分子标记辅助选育甘蓝型黄籽波里马恢复系

将分子标记辅助选择(MAS)和一个略作修改的轮回选择育种计划结合起来,目的将来自一个春性、稳定和纯黄DH品系No.2127-17的黄籽基因转育到一个半冬性的波里马恢复系恢5148-2中,以选育黄籽波里马恢复系.在本育种计划中,首先应用142条RAPD引物扫描12个优良的黄籽DH系,获得2个与恢5148-2背景恢复率最高的DH系.此后应用显性SCAR标记SCS1130和共显性标记SCA1分别分析BC1F1和BC2F1分离群体,选择黄籽的单株.为了更快的将所选单株的遗传背景恢复到恢5148-2,在BC1F1和BC2F1分离群体中分别应用88条RAPD和60对AFLP引物进行遗传背景分析,为了节约成本和简化分析,应用两步法进行此分析,逐步缩小分析群体样本,每次选择与恢5148-2遗传距离最小的3个单株作进一步的分析.最终,经共显性标记SCA1分析,从9个纯合黄籽单株中选择5株优良的恢复系作下一步分析,背景分析表明它们与恢5148-2的遗传距离小,为0.0157～0.036 4,遗传背景得到较好的恢复.     

水稻粳型亲籼系的分子标记辅助育种

分子标记辅助聚合育种是累加有利基因的有效手段。培育粳型亲籼系是有效克服水稻籼粳亚种间杂种不育性，从而利用水稻亚种间杂种优势的重要途径之一。本研究利用以PCR为基础的分子标记进行辅助选择，对不同粳型亲籼系中不同分化度的特异亲和基因进行了聚合，并将4个抗白叶枯病基因和来源于IR24的两个恢复基因导入粳型亲籼系中。主要结果如下：1、以粳型亲籼系G2417-2-1和粳型广亲和系G2605为亲本构建分离群体，利用本研究筛选的与S-b，S-c,S-d三个F1花粉不育基因座位紧密连锁的PCR标记进行辅助选择。在F2共选择到特异亲籼聚合植株6株，它们分别是58号，93号，94号，115号，139号，200号；广亲和聚合植株4株，它们分别是11号，14号，121号，177号。2、对当选聚合系的亲籼性和亲粳性综合分析表明：各个特异亲籼聚合系的亲粳性之间及各个广亲和聚合系的亲籼性之间都有显著差异。特异亲籼聚合系的平均亲籼性和平均亲粳性与亲本G2417-2-1相比都没有显著差异。广亲和聚合系的平均亲籼性高于亲本G2605，平均亲粳性显著低于亲本G2605。这些聚合系的亲和性与其MAS基因型相一致。3、利用四类粳型亲籼系与携带有2个恢复基因和4个抗白叶枯病基因的品系构建回交群体，应用本研究筛选的以PCR为基础的分子标记进行辅助选择。在BC1F1共选择到2个恢复基因和4个抗白叶枯病基因全杂合的植株19个，其中以IC31为受体的5株，以IC32为受体的11株，以IC33为受体的2株，以IC34为受体的1株。4、当选的19个单株自交繁殖BC1F2，利用与目标基因紧密连锁的单一分子标记进行MAS。共选择到各类可供进一步利用的材料393株，其中携带有两个纯合恢复基因的植株158株，同时携带有两个纯合恢复基因和两个纯合显性抗白叶枯病基因的植株40株。5、从上述158个植株中选出两个显性抗性基因均纯合或者任意三个抗性基因均纯合的植株共45株，通过标记加密进一步验证其基因型。结果表明，在Rf3，Rf4，Xa4，Xa21，xa5和xa13等六个基因座位上均带有纯合基因型的植株有3株。本研究通过粳型亲籼系不同分化度的特异亲和基因的聚合获得了新粳型亲籼系；通过聚合恢复基因和抗白叶枯病基因到粳型亲籼系中，使粳型亲籼系不仅能解决亚种间杂种不育性，用于两系杂交稻育种，而且由于具有抗白叶枯病基因，可以改善其对白叶枯病的抗性；由于有恢复基因而具有恢复能力，从而可以实现籼粳亚种间的三系配套。     

花药培养快速培育聚合抗3种水稻病害基因的新种质研究

为培育抗水稻白叶枯病、稻瘟病、条纹叶枯病3种病害的品种,保证水稻的稳产高产,利用花药培养与常规育种技术、分子标记辅助选择技术相结合,进行聚合抗3种病害的新种质研究。结果表明,用含有抗白叶枯病Xa23基因的BG152和含有抗稻瘟病Pi-1基因的R118分别与含抗条纹叶枯病Stvb-i基因的花育409进行有性杂交,共获得聚合双抗抗病基因的F0种子分别为180,105粒;鉴别真杂种后彼此再杂交,获得复交F0种子1 398粒。利用分子标记辅助选择技术,筛选出聚合抗3种病基因的杂合型单株52株,从中选择田间无病害的进行花药培养,经H0自然加倍,获得双倍体花培植株378株。经PCR检测,筛选出聚合3种抗病基因的花培H1株系14个;对其H2植株进行重复PCR与抗病鉴定,获得聚合3种抗病基因的花培材料所含的抗病基因能稳定遗传,抗病性鉴定有10份均表现为抗(R),且高效表达抗病。最后对水稻花药培养中存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了相应防治措施。     

MAS育种改良籼稻恢复系R747及其杂交种稻瘟病抗性

为了改良籼稻恢复系R747及其杂交种的稻瘟病抗性,以携带广谱抗稻瘟病基因Pi9的籼稻品系75-1-127为供体亲本,以R747为受体及轮回亲本,利用Pi9基因内功能标记,开展分子标记辅助选择育种实践。获得了如下主要结果:室内接种试验表明,75-1-127与R747对来自国内外不同稻区的24份稻瘟菌菌株的抗菌谱差异显著,抗性频率分别为91.7%和41.7%,两亲本在田间自然病圃苗瘟抗性表现分别为高抗和高感;根据Pi9基因序列信息开发了一个共显性多态标记SPL-1,该标记在75-1-127和R747基因组中分别扩增出一条745 bp和一条850 bp的条带,标记基因型对稻瘟病抗感表型的选择效率为100%;从BC6F3株系中遴选出一个高抗苗瘟的改良恢复系R747-Pi9,并用它与不育系培矮64S、P88S和桃1A分别配制出高抗稻瘟病的杂交种;利用分布于水稻全基因组不同位点的220个SSR标记,分析了改良抗病恢复系R747-Pi9与受体亲本R747的遗传背景差异,结果表明R747-Pi9对R747的背景回复率为0.94。本研究通过分子标记辅助选择和连续回交育种,成功定向改良了恢复系R747及其杂交种的稻瘟病抗性。     

甘蓝型油菜桔红花色基因Bnpc2紧密连锁标记的开发及其应用

培育出带有标记性状的甘蓝型油菜桔红花色恢复系,在杂交种制种过程中可以起到指示作用来去除恢复系杂株,从而提高杂交种纯度和产量。开发与甘蓝型油菜桔红花色基因紧密连锁的分子标记,有利于快速培育出甘蓝型油菜桔红花色恢复系。前期研究表明,甘蓝型油菜桔红花色性状受Bnpc1和Bnpc2两对隐性核基因控制,并将Bnpc1定位到151 kb的区间范围内。本研究以BC3分离群体(即与轮回亲本回交三代且经过等位性检验仅在Bnpc2位点处发生分离的群体)为材料,利用AFLP和SSR标记技术对基因Bnpc2进行了基因定位,获得18个与Bnpc2紧密连锁的分子标记,其中两侧最近的标记分别为4个共分离的SSR标记(BnA09-19, BnA09-22, BnA09-24, BnA09-25)和P11/MC02,它们与目的基因的遗传距离分别为0.12和1.74 cM,标记间的遗传距离为1.86 c M,因而甘蓝型油菜桔红花色基因Bnpc2被锁定在1.86 cM的区间范围内。同时,筛选得到1个与基因Bnpc2紧密连锁的共显性标记BnA09-22。利用与基因Bnpc1和Bnpc2紧密连锁的共显性标记进行分子标记辅助育种,选育出1个甘蓝型油菜桔红花色恢复品系4750R,并进行了三系配套,审定了甘蓝型油菜杂交种‘青杂15号’。     

利用分子标记辅助选择聚合水稻基因Xa21和Pi9(t)

通过有性杂交和田间多代选育，利用分子标记辅助选择和田间／温室抗性鉴定，将广谱高抗白叶枯病的Xa21，基因和高抗稻瘟病的Pi9(t)基因聚合到同一品系中，获得双基因纯合且农艺性状稳定的株系。用中国7个和安徽省流行白叶枯病病菌以及多个稻瘟病小种进行抗病性鉴定，结果表明：双抗基因系同时抗白叶枯病和稻瘟病，抗性级别为HR-R，抗谱与供体亲本一致，抗性水平基本相当。室内考种结果显示：双抗基因系间株高变异较大；单株有效穗比两亲本弱；结实率和千粒重明显优于Xa21，基因的供体M12，与Pi9(t)基因的供体亲本75-1-127相当。     

辣椒CMS恢复基因的遗传分析及基因定位

本研究以辣椒胞质雄性不育系131BC5A与恢复系139D-21-3为亲本,构建了包含210个单株的F2群体,采用CAPS、SSR及SCAR等分子标记技术,对辣椒胞质雄性不育恢复基因进行遗传分析和基因定位研究。田间调查和遗传分析结果表明,F2群体的表现型中可育与不育的分离比为3:1。采用分离群体分组分析法(BSA),从F2可育群体和不育群体中各随机选取10株,构建可育和不育基因池。研究选用295对引物在亲本间进行多态性筛选,其中43对引物在亲本间表现出多态。通过进一步分析43对引物在基因池间的多态性,筛选出Rf基因连锁标记14个。然后对F2群体的210个单株进行连锁分析,最后将恢复基因定位在SSR标记pep43和pep20之间,约3.9 c M(或498.6 kb)的区间内,与两个标记的遗传距离分别为1.3 c M与2.6 c M。本研究为Rf基因的精细定位和克隆奠定了良好基础,也为辣椒雄性不育恢复系的分子标记辅助选择育种提供了理论参考。     

利用Wx基因分子标记辅助选择技术培育中等直链淀粉含量的恢复系

为培育中等直链淀粉含量的水稻恢复系,以HC086为供体亲本(其Wx基因来自美国水稻品种Francis),以优良的水稻恢复系R898、R476、R838、R6547为受体亲本,利用PCR-AccI分子标记检测技术在回交世代进行辅助选择,将供体材料控制直链淀粉的Wx基因导入到不同恢复系中。对后代株系的基因型及其直链淀粉含量的分析结果表明,直链淀粉含量普遍有了显著提高,受体亲本的直链淀粉含量由10.6-14.4%提高到了18.0-21.4%。改良株系与广占63S和Y58S的配组实验表明,F1代杂交种的直链淀粉含量较原组合有显著提高,并达到适中直链淀粉含量水平,且主要农艺性状没有发生显著改变。说明分子标记辅助选择是改良水稻品种直链淀粉含量的快速有效的方法。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉抗虫性遗传研究

以转 Bt基因抗虫棉 R55为材料 ,利用ELISA( Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)检测方法 ,通过对不同亲本与抗虫亲本 R55杂交F1～ F5、BC1、BC2 世代材料 Bt晶体杀虫蛋白的定性、定量测定 ,结合大田自然感虫条件下的抗棉铃虫鉴定 ,研究了转 Bt基因抗虫棉 Bt基因的遗传规律。结果表明 :F1均表现阳性 ,F2 阳、阴性株符合 3∶ 1的分离比例 ,回交 BC1阳、阴性株呈现 1∶ 1的分离比例 ,说明 Bt基因的遗传基本符合显性主基因遗传规律。但 Bt基因的遗传又有其特殊性 ,表现在亲本的遗传背景对 Bt基因的表达有着较大影响 ,不同亲本与抗虫亲本杂交 F1代 Bt晶体蛋白的表达量存在较大差异 ;杂交方式对 Bt基因的表达亦有一定影响 ;不加选择的连续回交 ,有可能使 Bt基因“丢失”。未发现 Bt基因的表达随世代的递增、农艺和经济性状的改进而降低的趋势 ,Bt基因可以稳定遗传     

分子标记辅助选择Xa23基因改良杂交稻亲本的白叶枯病抗性

白叶枯病是世界上影响水稻产量最严重的病害之一,本研究利用携有目前已知的、抗谱最广和抗性最强的显性基因Xa23的水稻材料CBB23作为基因供体,以感白叶枯病的杂交水稻的3个骨干亲本培矮64S、明恢86和C418作为受体,采用杂交和复交,在分离群体中利用与Xa23紧密连锁的SSR标记RM206进行分子标记辅助选择。通过分子标记检测、田间抗性鉴定和农艺性状选择,BC3F3株系中获得Xa23基因纯合且农艺性状稳定的培矮64S、明恢86和C418。获得的恢复系或不育系及配制的杂交组合在田间对我国7个以及菲律宾P1和P6白叶枯病生理小种都具有抗性。     

Identification of the Rf gene conferring fertility restoration of the CMS Dian-type 1 in rice by using simple sequence repeat markers and advanced inbred lines of restorer and maintainer

Cytoplasmic male sterility of Dian‐type 1 (CMS‐D1) was developed 30 years ago in Yunnan. A major gene conferring fertility restoration for the CMS‐D1 system was detected by microsatellite markers in advanced inbred lines consisting of 196 maintainers and 62 restorers developed in breeding programmes of hybrid rice involving the CMS‐D1 system. The gene was mapped between two simple sequence repeat markers, OSR33 and RM228, on chromosome 10, and was temporarily designated as Rf‐D1(t). The genetic distances of the gene to the two microsatellite markers were 3.4 and 5.0 cM, respectively. This linkage was confirmed by using an F2 population derived from a cross between a CMS‐D1 line and a restorer. This study also demonstrated that using OSR33 was reliable and efficient for identification of restoring lines in hybrid rice breeding with the CMS‐D1 system.     

水稻优良恢复系明恢63两个恢复基因恢复力的单独评价

野败型细胞质雄性不育系统是选配杂交稻组合广泛应用的主要不育细胞质资源，野败型细胞质雄性不育的育性恢复能力由两个恢复基因控制。以前的研究表明，明恢63具有2个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(μ)，分别位于第1和第10染色体上。为了分别准确估计这两个恢复基因的遗传效应，根据分子标记基因型，从珍汕97／明恢63衍生的241个F9重组自交系群体中选择两个自交系R124和R1183，它们分别含有单个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(M)，将R124和R1183与珍汕97A杂交，分别得到F1A和F1B，再自交得到F2A和F2B。在武汉和海南分别考察F1的育性，F1A的自然结实率海南和武汉分别为53．4％和60．2％，F1B的自然结实率海南和武汉分别为70．5％和75．7％。而珍汕97A／明恢63的杂种汕优63结实率为81．4％。F2A和F2B群体育性分离均符合1个主基因1：3的孟德尔期望分离比，表明，R124和R1183分别只含有一个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(M)。Rf(M)的效应较大，恢复力强，它单独几乎可以使育性恢复正常。利用标记辅助选择方法，转移两个恢复基因可以快速选育优良恢复系。     

水稻胞质不育的恢复基因分析

以结实率为育性指标，研究了粳稻恢复系Ｃ５７和ＺＨ１５７对ＢＴ型、ＷＡ型胞质雄性不育恢复性的遗传。Ｃ５７和ＺＨ１５７分别有恢复ＢＴ型雄性不育的一对显性和一对不完全显性的恢复基因Ｒｆ１ＲＦ１和Ｒｆ２Ｒｆ２；对ＷＡ型雄性不育，Ｃ５７和ＺＨ１５７则分别具有一对不完全显性恢复基因Ｒｆ４Ｒｆ４和一对显性恢复基因Ｒｆ３Ｒｆ３，等位性测验证明，Ｒｆ１与Ｒｆ２、Ｒｆ３与Ｒｆ４是独立遗传的。Ｃ５７的Ｒｆ１与恢复系台中     

Pyramiding of insect- and disease-resistance genes into an elite indica, cytoplasm male sterile restorer line of rice,'Minghui 63'

The wild‐rice‐derived dominant gene Xa21 conferring multi‐race resistance to bacterial blight and a fused Bt gene cry1Ab/cry1Ac conferring resistance to lepidopteran insects were individually introduced into the same genetic background of an elite indica cytoplasm male sterile (CMS) restorer line ‘Minghui 63′. The line showed the desirable insect‐ and disease‐resistant phenotypes. To maximize the effect, the two genes were also pyramided into the same recipient plant of ‘Minghui 63’ by marker‐assisted selection. After being subjected to natural infestation of leaf‐folders and yellow stem borers and inoculation of Xoo strain mixtures, the pyramiding line and its derived hybrids showed high levels of resistance against both insect damage and disease. Furthermore, data from field trials demonstrated that the hybrids made by crossing this pyramiding line with the CMS lines ‘Zhenshan 97A’ and ‘Maxie A’ retained a similar level of yield under conditions without chemical spray, indicating that the pyramiding genes have a yield‐stabilizing effect on the recipient line and its hybrids.     

Inheritance and mapping of male sterility restoration gene in upland japonica restorer lines

Several upland Japonica breeding lines, WAB450-11-1-3-P40-HB (Abbreviated as WAB450-11), WAB450-11-1-2-P61-HB (WAB450-13), WAB450-l-B-P-91-HB (WAB450-14), IRAT216, IRAT359, and IRAT104, possessing restoring ability for the Dian 1 type cms (cms-D) line Dianyu 1A were recently identified at Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P. R. China. In this study, the inheritance of restoring ability in these lines was characterized through the production of backcross populations to the male-sterile and maintainer Dianyu 1 lines. Each of the restorer lines was used to pollinate Dianyu 1A to form a F₁ hybrid which was then backcrossed (1) with Dianyu 1B producing a BC₁F₁ population and (2) to the female parent Dianyu 1A producing a BC₅F₂ population. The lines were also crossed with the japonica restorer line C57, carrying the restorer gene Rf1 that was introgressed from indica, to form F₁ hybrids, these hybrids were then testcrossed with Dianyu 1A to study the allelic relationship of their restorer genes to Rf1. The inheritance in these testcross populations indicated that the complete restoring ability of WAB450-11, WAB450-13, WAB450-14, IRAT216, IRAT359, and the partial restoring ability of IRAT104 were controlled by dominant genes, and the gene in WAB450-13, WAB450-14, and IRAT216 was allelic or identical to Rf1. When 136 SSR markers were used to score 143 BC₁F₁ individuals from Dianyu 1A/WAB450-13//Dianyu 1B, the japonica Rf1 allele was found to be located between RM171 and RM6100 on the long arm of chromosome 10, an interval corresponding to that known for the indica Rf1 allele. The distance between RM171 and Rf1 is 2.8 cM, and that between Rf1 and RM6100 is 4.9 cM. Similar linkage results were obtained from mapping 89 individuals of the corresponding BC₅F₂ population (Dianyu 1A/6/Dianyu 1A/WAB450-13).     

Molecular mapping of a fertility restorer gene for cytoplasmic male sterility in soybean

In this study, we report the mapping of the Rf locus in soybean by microsatellite simple sequence repeat (SSR) genetic markers. A cross was made between cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line JLCMS82A and restorer line JIHUI 1 based on the DNA polymorphisms revealed by 109 SSR markers. A F₂ population derived from a single F₁ plant containing 103 individuals was used for mapping the Rf locus. The Rf gene of JIHUI 1 gametophytically restores male fertility to JLCMS82A. Fertile and semi-fertile DNA bulks and parental DNAs were screened with 219 SSR markers, and Satt215 which was previously mapped to soybean LG J, was found linked to the Rf gene. Five additional polymorphic SSR markers from LG J were used for analysis and a regional linkage map around the Rf locus was established. SSR markers, Sctt011 and Satt547, flanked the Rf locus at 3.6 cM and 5.4 cM, respectively. The availability of these SSR markers will facilitate the selection of restorer lines in hybrid soybean breeding.     

Development and primary genetic analysis of a fertility temperature-sensitive polima cytoplasmic male sterility restorer in Brassica napus

Over the past decade, the polima cytoplasmic male sterility ( pol CMS) three-line and two-line systems have been developed for the production of hybrid seed in Brassica napus oilseed rape in China. The discovery of the novel pol CMS restorer line FL-204 is described here. It restores male fertility of hybrid plants in the pol CMS system, but hybrid seed production can only be carried out under autumn sowing in Wuhan in south China under moderate temperatures at flowering. The restorer cannot be used as a male for hybrid seed production in northwestern China (Gansu) under spring sowing conditions, because there it is more or less male sterile due to high temperatures at flowering. Because of this behaviour, it is referred to as a fertility temperature-sensitive restorer (FTSR) in this paper. F₂, BC₁ as well as double haploid populations were constructed to determine the inheritance of fertility restoration of FL-204 in the autumn at Wuhan and under spring sowing conditions at Gansu, respectively. Deviations from Mendelian genetics were observed. It was hypothesized that the change of fertility was the result of the interaction between nuclear genes [restoring gene ( Rf ) and temperature-sensitive genes ( ts )] and the cytoplasm. The Rf gene in FL-204 was incapable of restoring male fertility of pol CMS lines under spring sowing conditions at Gansu where it is inactivated by the recessive ts gene present in FL-204. However, the ts gene(s) could be non-functional under moderate temperature conditions at flowering at Wuhan which allows full expression of male fertility in FL-204. The recessive ts gene(s) can only be expressed in plants containing the pol sterile cytoplasm. A method for the utilization of the FTSR pol CMS restorer FL-204 for the production of hybrid seed in B. napus oilseed rape is proposed.     

甜椒胞质雄性不育恢复系SRAP及SCAR标记

以甜椒胞质雄性不育恢复系5-2R1和相应的保持系5-2为试材,利用SRAP分子标记技术筛选与甜椒恢复基因相关的分子标记。128对SRAP引物共扩增获得了3796条从100bp至800bp大小不同的条带,平均每对引物组合可扩增出30条清晰的条带,检测到4个多态性位点,其中恢复系材料仅有1个。对该特异片段进行回收、克隆和测序,结果表明该片段全长为259bp。经数据库比对分析表明,该片段与线粒体中的NADH脱氢酶第5亚基(GenBank:EF151914.1)具有81%的同源性;同时,该片段与辣椒BAC克隆PEPBAC 158K24(GenBank:FJ597540.1)的部分序列高度同源。根据序列特点设计特异SCAR引物,对恢复系和保持系进行扩增验证,仅在恢复系中扩增出目的条带,表明已成功地将此SRAP标记转化为简单、稳定的SCAR标记。我们推测本研究获得的SCAR标记可能与胞质雄性不育恢复性状连锁。     

Comparative genetic analysis and molecular mapping of fertility restoration genes for WA,Dissi, and Gambiaca cytoplasmic male sterility systems in rice

The genetic relationship among three cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems, consisting of WA, Dissi, and Gambiaca, was studied. The results showed that the maintainers of one CMS system can also maintain sterility in other cytoplasmic backgrounds. The F₁ plants derived from crosses involving A and R lines of the respective cytoplasm and their cross-combination with other CMS systems showed similar pollen and spikelet fertility values, indicating that similar biological processes govern fertility restoration in these three CMS systems. The results from an inheritance study showed that the pollen fertility restoration in all three CMS systems was governed by two independent and dominant genes with classical duplicate gene action. Three F₂ populations, generated from the crosses between the parents of good-performing rice hybrids, that possess WA, Dissi, and Gambiaca CMS cytoplasm, were used to map the Rf genes. For the WA-CMS system, Rf3 was located at a distance of 2.8 cM from RM490 on chromosome 1 and Rf4 was located at 1.6 cM from RM1108 on chromosome 10. For the Dissi-CMS system, Rf3 was located on chromosome 1 at 1.9 cM from RM7466 and Rf4 on chromosome 10 was located at 2.3 cM from RM6100. The effect of Rf3 on pollen fertility appeared to be stronger than the effect of Rf4. In the Gambiaca-CMS system, only one major locus was mapped on chromosome 1 at 2.1 cM from RM576. These studies have led to the development of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for selecting putative restorer lines, new approaches to alloplasmic line breeding, and the transfer of Rf genes into adapted cultivars through a backcrossing program in an active hybrid rice breeding program.