干旱区典型盐生植物群落下土壤微生物群落特征

在干旱地区,土壤、水分、盐都是相互交织、不可分割,在植物资源和空间呈现出特异性分布的情况下,往往会出现水分、盐分相互影响的土壤环境梯度。土壤、水分、盐的改变,会严重影响干旱区域生态系统结构及功能,而且土壤中存在微生物群落,能够预测生态环境状况。对甘肃干旱区域典型盐生之物群落下土壤微生物群落特征进行研究,发现植物群落的多样性指数与土壤微生物多样性呈现出正比例关系,表明越丰富的植物种类,其土壤中含有的微生物也越丰富。     

湖南乡土耐阴性草本植物多样性调查分析——以宁乡市箭楼村为例

采用群落调查方法,对宁乡市箭楼村4个不同类型样地的自然群落展开调查研究,收集资料并分析样地内的情况。结果表明,样地内共有草本植物112种,分属40科92属。从物种多样性来看,样地总体Simpson优势度指数为0.96,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为3.72,Pielou均匀度指数为0.78。由此可知,样地植物物种分布总体较均匀,样地植物物种多样性较高。研究箭楼村乡村植物群落对建设美丽乡村过程中植物的选择与配置有一定的参考意义。     

福州市金鸡山公园植物多样性研究

对福州市金鸡山公园4个典型植物群落的物种组成和生长状况进行统计调查,应用生态学方法计算分析各群落的丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数等对植物群落景观的影响,得出金鸡山公园植物多样性较低、结构层次单一等结论,并提出相应的发展建议。     

云南省澄江县抚仙湖湿地植物调查研究

通过对澄江县抚仙湖区域范围内的各型湿地植物进行调查,结果表明:(1)抚仙湖区域范围内的湿地植物共88科185属223种,其中蕨类植物5科5属6种,裸子植物7科9属9种,被子植物76科171属208种。(2)科的主要分布区有世界分布区和泛热带分布区,属的区系分布类型是因世界分布、泛热带分布、热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布、热带亚洲和热带大洋洲分布、北温带分布为主,反映出抚仙湖区域湿地植物属的区系具有明显的过渡带。(3)抚仙湖流域湿地范围内主要湿地植被划分为3个植被型组,9个植被型,21个群落,草本植物群落在群落类型中占绝对优势。(4)入侵湿地植物或外来植物较多,其中紫茎泽兰、满江红、鬼针草的危害最为严重,一定程度上影响了湿地植物的多样性。通过调查可以为今后对抚仙湖湿地植物的保护提供基础资料。     

合川巴渝新居庭院植物多样性分析

选择合川具有代表性的巴渝新居,对其庭院植物进行调查与群落多物种多样性分析。结果表明:在被调查的140户庭院中,共栽种161种植物,隶属于70科132属;种子植物的科属分布类型齐全,地理成分复杂多样,科和属的分布都以热带分布为主;对各村木本植物的丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数分析,古圣村多样性指数较高,山林村多样性指数较低;合川巴渝新居庭院植物生活型丰富,乔木与草本植物最多,而灌木与藤本较少。     

紫金山森林公园登山道植物群落特征调查分析

通过对紫金山登山道植物群落现状调查,探究其植物群落结构特征、多样性性特征及其观赏特性,以期为登山步道两侧的森林群落管理和景观质量提升提供科学依据。结果表明:紫金山登山道两侧植物种类有239种,隶属79科171属,其中南京乡土植物占比85.77%,乔、灌层重要值前十的树种均为南京乡土植物或观赏性极强的适生树种。植物组成以落叶树种为主,常绿植物占比较少。植物群落结构以复层结构模式为主,灌乔密度比为1.36,群落结构较为合理,但草本层盖度相对较低。乔、灌层物种丰富度指数Dgl平均数为8.027 0,Shannon-Wiener指数平均数为1.828 0,Pielou均匀度指数平均数为0.406 9。植物群落均匀度较低,植物种类具有集聚分布的特点。登山道两侧观赏植物资源丰富,秋季季相景观明显,但冬季景观相对较为匮乏。登山道两侧可利用不同路段植物的差异性营造特色景观,增加观赏性较强的常绿树种、灌木类香花植物及观赏草本植物在登山道两侧的应用,提高草本层覆盖率,丰富登山道植物种类和四季景观,提升植物群落的多样性和稳定性。     

居住区绿地植物群落结构调查与生态效益评价——以浙江临安市为例

通过对临安市3个新建居住区绿地植物群落多样性现状的调查,分析样地内植物的组成、群落的层次结构特征、生物多样性,以及居住区园林植物群落多样性存在的问题,得出结论:从群落的多样性角度来看,Simpson指数:林水山居>春天小区>筑境小区,林水山居的植物种类最为丰富,乔灌草的搭配也比较合理。从生态效益评价来看,负离子浓度是评价空气质量的重要指标,所测数据表明,在外界影响因素相同的情况下,湿度越高,空气负离子浓度越大,生态效益也相对较好,负离子浓度春季要高于冬季,整体上春天小区>林水山居>筑境小区,3个居住区的空气清洁程度都为清洁。根据对临安居住区绿地植物群落结构的调查结果,提出群落优化改造建议。     

菏泽市城市绿地植物多样性保护规划研究

选取菏泽市中心城区具有代表性的公园绿地、附属绿地和防护绿地,应用物种丰富度指数(S)、多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)、优势度指数(Simpson指数)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)对不同绿地植物群落进行研究分析,并对菏泽市其它绿地植物多样性进行实地调查研究。结果表明:菏泽市城市绿地建设中应以塑造"平原森林城市"为目标,注重应用乡土树种和模拟自然群落,研究并总结出典型植物群落的树种配置和城市绿地植物配置比例,提出树立大城市观念,建立城乡连续的植物多样性保护体系。     

沈阳蒲河大道典型植物群落调查与多样性分析

基于对沈阳市蒲河大道典型植物群落的调查,从α多样性指数角度出发,计算各典型植物群落丰富度指数S、辛普森(Simpson)指数、香农-威纳(Shannon-Wiener)指数、均匀度指数(Pielou),并运用综合评价指数K值对典型群落进行比较分析,得出银杏-紫丁香群落多样性最高,五角枫-小桃红群落最低。根据分析结果,给出多样性较差群落的优化建议。     

合肥市公园绿地植物多样性研究

采用样方法，调查了合肥市35个公园142个样方，从植物种类构成、物种来源、植物丰富度、多样性等方面对公园绿地植物群落进行了比较分析。结果显示，合肥市公园绿地共有植物84科173属224种，其中裸子植物14种，被子植物210种。表明合肥市公园绿地植物种类较为丰富，乔灌草搭配合理，植物层次类型多样，群落较稳定，景观季相变化显著；但不同公园差异较大，草本植物应用较为单一；在植物景观配置中使用了较多的外来植物，缺乏对乡土植物的应用。     

Spatial patterns and drivers of plant diversity in the tropical city of Sanya,China

Drivers of patterns in plant diversity remain poorly understood in tropical cities. Therefore, we investigated diversity within the tropical city of Sanya in Hainan Province of southern China by sampling one to three plots within 154 urban functional units (UFUs) based on six primary and 18 secondary UFUs. To measure diversity, we determined the number of vascular plants (species richness; SR) within each functional unit based on vegetation plots. We computed Faith's phylogenetic diversity (PD_Faith) using a large megatree of plant life. To assess the potential drivers of SR and PD_Faith, we performed multiple regressions using socioeconomic, biophysical, and vegetation management variables. The results showed significant differences in SR and PD_Faith among the six primary UFUs. PD_Faith of cultivated species was significantly higher than PD_Faith of spontaneous species in all UFUs except in the wasteland area. Management measures were better predictors of SR and PD_Faith than socioeconomic variables. The best predictor of SR and PD_Faith of spontaneous species was the management of the urban green space. Our results provide clear guidelines for improved management strategies in Sanya, especially by showing how spontaneous and/or cultivated plant diversity can be encouraged depending on environmental, ecological, and cultural needs. Our work also adds to the presently scarce literature on drivers of urban plant diversity in tropical cities worldwide.     

Evaluation and Exploration of Lactic Acid Bacteria for Preservation and Extending the Shelf Life of Fruit

ABSTRACT

The bio-preservation of fruits using bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria (BLAB) isolated directly from cow dung and curd was an innovative approach. The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify Bacteriocin producing LAB from various curd and cow dung samples, evaluate their antimicrobial effects of BLAB against selected fruits spoiling and pathogenic microorganisms in vitro. LAB was isolated using MRS media. The well-diffusion bioassay was used to screen for Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substance (BLIS) producing LAB Salimicrobium Bacillus, Paenibacillus and Lactobacillus. BLIS producing LAB were tested against 25 fruit flora of selected fruits. These LABs were also tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Serritia spp, Xanthomonas campestris, and also against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nigar, Fusarium, Alternaria, Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the diffusion bioassay plate method. The antagonistic activity was also studied against pathogenic fruit flora which has been isolated from fruits. These BLISs showed a wide range of antibacterial activity against tested, fruit-spoilage and fruit-borne pathogens and able to extend the shelf life of fruits. Bacteriocinogenic LAB present in curd and cow dung may have potential to be used as bio-preservatives of tested fruits.     

黑龙江五大连池风景区主要植被类型特征

在野外实地调查的基础上,利用典型样地取样法,对五大连池风景区植被进行了研究,共计维管束植物103科316属560种(含变种)。其中,种子植物94科305属542种(含变种)。种子植物属的分布区类型以北温带成分为主体,温带分布230属,占本区系总属数75.41%,表明该区植物分布具有明显的温带性质。结合实地情况,其主要植被类型可划分为7个植被型组,9类植被型,31个群系,群落类型复杂多样。     

壮瑶药水罗伞种子萌发特性及播种育苗研究

在不同温度、光照、贮藏条件、浸种处理下研究水罗伞种子的发芽特性,比较3种不同基质下的种苗生长发育情况。结果表明:光照条件对水罗伞种子萌发的影响不明显,当温度在15/25℃及25℃时种子具有较高的发芽率,浸种24h发芽率最高可达到96.7%,室温下贮藏60d后种子发芽率明显下降。3种不同播种基质间种子发芽率没有明显差异。随着苗木的生长,播种180d后调查显示,以疏松而富有营养的泥炭土条件下其根长、根重、全株重值均最大,苗木生长最好。     

炭基肥连续两年施用对土壤质量的影响

以玉米为试材,基于等养分供给,设置化肥(T1)、炭基肥(T2)、炭基肥化肥配施(T3)、缓释肥(T4)、有机肥化肥配施(T5)5个处理,以不施肥为对照(CK)。通过2年田间定位试验,研究不同施肥措施对土壤团聚体形成、土壤化学性状及酶活性的影响,以期为土壤结构性状改良和农业面源污染防控提供参考依据。结果表明:相比化肥,炭基肥化肥配施可显著增加土壤0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层水稳性大团聚体含量(WSA>0.25 mm)75.7%和64.4%;显著提高0~20 cm土层土壤有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量;显著提高0~20 cm土层土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌数量;显著提高土壤磷酸酶活性18.6%、过氧化氢酶活性5.3%、脲酶活性59.4%,土壤酶活性显著增强,具有和有机肥化肥配施相同的效果。综上所述,炭基肥化肥配合施用具有显著改善灰钙土物理、生物学性状,提高土壤质量的作用。     

Spatiotemporal distribution of floral resources in a Brazilian city: Implications for the maintenance of pollinators,especially bees

Cities provide resources for the animals that live in them or their surroundings. There has been an increase in the number of ecological studies in urban areas, including interactions between plants and bees. Bees are pollinators that provide a vital ecosystem service to crops and wild plants. We assessed plant community structure in the campus of Universidade de São Paulo in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, included in the neotropical Atlantic Forest biome, focusing on floristic composition, pollination syndromes, flowering phenology, and spatiotemporal distribution of floral resources for bees. Currently, the city is surrounded by sugar cane plantations. Once a month, from April 2011 to March 2012, we sampled plant species and individuals in bloom in an area with 500 m radius from the bee-rearing facilities of Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), totaling 78 hectares. We sampled 289 plant species of 73 families; Leguminosae was the richest family. Plants pollinated by bees predominated (67%), followed by plants pollinated by hummingbirds (18%). Melittophilous species flowered throughout the year and, hence, food availability for bees was continuous. The flowering of plant individuals that provided pollen, nectar, and floral oil was seasonal in all vegetation (except for nectar in shrubs), with peaks in resource availability in the transition from the dry to the rainy season, and also in the rainy season. Our results show that the campus is able to maintain bee populations amid a monoculture matrix, acting as a refuge. In addition, it provides a list of several attractive native plants to different pollinator groups, coupled with a phenogram, that can be used in the design and planning of urban areas.     

Transcriptome characterization of intestinal microbial flora in different pregnant women using Illumina sequencing

AIM: To investigate the characteristics of the intestinal microbial flora in the pregnant women with congenital heart disease fetus (PW group) and normal pregnant women (NW group).METHODS: Stool samples were collected from 15 NW and 17 PW cases. The bacterial genomic DNA was extracted. The 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR, and the second generation of Illumina sequencing was conducted.RESULTS: We obtained 2 696 276 (NW group) and 2 445 530 (PW group) optimized sequences. The coverage was greater than 97%. We obtained 77 243 operational taxono-mic units (OTUs) in NW group and 75 600 OTUs in PW group after a 97% similarity merge. In NW group, the Chao 1 index and the Shannon index were greater than those in PW group. The diversity analysis of microbial population indicated that they were mainly composed of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. In family, the Bifidobacteriaceae and Coriobacteriaceae were significantly different through analysis of variance.CONCLUSION: The Bifidobacteriaceae and Coriobacteriaceae may play an important role in the occurrence of congenital heart disease.     

毫芍药材适宜产区区划研究

采用中药材产地适宜性分析地理信息系(TCMGIS-I),以安徽亳州亳芍种植基地为分析基点,选取温度、海拔、土壤、降水量等影响亳芍生长发育的关键生态因子,对亳芍在中国的生态适宜性及其道地产区安徽省的生态适宜性进行了分析。结果表明:中国亳芍适宜产区面积很大,14个省份均可生长,相似度为90%～100%时亳芍在全国8个省市的适宜区分布面积理论值可达111 410km~2,以山东和河南2个省分布范围最大,面积可达到20000km~2以上,其次是河北、辽宁和江苏等省。相似度为90%～100%时河南省内亳芍的适宜区域集中在永城、虞城和开封等县。     

Is the relative abundance of nonnative species an integrated measure of anthropogenic disturbance?

The hypothesis that the percentage of nonnative plant species inhabiting a landscape might be used as an integrated measure of anthropogenic disturbance was explored in 26 diverse landscape parcels in Rhode Island. Nine correlates of anthropogenic disturbance within, and immediately adjacent to the refuges were compared to two refuge-specific indices of relative nonnative vascular plant species abundance. The percentage of the total vascular flora of each refuge that was nonnative was the Nonnative Index for each refuge. The percentage of all nonnative species in the 26 refuges combined that occurred in a given refuge was the Regional Nonnative Index for each refuge (nonnative species in each refuge divided by the nonnative species in all 26 refuges, times 100). The latter index measured how successful species from the finite pool of nonnative species present in the region were at invading and colonizing a refuge. Of the 869 vascular plant species in all 26 refuges, 28% were nonnative. The percentage of the vascular flora that was nonnative in each refuge varied from 2 to 50%. Few comparisons between correlates of anthropogenic disturbance and Nonnative Indices were statistically significant, yet two of the nine correlates of anthropogenic disturbance were highly related to Regional Nonnative Indices. Collectively, the correlates of anthropogenic disturbance accounted for 39% of the variance in the Regional Nonnative Index for all species combined, and 56% of the variance in the Regional Nonnative Index for tree species alone. The Regional Nonnative Index was also highly related to the richness of native plant species. The hypothesis that the nonnative vascular plant diversity of a landscape can be used as a surrogate for the integrated effects of anthropogenic disturbance was generally rejected by the analysis of our Nonnative Index, and supported by the analysis of our Regional Nonnative Index.     

三裂叶海棠分类地位的研究

 根据三裂叶海棠分类研究的新进展, 采用系统发生􀀂 植物地理学的理论和方法,探明三裂叶海棠与苹果属的原始种( 老挝林檎) 是同源区系解体后独立演化的, 是其亲缘关系极为密切的近缘属植物, 起源于白垩纪, 命名为独模属。