再生水灌溉草坪对土壤质量影响的试验研究

采用随机区组设计,研究了再生水(Reclaimed Water)灌溉黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)、早熟禾(Poapratensis)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、结缕草(Zoysia japonica)、野牛草(Buchloe dactyloides)、麦冬(Radix liriopes)6种草坪草对土壤质量的影响,结果表明:(1)再生水灌溉能增加土壤养分,但根据养分在土壤中迁移的难易程度及不同草坪的根系分布特征,再生水灌溉输入的养分在土壤剖面分布不同;(2)再生水灌溉后的土壤虽然碱化度处在5%～10%弱碱化范围,但与自来水灌溉相比,其在土壤剖面中的分布有扩大的趋势;(3)在6种供试草坪草中,再生水灌溉后黑麦草和结缕草土壤质量最好,可见黑麦草和结缕草比较适宜进行再生水灌溉。     

再生水灌溉对草坪草生长和土壤的影响

随着城市绿地与人争水的问题日益突出,再生水作为替代水资源在草坪草上的应用日益广泛。本试验于2003-2005年用3种类型灌溉水(清水、“清水+再生水”、再生水)处理5种草坪草(草地早熟禾、高羊茅、结缕草、野牛草和山麦冬),从观赏品质和生长指标方面进行耐污性评价,并分析再生水对土壤的影响。结果表明:本研究使用的再生水对所供测试绿化草种的颜色、覆盖度、质地和均匀性无不良影响,再生水灌溉条件下,高羊茅表现出了最强的综合耐污能力,其次是结缕草和野牛草。灌溉水类型对于草坪草的生长指标的影响具有种的特异性。再生水灌溉和“清水+再生水”交替灌溉提高了土壤的阳离子交换量(CEC)和总孔隙度,有利于土壤物理性状的改善。     

草坪锈病的为害与防治

草坪锈病是一种流行非常广泛、为害非常严重的真菌性病害,它可以为害绝大多数冷季型草坪草,如早熟禾、黑麦草、狗牙根及高羊茅等,其中以早熟禾、黑麦草受害最为严重。在适宜的环境条件下,锈病夏孢子可以大量发生并迅速蔓延,几天之内就会使草坪大面积感染。初期叶片上出现黄色斑点,发病区草坪看上去颜色不正常,有些发黄;     

北京地区典型冷季型草坪草灌水量模拟

为了减少北京地区草坪草灌水量、提高降水量的利用率,该文研究了充分利用降雨条件下的典型冷季型草坪草灌水量。根据典型冷季型草坪草（早熟禾、高羊茅）2003年的田间试验资料对灌溉制度模拟模型（ISAREG模型）进行了率定,然后用2004年的田间试验资料对ISAREG模型进行了验证,最后应用此模型对所研究的两种冷季型草坪草在干旱年、平水年和丰水年及不同养护条件下的灌水量进行了模拟研究。研究结果表明：生长季节内早熟禾、高羊茅的作物系数在0.5～1.0之间;在特级养护条件下,早熟禾和高羊茅所需灌水量分别为432～682 mm/a、462～752 mm/a;在一级养护条件下,早熟禾和高羊茅所需灌水量分别为252～432 mm/a、312～492 mm/a。研究结果可为北京地区冷季型草坪草的灌溉管理提供科学依据。     

四种常见草坪草的耐盐性

为了筛选出适合在盐碱地生长的草坪草品种,研究了高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb．)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perennel L．)、匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera L．)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L．)的耐盐性。通过4种混合盐不同浓度的胁迫处理,测定了种子的发芽率、丙二醛(MAD)和脯氨酸的含量。结果显示,盐临界浓度黑麦草最高(0．94％),其次是高羊茅(0．6％),早熟禾和翦股颖都在0．32％以下。盐极限浓度中黑麦草达到1．22％,其次是高羊茅0．99％,早熟禾和翦股颖都在0．8％以下。黑麦草和草地早熟禾均在含盐量1．2％时MAD达到最大:高羊茅在盐浓度为0．8％时,匍匐翦股颖在盐浓度为1．0％时,MAD达到最大。翦股颖叶片脯氨酸含量增加最快,其次是高羊茅;黑麦草和草地早熟禾的脯氨酸含量变化较小,在浓度为1．0％～1．2％的浓度时才有所增加。根据隶属函数综合分析认为,黑麦草抗盐性最强,其次是高羊茅、翦股颖,早熟禾最差。     

蒸散视角下护坡植被滴灌技术评价

为探明以复合型人造土壤为边坡种植土的植物蒸散对于高陡边坡生态恢复评价体系制定及水资源利用的重要意义，以黑麦草、高羊茅、早熟禾和"黑麦草+高羊茅+早熟禾"混合草种为研究对象，采用壤中滴灌技术，通过改进后的Penman-Monteith公式研究草本植物实际蒸散量与作物系数，以此评价壤中滴灌技术的生态效益。结果表明：高羊茅的作物实际蒸散量和作物系数最大，黑麦草其次，早熟禾最小，拟合的决定系数不小于0.847；养护初期各植物蒸散量相差较小，均保持在4.2 mm/d左右；养护结束后混合草种的蒸散量最大，早熟禾最小，分别约6.2、5.7 mm/d；养护前20 d，除早熟禾外，黑麦草、高羊茅、混合草种实际蒸散量均差异不显著，养护20 d后黑麦草、早熟禾、混合草种开始发生显著变化；30 d后各草种蒸散量均差异不显著；4类草本植物蒸散量差值随时间递增，前期混合草种蒸散量低于黑麦草、高羊茅，后期有明显的提升，50 d起混合草种作物系数大于单草种作物系数。以30 d为界，30 d作物系数相近；生长初期的作物系数变幅最明显，且月增幅随时间呈下降趋势，但黑麦草和高羊茅的作物系数在任意时段均相近。边坡模型试验前期，以坡面喷灌方式灌溉的植物生态值较高，植物生长情况优于壤中滴灌方式，但自养护中期开始，壤中滴灌技术在生态效益上凸显优势，比坡面喷灌技术高出40.7%～1 444.0%的生态值。     

水土保持草坪草种抗旱及返青性研究

种植水土保持草坪是防治水土流失的一种有效措施。在气候干旱、土壤侵蚀严重地区研究草坪的抗旱性和返青率具有现实意义。甘肃省水土保持科学研究所于 1997～ 1998年对 10个供试草种进行测定分析 ,结果表明 :匍匐剪股颖、草地早熟禾、拉苏草地早熟禾、卡特多年生黑麦草、猎犬高羊茅、佛浪Ⅰ号高羊茅、皮歇高羊茅 7种草抗旱性较强。草地早熟禾、拉苏草地早熟禾的返青率最高     

短期NaHCO3胁迫对3种冷季型草坪草生理生态特征的影响

土壤盐渍化严重威胁草坪草的可持续发展,选育和种植耐盐草坪草可改良和利用大面积盐渍土壤。以3种冷季型草坪草黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea L.)和早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)为试验材料,采用盆栽法研究不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫(0,0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%,1.0%)对3种冷季型草坪草生理生态特征的影响。结果表明:不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫下3种冷季型草坪草草坪外观质量、叶片萎蔫系数、叶片相对含水量、叶片叶绿素含量和K+含量均随着NaHCO3浓度的增加而逐渐降低,且浓度越高,下降越明显;0.4%～1.0%NaHCO3胁迫降低了3种冷季型草坪草的地上部分和根系干重,且随着NaHCO3浓度的增加,生长受到胁迫的抑制程度显著增大,根系部分的受抑制程度比地上部分更明显;不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫下3种冷季型草坪草叶片相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量和Na+含量随着NaHCO3胁迫浓度的升高呈上升趋势,且浓度越高上升越明显;NaHCO3浓度0.4%时,3种冷季型草坪草已受到伤害;黑麦草、高羊茅和早熟禾在不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫下的隶属函数平均值均表现为早熟禾黑麦草高羊茅,说明3种冷季型草坪草抗NaHCO3胁迫的能力均为早熟禾强于黑麦草和高羊茅。     

不同水分处理对高羊茅草耗水及生长质量的影响

为了探求不同土壤水分条件对草坪草耗水和生长质量的影响,对冷季型高羊茅草坪草在整个生育期内的蒸散量、生长速度和表观质量等特性进行了研究。研究结果表明,草坪草的耗水量随着土壤水分的增加而增加,蒸散量在中午(12:00—15:00)最活跃;植株生长速度与灌水量呈显著的正相关性,但当土壤水分达到一定程度之后,再增加灌水量不能明显提高草坪草的生长速度;土壤含水量越大草坪草表观质量不一定越好,当灌溉控制土壤水分下限小于70%FC(田间持水量)时,灌水量能显著提高草坪草的质量,当灌溉控制土壤水分下限大于70%FC时,灌水量对草坪草的表观质量影响较小。     

大气CO2浓度增加对作物光合性能及叶片水分利用效率的影响

利用可精准控制CO_2浓度的大型气候箱设置2个CO_2浓度400和800μmol/mol,研究CO_2浓度升高对大豆(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)、冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)和高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)生理特性及叶片水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,大气CO_2浓度升高对大豆、冬小麦、草地早熟禾和高羊茅叶片的净光合速率没有产生显著影响,但却使黑麦草叶片的净光合速率显著增加43%(P0.05)。升高CO_2浓度增加冬小麦、黑麦草和高羊茅的最大羧化速率,而对大豆和草地早熟禾的最大羧化速率和最大电子传递速率没有产生显著的影响。另外,提高大气CO_2浓度导致黑麦草蒸腾速率的降低;同时,草地早熟禾、黑麦草和高羊茅的水分利用效率分别提高161%、175%和74%。不同作物水分利用效率对升高CO_2浓度的响应存在明显差异,3种草坪草的适应能力均高于大豆和冬小麦2种作物。研究结果有助于深入理解CO_2浓度倍增下不同农作物发生光合下调现象的潜在机理,为未来大气CO_2浓度升高情形下生态系统适应性管理提供理论支持。     

Comparing cultivars of three cool‐season turf‐grasses for potassium uptake kinetics and potassium recovery in the field

Efficient use of potassium (K) by turf depends on the ability of roots to absorb a high proportion of the fertilizer K applied to the soil. Among turfgrass genotypes, variation in K absorption kinetics of roots and its inheritance is important in the development of genotypes that are more efficient in K absorption from the soil. Therefore, K uptake kinetics of six cultivars each of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were compared under greenhouse conditions. In 1990 and 1991, field studies of the same cultivars were conducted comparing clipping production rate, leaf blade K concentration, K recovery rate in clippings, K efficiency ratio and visual quality under a moderate K fertilization of 59 kg K/ha/year. Significant differences among species and cultivars were obtained for both absorption kinetics and field recovery of K. Significant correlations between some K uptake parameters and field performance were identified. These results show that genetic differences exist among turfgrasses for K utilization at both the interspecific and intraspecific levels and suggest that a screening program could be developed to identify turfgrass genotypes possessing superior K utilization.     

盐胁迫下两种草坪草膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶比较

Salinity stress is a major factor limiting the growth of turfgrass irrigated with recycled wastewater. The change in lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxide (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) in the shoots and roots of Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue were investigated under salinity stress. Plants were subjected to 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mmol L 1 NaCl for 40 d. The MDA content under salinity stress was lower in tall fescue than in Kentucky bluegrass in both shoots and roots. Activities of SOD in the shoots of both species increased with salinity stress. The activities of CAT and APX decreased in Kentucky bluegrass, but no significant difference in the activities of CAT and APX was observed in tall fescue. The activities of SOD, CAT and APX in the shoots of tall fescue were higher than those in Kentucky bluegrass. In the roots of Kentucky bluegrass, SOD and GR activities increased and CAT and APX activities decreased in comparison with the control. In the roots of tall fescue, salinity increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and APX. These results suggested that tall fescue exhibited a more effective protection mechanism and mitigated oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by maintaining higher SOD, CAT and APX activities than Kentucky bluegrass.     

Effects of White Clover Inclusion on Turf Characteristics,Nitrogen Fixation,and Nitrogen Transfer from White Clover to Grass Species in Turf Mixtures

Abstract

An irrigated field trial was conducted to test the effects of white clover in three turfgrass species (perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and creeping bentgrass) on color, clipping yield, and botanical composition and to estimate nitrogen (N)₂ fixation and N transfer from white clover to associated turfgrass species under different N‐fertilization conditions in 1999–2002.

Nitrogen fertilizers significantly increased color ratings in all observations. Grass–white clover mixtures had better color ratings than pure grass at all sampling dates and seasonal averages in unfertilized conditions. Fertilized pure grass plots yielded significantly more than control plots in all turfgrass species. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect clipping yield greatly in turfgrass–white clover mixtures. Nitrogen application significantly decreased white clover percentage in the harvested clippings in second and third year.

Nitrogen fertilization increased tissue N concentration positively in all turfgrass species grown alone. In contrast, N fertilization did not greatly affect tissue N concentration of either turfgrass species or white clover in the mixtures. Nitrogen fixation of white clover was estimated as 24.6, 30.7, and 33.8 g m^?2 year^?1 in perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and creeping bentgrass, respectively. The total estimated N₂ fixation gradually decreased with increasing N fertilization. Nitrogen transfer from white clover to the associated turfgrass varied from 4.2 to 13.7% of the total N that the white clover fixed annually.     

Effect of plant growth-promoting Bacillus sp. on color and clipping yield of three turfgrass species

A two-year irrigated field study was conducted to determine the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus subtilis OSU-142 and Bacillus megaterium M3) as biofertilizer, and in combination with a chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer, on turf color and clipping yield, and interaction of biofertilizer and chemical N fertilizers in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L. Schreb.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). The three turf species were tested separately in split-plot design experiments with three replications. Three fertilizer sources (ammonium nitrate only, ammonium nitrate + B. megaterium M3, and ammonium nitrate + B. subtilis OSU-142) were the main plots. N applications with monthly applications of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g N/m² were the subplots. Color ratings and clipping yields increased with increasing chemical N fertilizers in all species. Both Bacillus sp. significantly increased color ratings and clipping yields in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. However, there were no significant differences among the three fertilizer sources in color and clipping yield of Kentucky bluegrass. The experiments showed that there is a small but significant benefit from applying biofertilizers for turf color, and that N fertilization may be reduced in some turf species when biofertilization are made for this purpose.     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of two turfgrasses grown under greenhouse conditions

ABSTRACT

The need for salinity resistance in turfgrass is increasing because of the enhanced use of effluent and other low-quality water for turfgrass irrigation. Although most turfgrasses form an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) symbiosis, there is little information on the mycorrhization of turfgrass species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of three AMF species, Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann, and Glomus deserticola Trappe & John, and a mixture thereof on the growth, productivity, and nutrient uptake of two species of cool-season turfgrasses, Challenger Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and Arid tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and to relate the effects to colonization of the roots by mycorrhiza to assess the dependency of the plants (mycorrhizal dependency [MD]). Following the experimental period (4 months) and measurements, the mycorrhizal inoculated plants had significantly greater biomass production compared to that of non-inoculated plants. MD and shoot mineral contents (particularly P) differed among turfgrass hosting AMF, and the highest value (13%) occurred for P. pratensis and F. arundinacea seedlings colonized with G. intraradices and G. deserticola, respectively. The P content was highest for the F. arundinacea/mixed AMF combination compared to other treatments. We confirmed that mycorrhizal inoculation (P. pratensis/G. intraradices and F. arundinacea/mixed AMF combinations) enhanced plant productivity and nutrient uptake (especially P) even under non-optimum conditions.     

Seasonal variations of soil microbial biomass and activity in warm- and cool-season turfgrass systems

Plant growth can be an important factor regulating seasonal variations of soil microbial biomass and activity. We investigated soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration, net N mineralization, and soil enzyme activity in turfgrass systems of three cool-season species (tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., and creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris L.) and three warm-season species (centipedegrass, Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) Hack, zoysiagrass, Zoysia japonica Steud, and bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.). Microbial biomass and respiration were higher in warm- than the cool-season turfgrass systems, but net N mineralization was generally lower in warm-season turfgrass systems. Soil microbial biomass C and N varied seasonally, being lower in September and higher in May and December, independent of turfgrass physiological types. Seasonal variations in microbial respiration, net N mineralization, and cellulase activity were also similar between warm- and cool-season turfgrass systems. The lower microbial biomass and activity in September were associated with lower soil available N, possibly caused by turfgrass competition for this resource. Microbial biomass and activity (i.e., microbial respiration and net N mineralization determined in a laboratory incubation experiment) increased in soil samples collected during late fall and winter when turfgrasses grew slowly and their competition for soil N was weak. These results suggest that N availability rather than climate is the primary determinant of seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass and activity in turfgrass systems, located in the humid and warm region.     

Compost Practices for Improving Soil Properties and Turfgrass Establishment and Quality on a Disturbed Urban Soil

Urban land disturbance degrades physical, chemical, and biological soil properties by removing topsoil and compacting the remaining subsoil. Such practices create a soil environment that is unfavorable for vegetation establishment. A 3-year field study was conducted to compare the effects of various one-time compost application treatments on soil properties and re-vegetation of a disturbed soil. A disturbed urban soil received the following treatments: (1) inorganic fertilizer; (2) 2.5-cm-depth surface-applied compost; (3) 2.5-cm-depth incorporated compost; (4) 5.0-cm-depth incorporated compost; (5) inorganic fertilizer plus 0.6-cm compost blanket; and (6) inorganic fertilizer plus straw mat cover. The plots were seeded with a mixture of tall fescue Festuca arundinacea Shreb.: ‘Magellan,’ ‘Coronado Gold,’ ‘Regiment,’ and ‘Tomcat,’ perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L. ‘Linn’, and Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratenis L. ‘Baron.’ Soil chemical and physical attributes and plant growth and quality parameters were measured during 840 days following study establishment. Soil C, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, and turfgrass growth and quality were increased and soil bulk density was reduced by amending with composts. Incorporation of compost into soil improved soil and plant attributes more than unincorporated surface application, but the differences diminished with time. Compost benefits increased with time. One-time applications of compost can provide immediate and long-term benefits to soil and plant attributes, but there may be no need to incorporate the compost into soil, particularly if the soil has recently been loosened by tillage.     

Correlation between Solvita Labile Amino-Nitrogen and CO2-Burst Soil Health Tests and Response to Organic Fertilizer in a Turfgrass Soil

ABSTRACT

The Solvita Soil Labile Amino-Nitrogen (SLAN) and Soil CO₂-Burst (SSCB) tests are used in soil health assessments. Field experiments were conducted from 2014–2016 in Connecticut, USA to: (1) determine if SLAN and SSCB concentrations are correlated for a sandy loam soil under predominately Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.] turfgrass lawns, and (2) compare the response of SSCB–C and SLAN–N concentrations in relation to varying rates of an organic fertilizer. Concentrations of SLAN–N were positively and significantly (P < .001) correlated with concentrations of SSCB–C for all years, both species, and combinations of years and species (r = 0.477 to 0.754). The response of SSCB–C and SLAN–N concentrations to organic fertilizer rates were positively linear and significant (P < .01) in all cases but one (2014 tall fescue SSCB–C concentrations). Rates of change across fertilizer rates were generally greater for SLAN–N concentrations. There was greater variation within the SSCB test than within the SLAN test. The results suggest that the SLAN and SSCB tests are well-correlated and both may be able to provide an estimate of a turfgrass soil’s N mineralization potential.