多功能复合菌对玉米幼苗镍和镉胁迫的解毒特征及其机理

微生物可通过与植物的共生作用来降低重金属对植物的毒性,在重金属污染土壤低碳和绿色修复方面具有重要的应用价值。通过水培实验研究了沙福芽孢杆菌N4和睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌ZG2复合菌对玉米幼苗镍（Ni）和镉（Cd）胁迫的解毒特征及其机制。结果表明,在Ni和Cd胁迫浓度为5~20 mg·L^-1的水培条件下,玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长都受到了明显的影响,而复合菌可通过与玉米幼苗的共生作用进行生长繁殖,降低了Ni和Cd对玉米幼苗生长的毒害作用,进而提高了玉米幼苗的株高、主根长、生物量以及叶绿素SPAD值。在Ni和Cd的胁迫浓度均为5、10、20 mg·L^-1的条件下,与对照相比,复合菌可使玉米幼苗茎叶部Ni含量分别降低42.2%、37.0%、35.1%,Cd含量分别降低25.8%、27.2%、28.4%,叶片内较高毒性形态（乙醇提取态和去离子水提取态） Ni的分布比例之和降低13.9%~21.5%,Cd的分布比例之和降低14.7%~20.3%,叶片细胞器中Ni的分布比例降低12.1%~17.0%,Cd的分布比例降低20.7%~29.3%,使Ni胁迫下玉米幼苗茎叶部的Mg含量分别增加21.0%、39.0%、24.1%,Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗茎叶部的Mg含量分别增加29.4%、11.4%、35.9%,并且随着Mg浓度的增加,叶片Ni和Cd的含量进一步降低。研究表明复合菌通过降低玉米幼苗对Ni和Cd的吸收,促进叶片中Ni和Cd向较低毒性形态转化,降低叶片细胞器中Ni和Cd的占比,提高玉米幼苗对Mg的吸收等机制降低Ni和Cd对玉米幼苗的毒性作用,复合菌在Ni和Cd污染玉米耕地土壤修复方面具有重要的应用潜力。     

Efficacy of the protective action of growth regulator Ribav-Extra on maize seedlings under temperature stress

It is shown that treatment of maize seeds with the growth regulator Ribav-Extra changes the parameters of oxidative stress (generation of superoxide anion and intensity of lipid peroxidation) and stimulated increased antioxidative activity in maize seedlings under unfavorable temperatures. The best indices in the control and affected by unfavorable temperatures plants are noted at a nanoconcentration (1 nL/L, or 10^?7%).     

Influence of alkaloids from the marine-derived strain of Aspergillus fumigatus on the root growth in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedlings

The effect of low and ultralow (10^?5 to 10^?17 M) concentrations of alkaloids from the marine fungus Aspergillus fumigatus and heteroauxin on the root growth in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedlings has been studied. The stimulating effect of alkaloids 1–7 and 9 on the root growth has been revealed. The “dose-effect” curve has a bimodal character.     

表油菜素内酯浸种对干旱胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

用0.05 mg/L的表油菜内酯浸种24 h后,对其中部分种子用10%PEG模拟干旱胁迫,另一部分待出苗后对幼苗用10%PEG模拟干旱胁迫,测定种子萌发及幼苗生长过程中的相关指标。结果表明:与对照相比,表油菜素内酯浸种能显著提高干旱胁迫下玉米种子萌发指数、根长,但对萌发率、根数、根重、芽长、芽重并无显著影响;显著提高幼苗叶片光合速率、气孔导度,极显著提高叶片蒸腾速率,而叶片相对电导率、水分利用效率显著降低,但对胞间CO2浓度、叶绿素含量及叶片细胞渗透势并无显著影响。     

表油菜素内酯对光亮桉苗木水分胁迫的影响

油菜素内酯类是一组新型植物激素,表油菜素内酯是最常用的一种。本文用不同浓度的表油菜内酯对生长在水分胁迫条件下的光亮桉苗木进行了处理,与对照对比,１０－８ｍｏｌ浓度的表油菜内酯能提高苗木水势０．４ＭＰａ～０．７５ＭＰａ,并且该浓度处理与对照之间存在显著差异。这种结果表明１０－８ｍｏｌ浓度的表油菜素内酯减轻了苗木水分胁迫,促进了苗木的水分吸收。     

外源一氧化氮对铅胁迫下玉米幼苗的缓解作用

为探讨Pb胁迫下外源一氧化氮（NO）对玉米幼苗伤害的缓解作用,利用室内盆栽试验研究了外源NO供体硝普钠（SNP）对铅（Pb）处理下玉米（Zea mays）幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,1.0 mmol·L^-1 Pb处理明显抑制了玉米幼苗的生长,减缓了玉米幼苗可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的积累,抗氧化酶活性下降,叶绿素含量减少,丙二醛（MDA）含量增加、质膜透性增大;添加0.1 mmol·L^-1的SNP明显缓解了Pb胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高Pb胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,增加了幼苗叶绿素和脯氨酸含量,促进了可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,降低了MDA含 量、细胞质膜的透性。外源NO对Pb胁迫下玉米生长有一定的缓解作用,可以增强玉米幼苗对Pb毒害的抗性。     

Effects of sodium benzoate on growth and physiological characteristics of wheat seedlings under compound heavy metal stress

In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous sodium benzoate on wheat seedlings(Yangmai 16) grown under heavy metal stress. The results showed that 2.4 mmol kg~(–1) of heavy metals significantly inhibited growth and delayed emergence of wheat seedlings. Under compound heavy metal stress, application of 2–4 g L~(–1) sodium benzoate significantly increased(P0.01) chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters F_v/F_m and F_v/F_o of wheat, compared to the control(water treatment). Further analysis showed that application of 2–4 g L~(–1) sodium benzoate alleviated osmotic stress by promoting the accumulation of osmolytes such as soluble proteins and free proline, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and reduced malondialdehyde content(MDA). In contrast, higher concentrations of sodium benzoate solution(6 g L~(–1)) inhibited the growth of wheat seedlings and even caused damage to seedlings. Correlation analysis showed that when the sodium benzoate concentration was in the range of 1.97–3.12 g L~(–1)(2016) and 1.58–3.27 g L~(–1)(2017), values of chlorophyll and its components, root activity, SOD activity, soluble protein, and free proline content were the highest. When the sodium benzoate concentration was raised to 2.59 g L~(–1)(2016) or 3.02 g L~(–1)(2017), MDA content was the lowest. Ultimately, exogenous sodium benzoate(2–4 g L~(–1)) facilitates root development and improves the root activity of wheat seedlings grown under compound heavy metals stress, thereby effectively alleviating the damage of compound heavy metal stress in wheat seedlings.     

Regulation of Foliar Application DCPTA on Growth and Development of Maize Seedling Leaves in Heilongjiang Province

DCPTA （2-diethylaminoethyl-3, 4-dichlorophenylether） is a new plant regulator which can be used to regulate growth and development for crops. Experiments on maize seedlings were conducted in the growth chamber to study the effects of foliar applied DCPTA. The plant pots were placed in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The maize seedlings were treated with 0 mg·L-1 （control）, 20 mg·L-1 and 40 mg·L-1 DCPTA solution. The effects of DCPTA on the photosynthetic characteristics （photosynthesis, stomata conductance, intercellular CO2, and transpiration rate）, related physiological characteristics （contents of soluble sugar and starch）, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters （Fo, Fro, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, qP, and qN） and the weight of dry matter in maize seedling were studied. The results showed that DCPTA enhanced photosynthesis of maize seedling. In general, photosynthetic rate in leaves was significantly promoted through spraying DCPTA solution, and 40 rag＂ L~ DCPTA was found to be the best concentration for maize. The relationship between stomata conductance and transpiration rate in maize leaves could be described as linear. With regard to the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, our fmdings showed that 40 mg·L-1 DCPTA in maize seedling caused an increase in Fm, Fv/Fm, Fm/Fo, qP and a decrease in Fo and qN at some time points checked. It is suggested that DCPTA increased photosynthetic rate by raising both the content of chlorophyll and activities of PSII and the contents of sugar and starch. Compared with the control, the treated maize seedling caused an increase in plant height, root length, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, or the total （root plus shoot） dry mass.     

Allelopathic effect of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) on seed germination and growth of Portulaca oleracea

Two experiments, a Petri dish assay and a pot experiment were carried out to evaluate possible allelopathic effects of water extracts (0, 10 and 20 g L^?1) of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) on germination and growth of purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Results showed that germination percentage of purslane seeds was not inhibited by concentration of water extract of test plants. However, seed vigour and seedling growth strongly influenced by aqueous extracts of test plants. Maximum inhibitions on seedling growth were recorded when using the highest concentration of the aqueous extract (20 g L^?1). It was apparent that sugar beet had a greater inhibitory effect than eucalyptus. Shoot length of purslane seedlings significantly decreased at 10 and 20 g L^?1 aqueous extract concentration of sugar beet by 65.5 and 92.1% respectively compare to control, while eucalyptus decreased seedling shoot length of target weed at 10 and 20 g L^?1 extract concentration by 29.8% and 52.9% respectively. Root length was more affected than shoot so that low aqueous extract concentration (10 g L^?1) of sugar beet and eucalyptus decreased root length of target weed by 79.8% and 46% respectively. Foliar sprays with both 10 and 20 g L^?1 of test plants extracts significantly decrease leaf area, leaves, stem and root dry weight of Portulaca oleracea. Maximum leaf area (1010 cm²) was obtained from the untreated plants (0% extract), while the lowest value (166.6 cm²) occurred with 20 g L^?1 water extract of sugar beet. High aqueous extract concentration (20 g L^?1) of sugar beet decreased leaves, stem and root dry weight of purslane plants by 96%, 86.7% and 91.9% respectively.     

Enzymatic activity and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) after exposure to low doses of chlorsulfuron and cadmium

The aim of this research was to study the influence of chlorsulfuron residue and cadmium on the enzymatic activity and photosynthetic apparatus of maize(Zea mays L.) plants. Chlorsulfuron and cadmium at 0.001 and 5.0 mg kg–1, respectively, were mixed and applied to soil prior to planting. The levels of chlorsulfuron-and cadmium-induced stress to plants were estimated by growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxide content, enzyme activities, and major fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll(revealed by the fluorescence imaging system Fluor Cam). Chlorsulfuron negatively affected the chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in the dark-adapted state, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II, photochemical quenching coefficient, and steady-state fluorescence decline ratio in the leaves of maize seedlings. However, cadmium did not produce noticeable changes. Plants that were exposed to both chlorsulfuron and cadmium showed an obvious increase in the steady-state fluorescence decline ratio. These results implied that the seedlings possessed more resistance to cadmium than to chlorsulfuron and their resistance to chlorsulfuron toxicity was enhanced by the presence of cadmium. The results also suggested that chlorophyll fluorescence imaging reveals overall alterations within the leaves but may not reflect small-scale effects on tissues, as numeric values of specific parameters are averages of the data collected from the whole leaf.     

施用生物炭对重金属污染农田土壤改良及玉米生长的影响

为了解生物炭的农业环境效应,采用大田试验,研究了不同生物炭施用量(0、5、10、20、30 t·hm-2)对韶关仁化县矿区周边重金属污染农田土壤理化性质、玉米(粤甜9号)生长状况、产量及重金属累积等的影响。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,生物炭显著提高土壤pH值和有机质质量分数,其提升幅度随施用量的增加而升高,而土壤阳离子交换量随施用量的增加先升高后降低;生物炭施加量达到30 t·hm-2时,土壤速效钾含量是CK处理的3.1倍,但不同生物炭施用量对土壤碱解氮含量的影响没有显著性差异;不同用量生物炭均能降低土壤Pb和Cd的含量,降低幅度分别为11.3%和23.9%。各处理均能有效降低Pb、Cd在玉米粒、玉米芯、玉米叶和玉米秆中的累积。当施用量为20 t·hm-2时,玉米粒中Pb的含量降低幅度达49.4%,Cd的降低幅度达45.4%;生物炭对玉米的增产效果随施用量的增加而增加,分别为CK的1.75、6.16、8.84倍和8.90倍。综上所述,生物炭通过提高土壤pH值和有机质含量,实现了对南方酸性土壤的改良,对玉米产量具有促进作用,可降低污染土壤重金属的生物有效性。     

香根草对污染土壤水溶态重金属组分胁迫响应研究

为探讨香根草对污染土壤中水溶态重金属组分在时间尺度上的胁迫响应,以Pb和Cu复合污染土壤为研究对象,通过种子萌发试验和水培试验,模拟重金属水溶态组分对香根草种子萌发、幼苗生长情况及重金属积累特性的影响。结果表明,Pb和Cu水溶态组分显著降低香根草幼苗的根长、株高、鲜质量和干质量。其中,根长受抑制作用最显著,在第60 d,处理组根长比对照组低43.6%;香根草幼苗的重金属耐性指数(MTI)总体上随生长时间增加呈上升趋势,第60 d的MTI为70.2%;香根草幼苗可显著富集Pb和Cu,且主要累积在根部,其转运系数(TF)低至0.02和0.10,根部最大积累量分别达到763 mg·kg~(-1)和235 mg·kg~(-1),表明香根草属于根部积累性植物。由此可见,香根草幼苗对水溶态重金属组分的耐受能力随其生长时间的增加而逐渐增强,利用香根草进行重金属的植物固定具有较大潜力。     

硫酸锌处理对玉米幼苗养分和锌累积的影响

采用0、400、800、1200和1600 mg·L^-1 5个硫酸锌浓度(以ZnSO₄·7H₂O计)的溶液浸泡玉米种子以模拟锌(Zn)污染处理,研究Zn对萌发阶段(第1、4、7、10 d)玉米幼苗胚根、胚芽生物量和养分(氮、磷和钾)累积以及胚乳干物质和养分消耗动态的影响,及其与萌发第10 d的胚根、胚芽和胚乳Zn累积的关系.结果表明,种子中钾的转化速率最快,其次为磷.低于800 mg·L^-1的处理,具有刺激玉米胚乳、胚芽和胚根中物质转化,促进幼苗氮、磷和钾养分累积和植株生长的效应;进一步升高Zn的浓度,则对胚乳、胚芽和胚根中的物质转化存在明显的抑制效应.随Zn浓度的增加,胚芽、胚根和胚乳中的Zn累积量均呈线性增高的趋势,Zn在玉米幼苗的分配量为胚乳 > 胚根 > 胚芽,胚根对Zn污染较胚芽敏感;胚乳中氮的残余量与其Zn累积量呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.05).因此,环境中的高浓度Zn,可显著增加萌发阶段的玉米胚乳Zn的累积量,降低其中的氮的转化速率,抑制玉米的生长.     

Effect of nanosilver(nAg) on disinfection,growth, and chemical composition of young barley leaves under in vitro conditions

Cereals, including barley, have been playing a key role in human diet for a long time. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of nanosilver(nAg) on limitation of infections, morphological features, and their chemical composition of young barley seedlings under in vitro condition. Addition of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg dm~(–3) nAg into MS medium was used.Obtained results showed that the effect on the morphological features depended on the nAg concentration. The addition of 6 and 8 mg dm~(–3) nAg into MS medium limited the number of infected barley embryos in vitro, whereas 4 and 8 mg dm~(–3) nAg resulted in the highest seedlings with the longest roots. nAg in the medium affected the colour of leaves and increased the contents of chlorophyll and β-carotene, in particular in seedlings growing in MS medium supplied with 6 mg dm~(–3) nAg.The addition of 8 mg dm~(–3) had the greatest effect on the contents of vitamin C and E in young barley seedlings. It was found that the contents of K and Ca in the young barley leaves were lower, as compared to control plants. The presence of 6 mg dm~(–3) nAg in the medium resulted in an increased contents of N, Mg, Zn, Cu, and P. Hence, a diversified effect of nAg on individual groups of polyphenolic compounds was noticed. The presence of 2 and 8 mg dm~(–3) nAg caused higher content values of polyphenolic compounds in young barley leaves.     

Causes of maize density loss in farmers' fields in Northeast China

Increasing plant density is an effective and important way to reduce maize yield gaps in Northeast China. However, the fact is that a significant plant density gap exists between optimum plant density and actual plant density in farmers' fields.To quantify the density gap between planned planting density and final harvest plant density(HPD), we studied 60 farmers' fields on three types of soil for three crop seasons from 2015 to 2017 by measuring their plant-plant distance, actual seedlings density(ASD), final HPD and yield. We also explored the potential causes of density loss by digging the places where the seedlings were missing for two consecutive years in 2016–2017. Results show that the three-year average HPD in farmers' fields was 59 699 plants ha~(–1), which was significantly lower than the planned density, including both the machine setting density(MSD; 67 962 plants ha~(–1)) and theoretical plant density(TPD; 67 467 plants ha~(–1)). No significant difference was found in HPD between years and soil types. However, for MSD and TPD, the average value in 2015 was significantly higher than that in 2016 and 2017. No significant difference between soil types was observed. Furthermore,the results from 2016 till 2017 indicated that a lack of seeds in the soil, a failure to germinate due to low-quality seeds,and a lack of seedlings breaking out of the soil due to environmental problems explained approximately 60.88, 10.33 and 28.80% of density loss, respectively. According to our survey, 63% of farmers did not know their own TPD and HPD, and 54% of farmers did not know the density loss. Therefore, we argue that farmers' limited knowledge of density and density loss is an urgent problem that needs to be solved in maize production. These observations will be useful for determining best management practices for maize production and for providing helpful suggestions for machine improvement.     

Interaction effect of nitrogen form and planting density on plant growth and nutrient uptake in maize seedlings

High planting density is essential to increasing maize grain yield.However,single plants suffer from insufficient light under high planting density.Ammonium(NH_4~+)assimilation consumes less energy converted from radiation than nitrateIt is hypothesized that a mixed NO_3~–/NH_4~+supply is more important to improving plant growth and population productivity under high vs.low planting density.Maize plants were grown under hydroponic conditions at two planting densities(low density:only).A significant interaction effect was found between planting density and N form on plant biomass.Compared to nitrate only,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased per-plant biomass by 44%under low density,but by 81%under high density.Treatment with 75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased plant ATP,photosynthetic rate,and carbon amount per plant by 31,7,and 44%under low density,respectively,but by 51,23,and 95%under high density.Accordingly,carbon level per plant under 75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+was improved,which increased leaf area,specific leaf weight and total root length,especially for high planting density,increased by 57,17 and 63%,respectively.Furthermore,under low density,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased nitrogen uptake rate,while under high density,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased nitrogen,phosphorus,copper and iron uptake rates.By increasing energy use efficiency,an optimum NO_3~–/NH_4~+ratio can improve plant growth and nutrient uptake efficiency,especially under high planting density.In summary,an appropriate supply of NH_4~+in addition to nitrate can greatly improve plant growth and promote population productivity of maize under high planting density,and therefore a mixed N form is recommended for high-yielding maize management in the field.     

叶面喷施铁和镁微肥对玉米幼苗碳代谢及生长的影响

为了探讨铁镁微肥对北方旱地玉米幼苗期碳代谢和生长的影响,对盆栽的玉米幼苗单独和混合喷施不同质量浓度的FeSO_4·7H_2O(250、500、750mg/L)和MgSO_4·7H_2O(0.5、1.0、1.5g/L)溶液,于2周后分析叶片中与碳代谢相关的生理生化指标以及生长指标的变化。结果表明,叶面喷施铁、镁微肥可以有效提高叶片的叶绿素质量分数、光合能力以及可溶性糖和淀粉的质量分数,增强玉米的碳代谢能力;同时,可以显著促进根系的生长,提高根冠比。其中,适合玉米幼苗生长的最佳喷施质量浓度分别是500 mg/L的FeSO_4·7H_2O、1g/L的MgSO_4·7H_2O和250mg/L的FeSO_4·7H_2O与0.5g/L的MgSO_4·7H_2O混合溶液。因此,叶面喷施适当质量浓度的铁或镁微肥可以有效提高玉米幼苗的碳代谢能力,促进植株、特别是根系的生长,这对于玉米后期的生长发育也具有积极的意义。     

Brassinosteroid-mediated enrichment in yield attributes, active constituents and essential oil production in Mentha arvensis L.

Recently, brassinosteroids (BRs) have emerged as a new group of growth promoting phytohormones. 28-homobrassinolide (HBR) is one of the several brassinosteroids, the role of which in enhancing growth, productivity and quality of plants, via improving various physiological processes, has been established both under stress and normal conditions. Out of a large number of essential oil bearing plants, mint (Mentha arvensis L.) constitutes the most important source of therapeutic agents used in the alternative systems of medicine. The mint plant has marvelous medicinal and aromatic values. In view of enhancing yield and quality of this medicinally important plant, a pot experiment was conducted under natural conditions of net house. The study was aimed at exploring the effect of four concentrations of HBR (10^?0, 10^?8, 10^?7 and 10^?6 M) on the performance of mint with regard to physiological attributes, herbage yield, content and yield of essential oil, and active constituents at 100 and 120 days after planting. The foliar application of HBR enhanced physiological attributes, herbage yield and the yield and content of most of the active constituents (menthol, L-methone, isomenthone and menthyl acetate) of mint at both the stages, with 10^?7 M concentration proving the best. However, the next higher concentration of HBR (10^?6 M) exhibited no further increase in the values of the attributes studied. Rather, 10^?6 M was slightly inferior to 10^?7 M concentration; but it always proved significantly better than the control.     

河南省小麦、玉米氮肥需求及节氮潜力

【目的】估算河南省小麦、玉米氮肥需求量和节氮潜力,为河南省及黄淮海区域实现化肥零增长提供依据。【方法】通过统计数据分析河南省小麦、玉米生产和氮肥消费情况及趋势;基于测土配方施肥项目“3414”多年多点试验分析河南省小麦（n=748）和玉米（n=624）氮素累积量及生产单位籽粒的氮素需求;采用肥料效应计算最高产量施氮量和经济最佳施氮量,并在此基础上计算河南省小麦、玉米氮肥需求总量,估算河南省小麦、玉米节氮潜力。【结果】河南省小麦、玉米氮肥总消费量持续增加,单质氮肥消费量呈下降趋势,复混氮肥数量增加。2015年全省小麦、玉米氮肥消费量分别为133.0×10⁴ t和60.9×10⁴ t。河南省小麦、玉米地上部氮素累积量平均为209.4和183.7 kg·hm^-2,每生产1 000 kg籽粒的氮素需求量平均为29.1和23.0 kg。肥料效应函数法计算的河南省小麦、玉米最高产量施氮量平均值分别为171.0 kg·hm^-2和202.5 kg·hm^-2;经济最佳施氮量平均分别为155.1和172.8 kg·hm^-2。全省小麦氮肥需求总量折纯氮为57.8×10⁴-67.7×10⁴ t,节氮潜力为21.8×10⁴-48.8×10⁴ t,节氮16.4%-36.7%;全省玉米氮肥需求总量为42.7×10⁴-67.7×10⁴ t,节氮潜力最高为18.2×10⁴ t,节氮30.0%。【结论】河南省小麦、玉米氮肥消费量与需求量持续增长,当前产量和管理水平下,实际消费量高于需求量;通过合理的氮肥管理,河南省小麦和玉米仍有很大的节氮潜力。