山东昌邑海洋特别保护区土壤水盐运移现场原位自动监测研究

随着经济社会的发展,对土壤性质进行时间与空间的监测研究对农业发展和环境保护显得尤为重要,而通过地球物理方法可以对土壤进行原位自动监测。基于温纳法自主开发了一套土壤盐渍化原位、长期监测系统,并利用该系统在潍坊昌邑海洋自然保护区进行了原位测试。通过分析土壤电阻率的变化可以对土壤的水盐运移过程进行辨识,对土壤盐渍化过程进行监测、评估、预测,从而为盐渍区域的修复与可持续利用提供参考信息。监测数据表明,监测区域水盐由下自上运移强烈,容易发展为表聚型盐渍土。在降雨过程中,由于雨水淋洗作用,土壤剖面盐分重新分布。淋洗后表层土壤脱盐现象及下部区域盐峰下移过程明显,土壤剖面0~10 cm处为脱盐区域,10~35 cm处为盐峰下移区域。     

沿海区土壤线虫对海水入侵土壤盐渍化的响应

在2013年对大连市大魏家镇海水入侵污染区域进行了土壤理化性质和线虫群落调查,在此基础上,应用线虫多样性指数和功能类群指数研究海水入侵土壤盐渍化以及不同土地利用方式对土壤线虫群落结构的影响。研究期间共鉴定出土壤线虫30科48个属。其中食细菌类群的比例最高,共17属,占总数42.81%;其次为杂食/捕食类群,共9个属,占总数25.26%。优势属为Plectus。结果显示:海水入侵已造成该地区土壤盐渍化;土壤盐分与线虫生态指数SR、f/b、NCR、PPI、MI、PPI/MI、PP%、FF%、BF%和OP%存在显著的相关关系;土地利用方式、土壤盐分对线虫群落的生态指数影响显著,是影响该地区土壤线虫群落结构的主要因素。通过开展土壤线虫对海水入侵土壤盐渍化响应的研究,为促进沿海受海水污染区土壤生态系统的健康发展提供科学依据。     

奇台县绿洲农田土壤盐渍化逆向演替过程

在奇台县绿洲中部平原区和绿洲沙漠交错带选择不同耕种时间的农田,分析其剖面土壤可溶性总盐、pH值、有机质含量随耕种时间的变化。研究表明:奇台县绿洲地下水位已低于影响地表盐渍化的水位临界值(5 m),地下水矿化度低于3 g/L,研究区整体处于有利于土壤盐渍化逆向演替的环境。随着地下水位的不断下降以及耕种时间的延长,农田土壤含盐量逐渐减少,土壤有机质逐渐增加,土壤盐渍化逆向演替过程已经发生。土壤盐渍化的逆向演替过程具有时空特征,可以划分为初级、中级、高级3个阶段。由绿洲下部向上部,土壤盐渍化逆向演替阶段逐渐向高级过渡。     

黄河三角洲土壤盐渍化影响因素分析

通过野外土壤调查和采样分析,对黄河三角洲土壤盐渍化形成的天然环境和影响因素进行了概述,对区域土壤盐渍化程度、类型和特征等进行了分析和探讨。并根据采样点地下水位、矿化度、高程、植被盖度、离海远近等要素,采用灰色关联度模型,分析了不同盐渍化类型主导的环境要素。结果表明,原生盐渍土含盐量主要受地下水位、矿化度和植被覆盖的影响;土壤次生盐渍化主要受离排灌渠远近、地下水矿化度和埋深的影响。     

直流电场力作用下土壤中离子迁移与电阻率的时空变化特征

为了探求在施加直流电场力作用下土壤电阻率的变化过程,以含有盐分的风沙土为供试材料,应用四电极法监测了在施加不同直流电压下土壤电阻率的动态变化过程。结果表明:在不同电压作用下土壤电阻率均具有明显的阶段性波动变化特征,通电10 h以前电阻率处于微小降低过程;10 h以后经过急剧递增后逐渐降低,并伴随着土壤温度的急剧增大,不同电压处理间差异明显。连续通电30 h后土壤中钠离子在阴极0~4 cm范围内富集,氯离子在阳极0~1 cm范围内富集;土壤p H在阳极附近下降约5个单位,在阴极上升约2.4个单位,两极相差7.2个单位,并在土柱断面形成了明显的碱性离子迁移带和酸性离子迁移带,阴、阳极附近电导率明显升高。研究认为,在外加电场力作用下土壤电阻率发生极为敏感的时空变化过程,通电不同阶段外加电场力对土壤溶液中活性离子和土壤颗粒吸附态离子的作用存在着阶段性特征。在用电动法改良盐渍化土壤时,选取适度的外加电压和通电时间是实现清除土壤活性离子和土壤潜性离子的重要条件,土壤p H和电阻率敏感的时空变化体现着土壤阴阳离子的异向迁移与空间分布过程。     

农田明渠排水条件下土壤水盐运移规律研究

土壤水分、盐分、地下水埋深是表征当地土壤质量的重要状态变量,研究其动态变化过程是研究土壤质量演变规律和赖以防治土壤盐渍化的重要方面.在农田明渠排水条件下,土壤中发生的各种物理、化学和生物过程尤为复杂.因此通过对农田土壤盐分的定点实时监测,能够定量表征农田生态环境状况优劣;地下水位埋深变化,可警示农田盐渍化的演变,对调整灌溉定额采取预防措施有指导意义.同时通过实验计算确定了农田斗排的合理间距.     

干旱内陆河灌区灌溉条件下土壤水盐运移规律分析

利用中子水分仪和负压计对干旱内陆河灌区田间土壤水、盐及地下水动态进行监测,结果表明：在全生育期里,积盐脱盐交替频繁,交替周期与灌水周期对应;超大水量冬灌方式是导致灌区土壤盐渍化恶性循环的主要原因;对农田土壤盐分的定点实时监测,能够定量表征农田生态环境状况优劣;地下水位埋深变化,可警示农田盐渍化的演变,对调整灌溉定额采取预防措施有指导意义。     

大连市地下水海水污染对土壤生态影响研究初报

大连沿海地区地下水受海水入侵影响较为严重.在金州大魏家镇,按照离海远近不同选择4个样点,采集地下水样及土样进行分析评价,证明在长期使用海水污染的地下水灌溉地带,土壤已经发生盐渍化现象,必须引起注意加以防治.     

基于指示Kriging法的土壤盐渍化与地下水埋深关系研究

在北方干旱、半干旱的地下水浅埋区,土壤盐渍化是土地资源退化的主要原因,防治土壤盐渍化是农业和生态环境可持续发展的重要保障。该文以内蒙古河套灌区解放闸灌域为例,运用指示Kriging法绘制并比较了不同阈值下地下水位埋深和土壤表层含盐量的概率分布图,从概率空间分布的角度分析研究了土壤盐渍化与地下水位埋深之间的关系,从而将这方面的研究从通常的农田尺度扩大到灌域尺度。结果表明:1)土壤盐分和地下水位埋深空间变异强度均为中等,且具有中等的空间自相关性,球状模型拟合变异函数的效果较好;2)在灌域尺度上,解放闸灌域4月底土壤表层发生中度、轻度盐渍化时地下水位临界埋深分别为2.0、2.5m,西南及中东部地下水位埋深小于临界埋深的概率较大,是土壤返盐的高风险区;3)3月底地下水位埋深对土壤返盐的影响比4月底更大一些,这表明地下水位埋深对土壤返盐的影响具有一定滞后效应,只有地下水位埋深小于临界深度的状态维持一段时间,才会造成土壤中度或轻度盐渍化。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域不同地貌类型土壤盐分累积变化

为详细分析干旱荒漠区土壤盐分长期累积变化的区域差异，以玛纳斯河流域为例，选择冲积洪积扇、冲积平原和干三角洲3种主要地貌类型，通过取样、典型调查等方法讨论其土壤盐分变化情况，结果表明：位于山前冲洪积扇缘以上部位是最稳定的地区，地下水位低，基本不存在盐碱化问题。相比之下，冲积洪积扇缘部分地区由于普遍较高的地下水位和地下水矿化度，短期内仍将处于持续积盐状态。冲积平原部位表土虽明显脱盐，但由于底土含盐量高，且部分地段地下潜水埋深上升至临界深度以下，仍处于脱盐不稳定或脱盐积盐反复型状态。干三角洲部位经过多年的开垦，地下水位出现上升，随着深层盐分上移，也将导致土壤盐渍化发生。分析认为冲洪积扇缘、冲积平原和干三角洲部位部分地区将来土壤盐渍化威胁依然很大。该研究将为区域土壤盐渍化治理提供依据。     

Restoration strategies for water and salt transport in saline soils: A 20-year bibliometric analysis

World Soil Day 2021 encouraged the prevention of soil salinization and improved land productivity. As research underpins this effort, we analysed trends in research on water and salt mobilization in saline soils and groundwater over the past 20 years. We found that the average studies have increased by 30%, from 110 in 2003–2015 to 143 in 2016–2022, with agriculture, water resources and environmental science being the main research fields. The most common research interests were anthropogenic impact (28.6%) and climate change (27.8%), followed by agricultural irrigation management (20%). A keyword clustering analysis revealed that the studies could be classified into four categories: “Agricultural production,” “Freshwater and groundwater salinization,” “Seawater intrusion,” and “Solute dynamic migration.” The most frequently used keyword was “transport” while the use of “freshwater,” “groundwater,” and “seawater intrusion” has increased sharply, suggesting that seawater intrusion and freshwater salinization are an area of increasing interest related to climate change. We identified comprehensive simulating systems for seawater intrusion as an important area for future research. We recommend that promoting a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of water and salt transport in saline soil is needed to ensure stakeholders are provided with science-based information required for policymaking aimed towards sustainable development.     

Soil salinity development in the yellow river delta in relation to groundwater dynamics

The Yellow River Delta occupies an important position in the global ecosystem because of its valuable wetland habitat resources for migratory birds on the Eastern Pacific migration route. However, it has suffered from severe land degradation because of soil salinization. This paper assesses the distribution maps of saline soils during the past two decades, using field observations at three points in time using remote sensing images for the same periods, in combination with spatial models. Soil salinization appears to have expanded from the coastline to inland areas of the Yelow River Delta at a surprising speed during that period. The spatio‐temporal dynamics of the groundwater table and total dissolved solids (TDS) during the last 20 years were analyzed using maps based on Kriging interpolation. Kriging helped substantially to improve the accurateness of the predicted values of soil salt content, using a random subsample of the observation points as validation basis. Correlation analysis of the spatial data revealed that the distribution and evolution of saline soils are closely related to the dynamics of groundwater: the aggravation of soil salinization is associated with a rising groundwater table and increasing TDS. Insufficient recharge of the groundwater with fresh surface water due to reduced Yellow River discharge and subsequent seawater intrusion are therefore serious environmental problems in the Yellow River Delta ecosystem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

世界盐碱地资源及其改良利用的基本措施

目前,全球盐碱地面积已达9.5亿hm².土壤盐碱化已成为重要的环境问题之一.究其原因主要是不适当灌溉,植被破坏和海水内侵.在人口不断增长,耕地逐渐减少的情况下,改良利用盐碱地具有重要意义.采取的基本方法包括工程措施、耕作措施和综合措施.植树造林是改良盐碱地的生物措施之一,不但可以改善环境,抑制土壤盐碱化,而且可以直接利用盐碱地生产林木果品,提高盐碱地的生产能力和经济效益.     

Assessment of the Salinization Process at the Coastal Area with Hydrogeochemical Tools and Geographical Information Systems (GIS): Selçuk Plain, Izmir, Turkey

The salinization process was investigated with hydrogeochemical tools to evaluate the origin of salinity in the Selçuk Plain. Na/Cl and Cl/Br molar ratios of coastal zone that covers an alluvial aquifer, karstic discharges, and a wetland are similar to the local seawater ratio. According to mixing ratios, seawater addition can reach 9–18% in both seasons at the coastal zone especially in karstic springs that are a kind of seawater–freshwater mixing points. A thematic map of the Salinization zone was constructed for the Selçuk Plain using geographical information system tools with different parameters such as major ion ratios, EC values, mixing ratios, and sodium adsorption ratio values. High correlation between Cl and Br, B, Li and Sr explains the salinization process that comes from marine intrusion. The δ ¹⁸O and δD composition of water samples varies between ?6.7‰ and ?2.9‰; ?37‰ and ?20‰, respectively. The coastal zone waters are plotted on the mixing line due to the effects of the salinization process in the plain.     

基于遥感反演河套灌区土壤盐分分布及对作物生长的影响

土壤盐渍化信息是评价灌区节水的生态环境效应的重要指标。该文主要研究内蒙古河套灌区土壤盐分空间分布及对作物生长的影响。于2015年4—8月在全灌区布设了281个监测点,开展了灌区尺度的逐月土壤盐分、作物生长等野外系统的采样工作,并结合开展了基于Landsat OLI数据的土壤盐分反演,分析了土壤盐分的时空分布特征及其与灌溉、地下水埋深间的关系,探讨了土壤盐分含量对作物生长的影响。结果表明,基于遥感反演的土壤盐分空间分布与样点分析的土层含盐趋势基本一致,二者相关系数高达0.87;结合样点分析与遥感反演可得出重度盐化土和盐土占灌区面积的14%左右,呈零散的斑状分布,主要受灌溉、排水条件及地下水埋影响;当地下水埋深在2.0 m以下时,土壤表层及其主根区含盐量基本在0.20%以内;土壤含盐量对种植结构、作物叶面积指数、株高和产量均有明显影响,对叶面积指数和产量的影响更为明显;向日葵则因耐盐性强而广泛种植于高含盐区,而玉米高产田的根区盐分基本均在0.05%~0.20%之间。研究结果可为河套灌区的盐渍化防治、水土资源的科学管理及农业生产提供参考。     

近20年间黄淮海平原典型区盐渍土性质的对比分析

２０００年通过随机选取１９８０年的８８个盐渍土样点中的３３个样点进行对比调查，研究黄淮海冲积平原区曲周县盐渍土壤的全盐量、ｐＨ、有机质、全氮和有效养分的动态变化以及地下水埋深的变动趋势．结果表明，该县耕地盐渍化和脱盐化作用皆存在，原非盐渍土有盐渍化趋势，轻度盐化土有盐渍化加重的趋势，中度、重度盐化上和内陆盐上则经长期改良治理后脱盐化趋势明显．该区盐渍土有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量均有明显提高，有效磷含量有增有减，有效钾含量则明显降低．对区域土壤盐渍化与脱盐化作用影响较大的地下水位明显降低．     

Detecting Seasonal Flow Pathways in Road Structures Using Tracer Tests and ERT

Roads and traffic can be a source of water-bound pollutants, which can percolate through the unsaturated zone to groundwater. Deicing salt is widely used on roads in northern Europe during winter and is usually applied at a time when the temperature is below zero and the soil is partly frozen. Understanding the mechanism by which water-bound pollutants such as deicing salt are transferred from roads to groundwater is highly important for groundwater protection, environmental sustainability and road maintenance. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) can be used for tracing the infiltration of deicing salt in different seasons, including the frozen period, as a step towards identifying pollutant infiltration pathways. In this study, a tracer-ERT monitoring method and analytical process was developed and evaluated for use in investigating and demonstrating deicing salt infiltration pathways in road structures in different seasons and weather conditions. The method involves using dissolved sodium chloride as a tracer and monitoring its infiltration using a multi-electrode array system. The tracer tests were performed at the same location in different seasons over a 1-year period. The results indicated high seasonal variation in percolation pattern and flow velocity, with large decreases in December (winter), most likely due to preferential flow paths within the road shoulder. These findings can be applied to other water-soluble pollutants that move from the road surface to groundwater.     

盐渍化弃耕地土壤盐分动态及其影响因素

以干旱区盐渍化弃耕地分布的光板地(裸地),不同生长时期的猪毛菜(Salsola ferganica)、芦苇(Phragmitesaustralis)和盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)群落为研究对象,研究了准噶尔盆地南缘玛纳斯河灌区典型盐渍化弃耕地土壤盐分的动态特征,并讨论了影响土壤盐分积累和迁移的环境因素.结果表明:试验区不同植被条件下土壤盐分含量差异较大,土壤0～ 100 cm各层盐分均为中等强度的变异.在地理地形、地下水位、成土母质等一致的条件下,气候的干热变化影响着土壤盐分的季节性变化,植被、土壤质地、土壤水分状况等因素与盐渍化弃耕地土壤盐分积累和迁移关系密切.     

长江三角洲地区滩涂土壤盐分空间分布特征研究

盐碱地盐分空间分布精准识别及形成机理解析对盐碱地科学利用具有重要意义.针对传统点状采样监测方法工作量大、代表性差和检测费用高等问题,本研究采用电磁感应仪精准调查技术对上海崇明某滩涂农场进行土壤盐分空间分布评估,全面快速获得盐分空间分布信息,解析土壤盐分形成机理,进而分类分区分级指导农业生产和科学精准改良.结果表明:土壤...