挤压加工参数变量对重组米生产过程中系统参数与产品膨胀度的影响

试验以杂交籼米为原料,利用响应面模型,研究双螺杆挤压生产重组米过程中螺杆转速(60-180rpm)、进料速度(20-60g/min)、物料水分含量(22-42%)以及末端机筒温度(80-100℃)对挤压系统参数和重组米膨胀度的影响。结果表明,压强、比机械能和产品膨胀度都受到四个挤压变量的显著影响,但是物料温度受进料速度影响不显著,马达扭矩受末端机筒温度影响不显著,产品水分含量仅受进料水分含量的显著影响。比机械能与螺杆转速正相关,与进料速度、物料水分含量和末端机筒温度负相关。所得二次回归模型均拟合情况良好,,达到设计要求。可以认为本文建立的挤压数学模型可以应用于重组米生产领域,为重组米工业化生产的过程预测和产品性质预测提供一定帮助参考。     

高水分大豆蛋白组织化生产工艺和机理分析

以低温豆粕为原料，应用带冷却工艺的双螺杆挤压实验室工作站，开发出高水分组织化大豆蛋白产品的生产工艺；分析了螺杆转速、物料湿度、喂料速度和机筒温度等操作参数对产品质构和色泽的影响规律；利用扫描电镜对高水分组织化大豆蛋白产品的微观结构进行了观察和分析。结果表明：机筒温度在150℃左右时，产品具有较好的组织化度、色泽及口感；随着物料水分的增加，产品的组织化度、粘着性和明度指数逐渐增加，而硬度和咀嚼度逐渐降低；随着螺杆转速的增加，产品的组织化度、硬度、粘着性和咀嚼度均有增加的趋势；喂料速度对产品的表观形态影响较大，喂料速度较大时，产品表观粗糙、组织化度降低。单因素实验优选的操作参数为：机筒温度145℃～155℃，物料湿度45％～50％，螺杆转速90～160 r/min，喂料速度20～40 g/min。结合对生产工艺和产品微观结构分析，提出了高水分组织化大豆蛋白产品形成过程的“膜状气腔”理论假设，以供讨论和指导生产实践。     

香菇双螺杆挤压膨化机的设计与试验

针对现有双螺杆挤压膨化设备生产香菇膨化产品时存在物料堵塞、预熟度低、作业参数缺失等问题而导致生产的产品膨化率低、吸水性差、硬度高等缺陷,该研究设计了一种香菇双螺杆挤压膨化设备,并对设备中的关键部件喂料搅拌防堵装置、预熟调质装置与双螺杆结构参数进行了设计与确定。同时,为探究设备中的作业参数对产品膨化性能的影响,研究了设备的螺杆转速、膨化温度、物料含水率对产品的膨化率、硬度、脆度、吸水性的影响。结果表明:影响膨化率的显著性顺序依次为螺杆转速、物料含水率、膨化温度;影响硬度的显著性顺序依次为螺杆转速、膨化温度、物料含水率;影响脆度的显著性顺序依次为膨化温度、物料含水率、螺杆转速;影响吸水性的显著性顺序依次为膨化温度、物料含水率、螺杆转速。其次,结合各因素交互作用的影响规律与目标优化结果,得出设备的最佳作业参数为:螺杆转速167.23r/min,膨化温度151.68℃,物料含水率16.83%,此时,产品的膨化率、硬度、脆度、吸水性分别为4.04%、18.61N、-8.46mm/cm^2、313.86%。将优化后的参数值在设备中进行了生产性应用,得到生产值与优化值的误差均小于4%,最大生产率为165 kg/h。与扬州大学机械工程学院实验室内的现有设备相比,在提高物料送料的连续性与调质熟化度的基础上,膨化率提高了25.00%,硬度降低了48.21%、脆度提升了40.55%、吸水性提高了62.35%。因此,该机的设计可为香菇膨化产品的开发提供了一种较为成熟的技术装备。     

挤压参数对组织化大豆蛋白持水性的影响

试验以脱脂低温豆粕为原料,以德国布拉本德双螺杆挤压实验室工作站（DSE-25型）为设备,研究了挤压温度、物料含水率以及螺杆构型对产品持水性的影响。结果表明：物料含水率和螺杆构型对产品持水率有极显著影响（p〈0.01）;挤压温度对产品的持水率没有显著影响;挤压温度、物料含水率和螺杆构型对产品吸水率有极显著影响（p〈0.01）。影响产品持水率程度的大小顺序为物料含水率、螺杆构型、挤压温度;影响产品吸水率程度的大小顺序为螺杆构型、挤压温度、物料含水率。产品吸水率随着挤压温度的升高而增加。产品的持水率和吸水率随着物料含水率的提高先增加,随后略有降低。与配备输送元件的构型相比,配备反向元件、齿型盘和捏合块的构型显著增加了产品的持水性。工艺参数和螺杆构型对大豆组织化蛋白的吸水率的影响相对较大,对持水率影响相对较小。产品良好的组织结构是提高产品持水性的必要条件。     

双螺杆二次挤压法制备方便米饭的工艺研究

该文采用可旋转中心组合设计,综合考查机筒温度、物料湿度和螺杆转速三个变量对挤压方便米饭复水率的影响,推导出描述复水率的二次回归模型,并对变量进行响应面分析,得出最佳工艺条件为:机筒温度为120℃、物料湿度为33%,螺杆转速为200 r/min.在该条件下制得的方便米饭复水3 min后,复水率达285%,硬度和弹性值都达到原料籼米米饭的水平.     

鸡肉-大米膨化食品双螺杆挤压工艺参数的优化研究

以鲜鸡肉和大米为原料，对双螺杆挤压工艺条件进行研究，以期开发出新型鸡肉挤压膨化休闲食品，提高鸡肉的附加值。试验采用可旋转中心组合设计，综合考查物料湿度(X₁)、机筒温度(X₂)和螺杆转速(X₃)三个变量对糊化率(Y)的影响。在此基础上由试验数据推导出描述糊化率的二次回归模型，并对变量进行响应面分析，得出最佳挤压工艺条件为：物料湿度35％、机筒温度123℃、螺杆转速220 r/min。     

挤压玉米粉制备高麦芽糖浆工艺优化

为缩短超高麦芽糖浆的生产周期、节约能源,该文系统地研究了挤压玉米粉作预处理后生产高麦芽糖浆的工艺,分析了机筒温度、螺杆转速、模孔直径及物料水分与麦芽糖含量、糖浆收率的关系。结果表明:挤压工艺的因素排序为机筒温度>物料含水率>螺杆转速>模孔直径;最佳挤压条件为:59℃、23%、200r/min、6mm,液化10min,糖化8h,经高效液相色谱分析,所制备的糖浆中麦芽糖质量分数为69.19%,糖浆收率可达100.62%,研究结果可为工业化生产麦芽糖提供数据参考。     

脱胚玉米啤酒辅料的挤压蒸煮系统参数对其糖化过程的影响

该文通过实验室试验,研究了作啤酒辅料的脱胚玉米挤压蒸煮系统诸参数(模孔孔径、套筒温度、物料含水率、螺杆转速和模板内表面至螺杆末端端面的距离)，对醪液的主要考察指标（麦汁的过滤速度、碘值、浸出物收得率）的影响规律. 研究表明，挤压蒸煮脱胚玉米可以作啤酒辅料，其醪液的淀粉在糖化过程中被降解得彻底，淀粉的利用率较高。     

水产沉性颗粒饲料挤压蒸煮工艺对其理化特性的影响

为了规模化生产出低污染、高转化率的环保型水产沉性颗粒饲料,选用双螺杆挤压机对水产全价配合原料进行挤压熟化研究。以沉性水产硬颗粒饲料理化特性(膨化度、近似密度、糊化度、耐久性和水中稳定性)为重要指标,采用表面响应分析法研究了物料含水率（22%～38%）、套筒温度（70～170℃）和螺杆转速（73～107?r/min）对其挤压工艺和饲料理化特性的影响规律,SEM分析其微观结构。结果表明：物料含水率、套筒温度和螺杆转速均显著影响饲料的理化特性。中高物料含水率和套筒温度及低螺杆转速时,才能获得理想的沉性高熟化水产颗粒饲料,其理化特性具有低膨化度（1.14）,高近似密度（757.6?g/L）、糊化度（879.5?g/kg）、耐久性（96.6%）和水中稳定性（88.7%）。SEM分析显示优化条件（物料含水率31%,套筒温度126℃,螺杆转速78?r/min）下生产的颗粒饲料结构光滑质密。该研究可为发展高效、低耗、低碳高品质沉性水产饲料研究和生产提供参考。     

挤压膨化大米做啤酒辅料的试验研究

该文通过实验室试验,研究了做啤酒辅料的大米挤压膨化系统诸参数(模孔孔径、套筒温度、物料含水率、螺杆转速),对醪液的主要考察指标(麦汁醪液的总还原糖、过滤速度)的影响规律,指出挤压膨化大米做啤酒辅料的可行性。     

Effect of Extrusion Conditions on Pasting Behavior and Microstructure of Refabricated Rice: A Response Surface Analysis

The effects of moisture, screw speed, and barrel temperature on pasting behavior of refabricated rice grains were investigated in a corotating twin‐screw extruder with response surface methodology. The rice flour obtained from broken rice (≤1/8 of actual kernel size) of PR‐116 variety was used in the study. The screw speed was set at five levels between 49 and 150 rpm, barrel temperature between 59 and 110°C, and feed moisture between 31 and 45%. All pasting properties of refabricated grains evaluated—peak viscosity, hold viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, and setback viscosity—were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by the three process variables. Barrel temperature was the most significant variable, with quadratic effect on all viscosity parameters. Response surface regression models were established to correlate the viscosity profile of refabricated rice grains to the process variables. The optimum moisture content, screw speed, and barrel temperature estimated by a response surface of desirability function for the production of refabricated rice were 36%, 130 rpm, and 89.5°C, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed that intermediate moisture and temperature along with high screw speed during extrusion could create a more realistic appearance of refabricated rice with less rupture of starch granules.     

Effect of Particle Size and Moisture Content on Viscosity of Fish Feed

A model was developed for the influence of particle size on the extrusion of a fish feed and the physical characteristics of the extrudates evaluated. The study was conducted using factorial experiments in a fractional replication design for four variables with three levels, and one‐third of the replicates (3⁴ factorial in 27 units) were examined in a laboratory extruder. The torque‐screw speed measurement was used to develop a viscosity model equation that considered different shear rates, product temperature, initial moisture content, and particle size. When particle size decreased, the apparent viscosity became smaller. The barrel pressure was important in producing extrudate with a uniform volume over the range of processing conditions tested because it had a strong correlation with the volumetric expansion. The material with lower moisture and larger particles caused the specific mechanical energy to increase. The viscosity model developed in this study can be applied to the development of large‐scale extrusion models that determine the effect of particle size on the feed material extrudates.     

Using an In‐Line Slit‐Die Viscometer to Study the Effects of Extrusion Parameters on Corn Melt Rheology

An in‐line slit‐die viscometer (SDV) was used to measure the viscosity of a melt extrudate independently of the extruder operating conditions. The melt produced by extrusion of the corn grits followed a power law rheological model. The viscosity of the melt and extrusion parameters such as specific mechanical energy (SME), torque, and die pressure decreased with increasing moisture content. The degree of starch gelatinization increased when barrel temperature increased from 90 to 130°C. At temperatures higher than 130°C, most of the starch had gelatinized. The increase in barrel temperature, however, resulted in small changes in the apparent viscosity of the melt, until a maximum of ≈130°C. At a constant feed rate, SME increased and torque decreased when screw speed increased due to the shear thinning behavior of the melt. At a constant screw speed, the torque increased and SME decreased with increasing feed rate. This was due to a decrease in apparent viscosity of the melt at higher feed rates. SME is not an independent extrusion variable and should be used with caution either when predicting the effect of thermomechanical treatment of the product or as the key and only variable for controlling the food extrusion process.     

Effects of Extrusion Variables and Chemicals on the Properties of Starch-Based Binders and Processing Conditions

The effects of extrusion variables (moisture, screw speed, and temperature) and chemicals (urea and sodium bicarbonate) on the properties of starch-based binders (water absorption, bulk density, binder yield, expansion ratio, solubility, pH) and processing conditions (die temperature and pressure, feed rate, and specific mechanical energy) were studied using a central composite design. All quadratic regression models, except the models for bulk density and pH, were significant at the P ≤ 0.06 level. These models can predict the binder properties and processing conditions when extrusion variables and the chemical concentrations are known. Optimum combinations of the chemical concentrations (g/100 g of starch) and extrusion variables to achieve high water absorption in the binders were 15–20 g of urea /100 g of starch, 0–4 g of sodium bicarbonate/100 g of starch, 35–40 g of moisture/100 g of starch, 100–120 rpm screw speed, and 185–215°C barrel temperature. The molecular degradation of the starch occurred during extrusion, especially when the moisture content of starch was <30 g/100 g of starch.     

SME‐Arrhenius Model for WSI of Rice Flour in a Twin‐Screw Extruder

We have modeled a rice extrusion process focusing specifically on the starch gelatinization and water solubility index (WSI) as a function of extrusion system and process parameters. Using a twin‐screw extruder, we examined in detail the effect of screw speed (350–580 rpm), barrel temperature, different screw configurations, and moisture content of rice flour on both extrusion system parameters (product temperature, specific mechanical energy [SME], and residence time distribution [RTD]) and extrudate characteristics (expansion, density, WSI, and water absorption index [WAI]). Changes in WSI were monitored to reveal a relationship between the reaction kinetics during extrusion and WSI. Reaction kinetics models were developed to predict WSI during extrusion. WSI followed a pseudo first‐order reaction kinetics model. It became apparent that the rate constant is a function of both temperature and SME. We have developed an adaptation of the kinetic model based on the Arrhenius equation that shows better correlations with SME and distinguishes data from different screw configurations. This adaptation of the model improved predictability of WSI, thereby linking the extrusion conditions with the extruded product properties.     

Influence of Particle Size on the Twin-Screw Extrusion of Corn Meal

Effects of particle size (50–1,622 μm), screw speed (200–400 rpm), and feed moisture content (19–22%) on twin-screw extrusion of corn meal were investigated using a full-factorial design. Torque, specific mechanical energy, and product temperature generally showed no change within the commonly used particle-size range (100–1,000 μm), but each value dropped significantly as the particle size increased >1,000 μm. Die pressure was influenced by the three-way interaction of particle size, screw speed, and feed moisture content. The highest moisture level (22%), largest particle size (1,622 μm), and two lowest screw speeds (200 and 300 rpm) were the only conditions where the starch was <97.5% of transformation (gelatinization). Consequently, these two conditions also showed the least expansion and hardest product.     

Empirical Modeling of Mean Residence Time in a Co‐Rotating Twin‐Screw Extruder with Rice Flour

Mean residence time of rice flour in a twin‐screw extruder was determined using a blue tracer. Variables studied included moisture content, screw speed, barrel temperature, and screw configuration. Mean residence time increased with the increase of the barrel temperature and with the addition of reverse and kneading elements. Mean residence time was significantly related to screw speed, moisture content, die pressure, and screw configuration (P < 0.05). An empirical model was developed to predict mean residence time with the ability to reflect the changes of the barrel temperature and screw configuration. The effects of different extrusion operating conditions including screw speed, moisture content, barrel temperature, and screw geometry on the mean residence time were considered in the model. The validity of the developed model was extensively evaluated and verified using different screw geometries and other processing variables. The mean residence times predicted by the developed model are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

热压凝胶法制备营养质构米及其营养性质研究

为弥补食用精白米导致营养不良的状况,以大米加工过程中产生的碎米作为原料和载体,产生的米糠作为天然营养强化剂,采取热压凝胶法制备营养质构米。在预试验的基础上,采用响应面法考察热压凝胶过程条件包括喂料含水率,螺杆转速,5个加热区机筒温度对营养质构米的质构和营养特性的影响,得出制备最佳工艺条件:当喂料转速为30r/min,米糠添加量为4%,物料含水率为30%,螺杆转速为17.7r/min,5个区机筒温度分别为50,65,85,100,95～97℃。在此条件下制备的营养质构米含有质量分数总膳食纤维11.44%,蛋白质11.62%,脂肪6.49%,而维生素为B12.07μg/g,维生素B20.31μg/g和γ-谷维素12.04mg/100g。相比于天然精白米,质构特性相近,但维生素B1,维生素B2,γ-谷维素分别增加了1.17,0.06,5.83μg/g,为营养质构米工业化生产提供参考。     

Effect of Barley Flour on Development of Rice‐Based Extruded Snacks

This study was conducted to develop a ready‐to‐eat extruded food using a single‐screw laboratory extruder. Blends of Indian barley and rice were used as the ingredients for extrusion. The effect of extrusion variables and barley‐to‐rice ratio on properties like expansion ratio, bulk density, water absorption index, hardness, β‐glucan, L*, a*, b* values, and pasting characteristics of extruded products were studied. A central composite rotatable design was used to evaluate the effects of operating variables: die temperature (150–200°C), initial feed moisture content (20–40%), screw speed (90–110 rpm), and barley flour (10–30%) on properties like expansion ratio, bulk density, water absorption index (WAI), hardness, β‐glucan, L*, a*, b* values, and sensory and pasting characteristics of extruded products. Die temperature >175°C and feed moisture <30% resulted in a steep increase in expansion ratio and a decrease in bulk density. Barley flour content of 10% and feed moisture content of <20% resulted in an increased hardness value. When barley flour content was 30–40% and feed moisture content was <20%, a steep increase in the WAI was noticed. Viscosity values of extruded products were far less than those of corresponding unprocessed counterparts as evaluated. Rapid visco analysis indicated that the extruded blend starches were partially pregelatinized as a result of the extrusion process. Sensory scores indicated that barley flour content at 20%, feed moisture content at 30%, and die temperature at 175°C resulted in an acceptable product. The prepared product was roasted in oil using a particular spice mix and its sensory and nutritional properties were studied.     

Effects of Product Temperature and Moisture Content on Viscoelastic Properties of Glutinous Rice Extrudates

The viscoelastic properties of glutinous rice flour extruded at moisture contents of 45–55% and barrel temperatures of 75–95°C have been investigated using a small amplitude oscillatory rheometer. High moisture contents (50 and 55%) resulted in product temperatures 3–5°C lower than the barrel temperatures. It appeared that the moisture content was a key element in influencing the value of G′ and tan δ. Raising product temperature reduced the difference in G′ caused by the moisture content. When the product temperature was >85°C, the extrudates yielded a similar degree of gelatinization despite the difference in moisture content. Meanwhile, both G′ and G″ decreased due to the disintegration of starch granules. The relationship between the energy input, measured as specific mechanical energy, and the viscoelastic properties was also assessed.