki District.     

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Among Strains of Soybean-Nodulating Bacteria

Abstract

Characteristics of Brown Forest soils developed under different bio-climatic conditions from low to high eleyations in the Kinki District were studied with special reference to their pedogenetic processes. The Brown Forest soils at high elevations were characterized by a lower bulk density, higher capacities to adsorb organic matter, phosphate, and moisture, which were correlated with the ratio of the amorphous content to the clay content (the value of the ratio of (Feo + Alo)/clay), as compared to those at low elevations. Considering the fact that the value of the (Feo + Alo)/clay ratio was not correlated with the volcanic glass index, the formation of an amorphous fraction at high elevations was considered to proceed according to the following mechanism.

Low temperature at high elevations (above 700 m) may retard the crystallization of oxide minerals. The amorphous oxides with variable positive charge thus formed may adsorb organic matter, confering a darker color and high moisture and high phosphate retention capacities to the subsoil. Adsorbed organic matter stabilizes these amorphous oxides, thus enhancing the amorphous properties and inhibiting crystallization. A1 translocation due to the weak podzolization may contribute to the increase of the content of amorphous materials.

Characterization of the B horizons in forest soils in Japan, in terms of the values of the ratios of (Feo + Alo)/clay, (Fed-Feo)/Fet, and Alo/Ald, (CEC -ECEQ/CEC and STPT-ZPC, suggested that forest soils might be classified into four groups.     

Temporary storage of soil organic matter and acid neutralizing capacity during the process of pedogenetic acidification of forest soils in Kinki District,Japan

Abstract

Pedogenetic acidification processes in forest soils derived from sedimentary rocks under mesic and thermic soil temperature regimes (MSTR and TSTR; corresponding to mean annual soil temperatures of 8–15°C and 15–22°C, respectively) in the Kinki District were investigated based on titratable alkalinity and acidity characteristics and soil solution composition. According to statistical analyses of the soil properties, the titratable alkalinity required to acidify soils to pH 3.0 was considered to be derived from reactions occurring at the surface of amorphous Al oxides, while titratable acidity at a pH ranging from 5.5 to 8.3 results from dissociation of acidic functional groups of soil humus and/or deprotonation of oxide surfaces. These reactions were generally more prevalent in MSTR soils. Based on the soil solution composition and titratable alkalinity and acidity in the soil profiles, two processes were postulated for pedogenetic acidification, that is, eluvi-illuviation of inorganic Al followed by subsequent adsorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) onto the precipitates of Al hydroxides and comigration of Al and DOC in the form of organo-mineral complexes. Both processes were conspicuous in MSTR soils and significantly contributed to soil organic matter storage in the subsoil layers. Pedogenetic acidification in forest soils with MSTR was characterized by an accumulation of acidity in the form of amorphous compounds and/or organo-mineral complexes in the B horizon. It seems, to some extent, similar to podzol formation, at least in terms of Al translocation. Amorphous Al hydroxides protect against further acidification through protonation and/or partial monomerization and can, thus, be regarded as a temporary storage of acid neutralizing capacity of the soil, which would be otherwise leached out directly from the soil profile. In contrast, the acid-buffering reactions of TSTR soils seemed to occur, if at all, mostly at or near the soil surface and the contribution of the B-horizon soils was limited.     

Chemical properties and pedogenesis of yellowish/yellow brown forest soils in the submontane and mountain zones of Kyushu district,southwestern Japan

Abstract

This study aimed to clarify pedogenetic processes and classification of yellowish Brown Forest Soils according to the Classification of Forest Soils in Japan and the Yellow Brown Forest soils according to the Unified Soil Classification System of Japan in the warm and cool temperate forest of Kyushu district, Japan. In addition, the study aimed to clarify a problem with the Unified Soil Classification System of Japan. Thirty-six soil profiles of Brown Forest Soils, including 13 yellowish Brown Forest Soils and 15 Yellow Brown Forest soils, were compared with regard to their chemical properties and the relationship with climatic conditions was assessed. The yellowish Brown Forest Soils had thin A horizons, low pH and low levels of free oxides in the B horizons, and a low amount of silica and a high aluminum and iron to silica ratio. These features were related to the paleo reddish weathering. The immaturely developed A horizon of the yellowish Brown Forest Soils was caused by these weathered, low-activity substances. The Yellow Brown Forest soils had low levels of active iron oxides and a low activity ratio of free iron oxides compared with the Haplic Brown Forest soils in the same thermal climatic conditions. The activity ratio of free iron oxides was correlated to mean annual air temperature with the carbon stocks and with many other chemical properties. Accordingly, classification of Brown Forest Soils was clearer according to thermal climatic conditions. The activity ratio of free iron oxides can become an effective index that distinguishes Yellow Brown Forest soils under warm temperate lucidophyllous forest and Haplic Brown Forest soils under cool temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest with considerable vertical soil zonality.     

雷州半岛玄武岩发育的时间序列土壤的发生演变

采集了广东省南部热带地区雷州半岛第四纪以来不同时代(0.58～6.12 Ma)喷发的玄武岩上发育时间序列土壤剖面样品,分析了一些理化性质的变化趋势。结果表明:(1)容重随深度增加而增大,与成土年龄有较好的相关性,说明容重在一定程度上可以指示土壤的发生层次和发育程度。(2)游离铁(Fed)、铁游离度(Fed/Fet)、活性氧化铝(Alo)和铝活化度(Alo/Ald)与成土年龄有着较好的相关性,可以指示土壤的发育程度和相对成土年龄;而无定形铁(Feo)、游离铝(Ald)和无定形硅(Sio)与成土年龄的关系不明显,尚难于指示土壤的发育程度。(3)常用的黏粒风化发育指标,如硅铝率Sa(SiO2/Al2O3)、硅铁铝率Saf(SiO2/(Al2O3+Fe2O3))、风化淋溶系数ba((Na2O+K2O+CaO)/Al2O3)、A指数((SiO2+CaO+K2O+Na2O)/(Al2O3+CaO+K2O+Na2O))、B指数((CaO+K2O+Na2O)/(Al2O3+SiO2+CaO+K2O+Na2O))、WI指数([(2Na2O/0.35)+(MgO/0.9)+(2K2O/0.25)+(CaO/0.7)]×100)、CIW指数([Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+Na2O)]×100)、CIA指数([Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+Na2O+K2O)]×100,与成土年龄之间相关性不显著,难以指示土壤的风化程度,但黏粒的Sa、Saf和元素Si迁移率的变化在一定程度上揭示了土壤中生物复硅的存在。     

Soil Characteristics under Three Vegetation Types Associated with Shifting Cultivation in a Mixed Dipterocarp Forest in Sarawak, Malaysia

In order to provide appropriate soil information for the rehabilitation of tropical rainforest ecosystems, we examined the soil morphological, physico-chemical, mineralogical properties and charge characteristics in a degraded mixed dipterocarp forest with three type of vegetation, namely grassland, secondary forest, and remnant forest in Japan Sarawak Friendship Forest, Sarawak, Malaysia. We compared the soil properties at six representative locations differing in topography and vegetation types, with special reference to the effect of anthropogenic activities on the catenary sequence. All the soils were acidic or weakly acidic. Contents of clay, exchangeable Al, Alo, Ald and Fed and the values of the cation exchange capacity and Al saturation increased with depth. The clay mineral composition was dominated by kaolin minerals. The value of point of zero salt effect ranged from 3.0 to 4.0, indicating that the soil was not yet strongly weathered. A catenary sequence of the soils was observed; softer in soil hardness, higher contents of total exchangeable bases in the lower slope plots than in the upper slope plots and higher values of Feo/Fed in the surface horizon in the lower slope plots than in the upper slope plots. However, the effect of anthropogenic activities was observed; higher contents of total exchangeable bases in the grassland than in the other vegetation types. Based on the stable condition on weathering and erosion, the upper slope plot of the remnant forest exhibited a thicker O horizon, lower Feo/Fed values and a relatively high amount of chlorite. Soil variability should be taken into account for appropriate management of rehabilitation in tropical rainforests.     

Characterization of Andosols in Yakushima Island

We examined soils derived from volcanic ash of Kikai-Akahoya tephra on Yakushima Island, Japan, and classified them according to the Unified Soil Classification System of Japan, 2nd Approximation (USCSJ 2nd) and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). Five pedons with horizons showing high (>20%) volcanic glass content were investigated. Soils developed under evergreen broad-leaved forests had high acid oxalate-extractable aluminum (Alo) and acid oxalate-extractable silicon (Sio) concentrations, and low acid oxalate-extractable iron (Fe)/dithionite-citrate-extractable Fe ratio. This indicates a warmer climate and less severe leaching conditions compared with soils developed under coniferous forests dominated by Cryptomeria japonica and grasslands dominated by Pseudosasa owatarii. All soils contained considerable amount of hydroxyl-Al-interlayered 2:1 clay minerals. The surface horizons of the pedons developed under the cool-temperate C. japonica forests contained smectite as a result of podzolization. However, the surface horizon of the pedon developed under cool-temperate P. owatarii grasslands did not contain smectite. All pedons belonged to the Kuroboku soils great group (USCSJ 2nd) and Andosols (WRB). Pedons in mountainous areas did not contain horizons with more than 6?g?kg^?1 of Sio and hence were classified as non-allophanic Andosols. In mountainous areas, it was observed that allophane formation was inhibited by Al leaching due to intense rainfall (>10,000?mm year^?1); Al consumption due to the formation of the Al-humus complex; and Al incorporation into the interlayers of vermiculite. The low soil water pH [pH(H₂O)] and leaching of silicon (Si) in mountainous areas would support these anti-allophanic effects.     

Evaluation of available silicon content and its determining factors of agricultural soils in Japan

To evaluate the available silicon (Si) content in agricultural soils in Japan and to investigate the determining factors of this content, we collected 180 soil samples from the surface layer of paddies and upland fields in Japan and determined their available Si contents. A phosphate buffer (PB; 0.02 M, pH 6.9) or an acetate buffer (AB; 0.1 M, pH 4.0) was used to extract available Si from the soil samples, and the Si concentrations in the extracts were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emissions spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The total Si content and selected physicochemical properties were also determined for the soil samples. The median values of the available Si contents by the PB and AB methods were 48.8 and 79.7 mg kg^?1 and corresponded to 0.017% and 0.027% of the total Si content, respectively. The overall data showed log-normal distributions. The available Si content of the upland soils was significantly higher than that of the paddy soils by both the PB (p < 0.01) and AB methods (p < 0.05). The available Si contents by the PB and AB methods had a significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) and they had significant negative correlation with the total Si content (p < 0.01). The values of the available Si contents by the PB and AB methods correlated positively with the pH, total carbon (C) content, and dithionite-citrate bicarbonate extractable iron (Fed) and aluminum (Ald), acid oxalate extractable iron (Feo) and aluminum (Alo), Fed-Feo and Alo+1/2Feo values (p < 0.01). A multi-regression analysis indicated that pH, amorphous minerals and crystalline iron (Fe) oxides were the dominant determining factors of available Si in the soils, and these three variables explained approximately two thirds of the variation of available Si content in agricultural soils in Japan. In terms of soil type, Terrestrial Regosols, Dark Red soils and Andosols had relatively high available Si contents, whereas Sand-dune Regosols, Red soils and Gray Lowland soils had relatively low contents. In terms of region, the soils in the Kanto and Okinawa regions had relatively high available Si contents and those in the Kinki, Shikoku and Chugoku regions had relatively low contents. In conclusion, the available Si content and its determining factors for agricultural soils in Japan were quantitatively elucidated, and this will contribute to the establishment of rational soil management?—including the application of silicate materials, taking into account the Si-supplying power of the relevant soils—for sustainable and productive agriculture in Japan.     

Properties and classification of selected volcanic ash soils from Abashiri,Northern Japan—transition of Andisols to Mollisols

Abstract

Properties and classification of four selected volcanic ash soils from Abashiri, Hokkaido were studied and the transition of Andisols to Mollisols was discussed. Two of the four pedons (Brown Andosol and Cumulic Andosol)¹ showed morphological, clay mineralogical, physical, and chemical properties common to most Andisols in Japan. However, the properties of the other two pedons (Acid Brown Forest soil and Brown Forest soil)¹ were considerably different from those of common Andisols in Japan. It was found that the changes in the andic soil properties or transition of Andisols to Mollisols was closely related to the progression of clay weathering, mainly the transformation of noncrystalline clay materials to halloysite. One of the four pedons (Brown Forest soil)¹had the clay fraction dominated by halloysite from the uppermost horizon down to the bottom of the profile and satisfied both andic and mollic requirements. Thus we concluded that the pedon is a transitional soil between Andisols and Mollisols and that the transition is closely related to the duration of surface weathering under relatively weak leaching conditions. The four pedons were classified according to the Andisol Proposal (Leamy et al. 1988, New Zealand Soil Bureau) as follows:

Pedon 1: Medial, amorphic (allophane/imogolite), frigid Typic Hapludand (Brown Andosol).¹ Pedon 2: Medial, amorphic (allophane/imogolite), frigid Typic Melanudand (Cumulic Andosol).¹ Pedon 3: Medial, amorphic (allophane/ imogolite), over kandic, frigid Typic Melanudand (Acid Brown Forest soil).¹ Pedon 4: Medial, kandic, frigid Typic Hapludand (Brown Forest soil).¹     

Clay Dispersion of Hardsetting Inceptisols in Southeastern Nigeria as Influenced by Soil Components

Abstract

Hardsetting soil properties are undesirable in agricultural soils because they hamper moisture movement and soil aeration. The soils of the floodplain of Niger River in eastern Nigeria hardsets upon drying, following dispersion, puddling, and slaking during the waterlogged period. Ten soil samples collected from a depth of 0–20 cm were analyzed for their properties. The soils are classified as Fluvaquentic Eutropepts or Dystric Gleysol (FAO). The objective was to investigate the influence of some soil properties on water‐dispersible clay (WDC) of the soils, which is the precursor of the hardsetting process. The total clay content (TC) correlated significantly with WDC (r=0.94??), whereas the water‐dispersible silt (WDSi) was higher than its corresponding total silt content. The WDC showed a positive correlation with dithionite extractable Fe (Fed), Al (Ald), and oxalate extractable Fe (Feo) (r=0.75?, 0.89??, and 0.76? respectively). Exchangeable Mg²⁺ correlated significantly with WDSi (r=0.70). Principal component analysis of the soil variables indicates that 15 soil components, which influence WDC as hardsetting properties, were reduced to 5 orthogonal components. The parameters that influence hardsetting properties are exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fed, Alo, and Feo. Other soil properties are kaolinite, smectite, illite, and WDC, including soil organic carbon (OC), electrical conductivity (EC), and ESP. Therefore, those soil properties, which explain hardsetting characteristics most, are exchangeable Na⁺, Fed, OC, Mg²⁺, and Alo. There are negative consequences on the erodibility, runoff, infiltration and tillage of the soils at both submerged and dry conditions due to clay dispersion, low OC, and hardsetting behavior of the soil.     

Types of Crystalline Iron Oxides and Phosphate Adsorption in Variable Charge Soils

The types,contents and morphologies of crystalline Fe oxides and their relations to phosphate adsorption on the clay fractions in soils with varable charge in southern China were investigated by means of XRD,TEM,EMA and chemical analysis methods.Results indicated that the types and contents of crystalline Fe oxides varied with the soils examined.The dominant crystaline Fe oxide was hematite in the latosols and goethites in the red soils.In yellow-brown soils,the only crystalline Fe oxide was goethite.The difference between Ald and Alo came mainly from the Al Substituting for Fe in the Fe oxides.The crystal morphology of goethite appeared mainly as subrounded flat or iso-dimensional rather than acicular particles,Hematities occurred in plates of various thickness,Their MCDa/MCDc ratios in the latosols and red soils were generally above 1.5 and below 1.5,respectively.The MCD values of goethites and hematites were 15-25nm and 20-35nm,and their specific surface areas were 80-120m^2/g and 35-75m^2/g,respectively.The goethite crystals were generally smaller,Variations of the total amounts of crystalline Fe oxides in clay fractions were not related to plhophats adsorption.The types,contents and morphologies of crystalline Fe oxides in the soils remarkably affected phosphate adsorption characteristics of the soils.The phosphate adsorption of goethite was much greater than that of hematite,The higher th MCDa/MCDc ratio of hematite,the lower the phosphate adsorption.     

Forms and buffering potential of aluminum in tropical and subtropical acid soils cultivated with Pinus taeda L

Purpose

Several interactions between Al and the solid phase of soil influence Al buffering in soil solution. This work evaluated soils cultivated with Pinus taeda L. to determine Al forms in organic and mineral horizons using various extraction methods and to relate acidity with clay mineralogy.

Materials and methods

Organic and mineral horizons of 10 soil profiles (up to 2.1 m deep) in southern Brazil were sampled. Organic horizons were separated into fresh, aged, and fermented/humified litter. The following Al extraction methods were utilized: 0.5 mol L^?1 pH 2.8 CuCl₂–Al complexed in organic matter; 1.0 mol L^?1 KCl–exchangeable Al; water–Al soluble in soil solution; HF concentrated?+?HNO₃ concentrated?+?H₂O₂ 30% (v/v)–total Al. Six sequential extractions were carried out to isolate different forms of amorphous minerals that can buffer Al on soil solution: 0.05 and 0.1 mol L^?1 sodium pyrophosphate; 0.1 and 0.2 mol L^?1 ammonium oxalate; 0.25 and 0.5 mol L^?1 NaOH. Samples of clay were also analyzed by XRD.

Results and discussion

There was a clear effect of litter age on increasing total Al concentration. In the aged litter and fermented and/or humified litter, levels of total Al were 1.4 to 3.8 and 1.5 to 7.8 times greater than in fresh litter, respectively. The CuCl₂ method had higher Al extraction capacity than the KCl method for litter. The lowest Al–pyrophosphate values were observed in the Oxisol, which also had a predominance of gibbsite and the lowest levels of Al–KCl and Al–CuCl₂. There was an inverse relationship between degree of soil weathering and soluble and exchangeable Al in soils. Available Al increased with higher Si proportion in minerals of the clay fraction (2:1?>?1:1?>?0:1).

Conclusions

The worst scenario was soils with the combination of high soluble and exchangeable Al levels and high concentrations of amorphous forms of Al minerals. The best predictors of Al accumulation in the youngest litter horizon were extractions of amorphous minerals with pyrophosphate and NaOH. These extractors are normally used to predict the level of Al buffering in soils. Organic matter had less influence on Al dynamics in soils.

     

Assessment of phosphate solubility in forest and highly fertilized Andisols and Andic soils

Abstract

Phosphate solubility in Andisols and Andic soils (forest and fertilized) has been studied in soil solutions at two soil:solution ratios (1:2.5 and 1:25). Forest soils approached the variscite solubility (pIAP=30.4±0.3) while fertilized soils were closer to the amosphous analog of variscite (pIAP= 29.8±0.2). In some samples, phosphorus (P) activities were consistent with simultaneous equilibrium between aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) phosphates. The dilution ratio, DR=10(P)_1:25/(P)_l:25, was 10.0±0.4 for all samples. This suggests a dissolution of phosphate minerals attaining apparent saturation in 24 h. However, the high content of dissolved organic carbon and Al in aqueous extracts also pointed to the existence of soluble ternary complexes of P with Al(Fe)‐humus complexes. These results could be consistent with simultaneous control between the dissolution of variscite‐like minerals and humus‐Al(Fe)‐P associations. Nevertheless, DR seems a valuable criterion to assess soil P status, especially in fertilized soils with high active Al and Fe contents.     

Total and carboxyl acidity and methoxyl groups of humic acid preparations of chernozemic soils

Abstract

Alkaline‐soluble, acid‐precipitable organic matter from the Ah and Bm horizons of Chernozemic soils developed on four parent materials in each of three soil zones was analyzed for total and carboxyl acidity, and methoxyl groups. The values are expressed as meq/g dry ash‐free organic matter.

Total acidity generally was higher in the Black Chernozems than in the Brown Chernozems and higher in the Bm horizon than in the Ah horizon. The distribution of carboxyl acidity between the Ah and companion Bm horizons of individual soils appeared to be related to texture and rainfall.

The. methoxyl group content of the Brown Chernozems was larger than that of the .Dark Brown Chernozems, which in turn had a larger methoxyl group content than that of the Black Chernozems. It was concluded that the organic matter in the Ah horizons of the Brown Chernozems was not as humified as that of the Black Chernozems. The pH value and a minimum clay content are possible determining factors as to the amounts of methoxyl carbon present.     

Upper critical level of copper to alfalfa,in ten Chilean soils

A pot-experiment to determine the Cu upper critical level (UCL) in some representative Chilean soils using alfalfa plants as indicators was carried out at La Platina Experimental Station from 1988 to 1989. Those soils having an abundant clay fraction dominated by 2:1 minerals and/or high organic matter contents retained Cu very strongly showing low Cu toxicity and high Cu-UCL. Reversely, those soils having few clay minerals or abundant ones dominated by 1:1 minerals and/or low organic matter contents showed weak Cu retention giving pronounced toxic effects reflected by low Cu-UCL values. Growth depletion was related to increased Cu content in the aerial biomass reflecting an additional Cu uptake by roots and its translocation into the aerial part of the plants; normal plants were associated to normal Cu contents in tissues.

     

Evaluation of the BCR sequential extraction for trace elements in European reference volcanic soils

Trace metal behaviour in volcanic ash soils displays distinctive features related to the soils’ large contents of metal‐binding phases and to the rapid release of trace metals from glasses and weatherable minerals. In this work, the BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction scheme (exchangeable + weak acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and non‐extractable metal fractions) was applied to selected COST‐622 European reference volcanic soils to determine partitioning of zinc and copper between various solid‐phase constituents, along with the major elements Al, Fe and Mn. The total extracted Al (ΣAl) was strongly correlated with acid ammonium oxalate extractable Al (Al_o) (ΣAl = 0.985Al_o+ 0.11, R²= 0.98), while the total extracted Fe clearly underestimated the amorphous fraction. Large values for the non‐extractable Al fraction were associated with the presence of gibbsite and phyllosilicates. Although the Zn and Cu contents of the soils were generally large, total amounts extracted (the potentially mobilizable fraction) were small, especially for Zn and for soils with crystalline secondary minerals. The fraction of the total Cu which was potentially mobilizable generally exceeded that of Zn. In the potentially mobilizable Cu the oxidizable fraction was generally dominant. Biocycling appears to play an important role in the surface enrichment of potentially mobilizable Zn and Mn. Although further methodological research seems necessary, the BCR sequential extraction appears to be a valuable tool for studies on metal dynamics in soils with andic properties.     

Predicting value of diagnostic soil properties on actual and potential cation exchange capacity (CEC) in andisols and andic soils

Abstract

Relationships between charge variation and diagnostic soil properties were studied in Andisols and andic subgroups of Inceptisols and Ultisols. Charge variation was calculated as the difference between “field” or actual cation exchange capacity (CECa), and potential CEC (1M NH₄OAc, pH 7). Methods used to estimate CECa (effective CEC, silver thiourea) were higly correlated. The relative charge variation was greater than 70% in Andisols with very low content of layer silicates. Active Al (Alo) was positively correlated with CEC‐NH₄ and negatively correlated with CECa. This result contributed to the explanation of the negative trend correlation observed between actual and potential CEC. The ratio CECa/Alo showed low values (<8) in Andisols. This parameter was also tested in 25 samples of Andisols described elsewhere. The predicting value of both Alo and CECa for a rough estimation of variable charge seemed apparent from the results obtained.     

Release of Inorganic Phosphorus from Soils by Low‐Molecular‐Weight Organic Acids

Abstract

Low‐molecular‐weight (LMW) organic acids are found in soils. They originate from the activities of various microorganisms in soils or may be exuded from the roots of living plants. Several of those organic acids are capable of forming stable organo‐metal complexes with various metal ions found in soil solutions. As a result, these processes may lead to the release of inorganic phosphorus (P) associated with aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca) in soil minerals. The release of P from soils by LMW organic acids may be important to the P nutrition of plants. Studies on the release of P from soils by a variety of LMW organic acids showed that, in general, the di‐ and tricarboxylic acids were the most effective in releasing P from two Iowa soils, whereas the monocarboxylic, phenolic, and mineral acids released similar amounts of P. Oxalic, malonic, citric, and, in some cases, malic and tartaric acids were the most effective in releasing inorganic P from the two surface soils studied. There was an inverse relationship between the amounts of P released from soils and the pK_a values of the organic acids. The amounts of P released from soils were significantly correlated with the published stability constants for the formation of organic complexes of Al, Fe, or Ca (log K_Al, log K_Fe, or log K_Ca values). In general, the aliphatic acids containing α‐caboxyl and β‐hydroxyl functional groups or phenolic acids containing ortho‐hydroxyl groups were more effective in causing the release of P from soils than similar organic acids having other functional group combinations.     

EGCG溶液浓度与酸碱度对黄壤Al、Fe和Mn形态的影响

植物多酚可通过络合作用改变元素的存在形态。采用双因素完全随机试验设计,通过浸提试验研究表没食子儿茶素没食子酸脂(EGCG)溶液浓度、酸碱度、浓度与酸碱度互作对黄壤可溶态、游离态、无定形态和络合态铝(Al)、铁(Fe)和锰(Mn)的影响。结果表明:EGCG溶液浓度对黄壤可溶态和络合态Al、Fe、Mn及无定形态Al、Fe均产生极显著影响,EGCG溶液酸碱度对黄壤可溶态及无定形态Al、Fe、Mn均产生显著或极显著影响,EGCG溶液浓度与酸碱度对黄壤可溶态Al、Fe、Mn,无定形态和络合态Al也有极显著或显著的互作效应。相关分析结果显示,土壤中3种元素的无定形态氧化物含量与对应的可溶态氧化物含量呈显著或极显著负相关,表明EGCG溶液主要通过改变氧化物形态,特别是无定形态氧化物含量,影响元素活化,进而改变其可溶态含量;Al和Mn的活化会使土壤滤液pH降低,在pH降低幅度较大时,可能导致土壤酸化。本试验一方面为研究酸性茶园土壤酸化的来源提供了方向,另一方面也可为植物Al/Mn毒害的防治提供参考,但在利用植物多酚类物质防治土壤Al/Mn毒害的同时要处理好土壤酸化与治理毒害的关系。     

Al-Spezies im Sickerwasser saurer Waldböden - Einfluß von Wasserbewegung und Löslichkeitsgleichgewichten

Aqueous Aluminum Species in Acidic Forest Soils - Influence of Water Pathways and Solubility Equilibria In the seepage of three typical Black Forest soils (Haplic Podzol, Dystric Cambisol, Dystric Planosol) the fractions ‘Labile-Monomeric Al’, ‘Stabile-Monomeric Al’ and ‘Acid-soluble Al’ were analyzed. Activities of aqueous Al species and saturation indices (SI) with respect to various Al-bearing minerals were calculated from ‘Labile-Monomeric Al’, using the computer program WATEQF. Al-mobilization/immobilization processes were evaluated by means of AI/CI molar ratios. With 1.5 mg/L in average, the Al_total concentrations are relatively low in all studied soils. In the O-horizon leachates, 70 to 80% of aqueous Al occur as ‘Stabile-Monomeric’ and ‘Acid-soluble’ forms mainly consisting of organo-complexes. This portion decreases in the mineral soil to 35% in the podzol and the planosol as well as to 10% in the Cambisol. Simultaneously, Al³⁺ increases to 40% (planosol), 50 (podzol), and 70% (cambisol). In all horizons, 5 to 15% of Al_total are covered by Al-fluoride-complexes, whereas Al-sulfate-complexes are insignificant. With 5 to 10% monomeric Al-OH-ions play a role only in the subsoil. Aluminum is strongly mobilized in the upper mineral horizons of all studied soils. In the planosol and the cambisol, Al is immobilized in the subsoil. In the subsoil of the podzol, in contrast, Al reveals further mobilization due to a distinct internal production of HNO₃ and H₂SO₄ as a consequence of mineralization of organic matter. In the podzol, rapid percolation in macropores is crucial for Al dynamics, whereas in the planosol the temporal variation of the perched water table. Leachates from all O-horizons and upper mineral horizons as well as from the planosol subsoil are undersaturated with respect to the solubility of all mineral phases considered. With SI > O imogolite appears to be a permanently stable mineral in the subsoils of both podzol and cambisol. There is evidence for the Al(OH)₃ interlayer of Al-chlorites controlling Al dynamics in the subsoil of the podzol. Al(OH)SO₄ type minerals are not likely to regulate aqueous Al activities in any of the studied soils.