冬小麦施用控释氮肥增产效应研究初报

冬小麦施用 2种控释N肥田间小区试验研究结果表明 ,不同灌水量、等N量下冬小麦施用乐喜施控释N肥 (F2 )和众品控释N肥 (F3 )均比施用普通尿素 (F1)显著提高产量 ,产量结构明显改善 ,N素利用效率分别提高 3%～ 5 % (W1)和 2 %～ 6 % (W2 ) ,经济效益F3 处理增收 10 82元 /hm2 ,而F2 处理平均减收 6 32 7元 /hm2 ,收获期耕层土壤所保持的N量较多。     

筒栽冬小麦施用控释氮肥增产效应的研究

试验研究筒栽冬小麦施用 2种控释N肥结果表明 ,相同灌水量和灌溉次数、施等N量下 ,与施用普通尿素(F1)相比冬小麦施用乐喜施控释N肥 (F2 )和众品控释N肥 (F3 )处理产量均显著提高 ,N素表观利用效率分别提高5 %～ 10 % (I1)和 13%～ 2 6 % (I2 ) ,对冬小麦扎根深度和总根重显著影响为F1相似文献   

控释肥施用对小麦生长期N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱法研究不同施氮水平下控释肥和尿素(N 0、100、200、270 kg hm-2)对麦季N2O排放的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,整个小麦生长季N2O排放量均随尿素和控释肥施用量的增加呈指数增加(32%～164%,p<0.05),但控释肥处理增加程度则较尿素处理缓和;施用控释肥可以有效抑制小麦生长季N2O排放(p<0.05),控释肥对N2O的减排量随着施氮量的增加而增加。小麦产量随尿素施用量的增加呈抛物线增加(24%～43%,p<0.05),随控释肥施用量的增加亦呈抛物线增加(30%～45%,p<0.05);与施用相同水平尿素相比,施用控释肥的小麦产量略有增加,但无显著差异(p>0.05)。单位产量N2O排放量随尿素施用量的增加而呈指数增加(31%～114%,p<0.05),随控释肥施用量的增加而呈抛物线增加(2%～50%,p<0.05);施用控释肥可以有效抑制小麦生长季单位产量N2O排放(p<0.05),控释肥对单位产量N2O的减排量随着施氮量的增加而增加。各处理N2O排放量与土壤水分存在显著正相关(p<0.05),与土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度和土温不呈明显线性关系(p>0.05)。     

控释尿素与普通尿素配施对糯玉米产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

  【目的】  缓/控释肥料轻简化施用技术在我国玉米生产中逐步得到应用,研究控释氮肥与尿素不同比例配施对大田糯玉米产量、物质积累与转运以及氮素吸收利用的影响,为糯玉米高产高效施肥提供理论与技术支撑。  【方法】  田间试验于2019—2020年在江苏连云港进行,供试玉米品种为连花糯2号。在施N 225 kg/hm2水平下,设置5个普通尿素与控释尿素配施比例处理:100%普通尿素 (N1)、100%控释尿素 (N2)、普通氮素∶控释尿素=1∶2 (N3)、普通氮素∶控释尿素=1∶1 (N4)、普通氮素∶控释尿素=2∶1 (N5),以不施氮处理 (N0)为对照。测定了糯玉米籽粒产量、植株物质积累转运与分配及氮肥利用率。  【结果】  5个普通尿素与控释尿素配施处理中,N3处理的增产增收幅度最大,较N1处理产量增加了30%,平均收益增加了2835元/hm2,N4和N5处理产量和经济效益大于N1处理,小于N3处理,且二者差异较小。控释尿素与普通尿素配施显著提高吐丝后干物质和氮素积累量,且以N3处理增加最明显,其次为N2和N4处理,N5与N1处理干物质积累量差异不显著。不同氮肥配施对植株氮素转运量和转运率有显著影响,且N2、N3和N4处理间差异不显著,三者高于N1和N5处理。施用控释尿素处理的平均收获指数和成熟期籽粒氮素含量占比高于N1处理,其中N3处理的收获指数(0.45)及籽粒氮素含量占比(57.5%)最高,其次为N2处理。与N1相比,配施控释尿素提高了糯玉米的氮素偏生产力、氮素农学效率和氮素回收率,且以N3处理的增加幅度最大,其次为N2和N4处理,N5与N1处理差异不显著。与N2处理相比,N3处理的氮素偏生产力提高了2.6 kg/kg、氮素农学效率增加了2.6 kg/kg、氮素回收率提高了6.6个百分点。  【结论】  控释尿素与普通尿素配施对糯玉米产量及氮素吸收利用具有显著影响。综合两年糯玉米籽粒产量与氮素吸收利用的表现,在施氮量225 kg/hm2条件下普通尿素与控释尿素配施比例为1∶2时,有利于协同提高江苏省糯玉米产量、氮素利用率和种植收益。     

控释尿素施用对水稻吸氮量及产量的影响

以15N标记尿素及用其制成的有机-矿质材料控释尿素为供试肥料,探讨其在黑土水稻田上使用后水稻对N的吸收利用及水稻产量的变化。结果表明:控释尿素比普通尿素氮肥利用率提高了3.64%～19.92%,土壤中N的残留量增加6.37%～20.86%,可提高水稻产量8.66%～25.70%。     

控释肥料对花生产量、品质以及养分利用率的影响

以普通单质肥料(尿素、磷酸二铵、氯化钾和硫酸钾等)为原料,制备了N-P2O5-K2O分别为18-11-11和14-8-8的5种控释肥料,于2005年在福建省龙岩市进行田间试验,研究了控释肥料品种对花生产量、品质以及养分利用率的影响。结果表明,在等NPK比例和等养分量处理下,控释肥料可以减小肥料对花生结瘤的抑制作用,改善花生主要的农艺性状。与普通肥料1次性施用相比,控释肥料处理增加荚果产量2.5%1～0.8%,增加生物量1.3%6～.9%,氮、磷、钾当季利用率分别提高3.9%1～5.8%、0.6%4～.2%和2.6%1～4.2%;与普通肥料分2次施用相比,控释肥料处理的荚果增产-0.6%7～.5%,生物量增加-2.6%2～.8%,氮、磷、钾当季利用率分别提高了-5.5%5～.7%、2.7%6～.3%和-2.2%9～.4%。此外,控释肥料还可以改善花生的品质,提高花生仁的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量。     

冬小麦上短控释期尿素的适宜施用量与施用方法研究

【目的】控释尿素受土壤温度、 水分等环境条件的影响,应用效果不一。对比相同施氮量下一次性基施控释尿素与尿素分期施用,以及控释尿素和普通尿素追施对冬小麦籽粒产量、 品质, 氮肥利用率及综合经济效益的影响,可为控释尿素的合理施用提供理论和技术依据。【方法】采用大田试验,选用新麦26为供试材料,随机区组试验设计,调查了冬小麦籽粒产量、 主要品质性状、 氮肥利用率及经济效益。设两个试验,试验1: 控释尿素和普通尿素各设5个氮肥水平,即N 0、 120、 160、 200和240 kg/hm2; 试验2: 设不施氮肥、 N 200 kg/hm2总氮量下普通尿素和控释尿素均40%返青期追施3个处理。【结果】 1)与不施氮(CK)相比,控释尿素和普通尿素均可显著提高小麦籽粒产量,且随着施氮量的增加而增加,其中以分期施用普通尿素N 240 kg/hm2处理籽粒产量最高。相同施氮量下,分期施用普通尿素处理小麦籽粒产量显著高于一次性基施控释尿素处理(N 160 kg/hm2除外)。然而,返青期追施控释尿素处理小麦籽粒产量显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理,增产率达15.8%; 2)相同施氮量下,分期施用普通尿素处理较一次性基施控释尿素处理的小麦籽粒容重、 蛋白质含量、 水分含量、 湿面筋含量均有所提高,且两种尿素处理间籽粒容重在N 160 kg/hm2和N 200 kg/hm2时差异达显著水平。然而,返青期追施控释尿素处理小麦籽粒容重、 湿面筋含量、 蛋白质含量等品质指标显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理; 3)两种尿素处理氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力随施氮量的增加而降低,在相同施氮量下分期施用普通尿素处理显著高于一次性基施控释尿素处理。此外,与分期施用普通尿素处理相比,一次性基施控释尿素处理减少了小麦拔节期追肥人工成本投入,但由于一次性基施控释尿素处理籽粒产量较低和氮肥价格较高,导致经济效益相对较低。然而,试验2结果表明,返青期追施控释尿素处理氮素利用率(氮肥农学效率、 氮肥偏生产力及氮素回收率)和经济效益显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理。【结论】本研究地区较适宜的推荐氮肥施用量为N 200 kg/hm2,一次性基施控释尿素较适宜于劳力欠缺的农户,而对于个别劳力充足的农户则适宜采用分期追施普通尿素或者小麦返青期追施控释尿素的氮肥管理技术。因此,在当前农村劳动力日益减少,用工成本日益增加以及种粮比较效益持续降低的大环境下,氮素肥料合理选择和施用技术要依据实际情况而定。     

不同降雨年份控释尿素与普通尿素配施对夏玉米产量、氮素利用及经济效益的影响

  【目的】  在干旱和正常降雨年份，比较控释尿素与普通尿素不同配施比例对玉米产量和经济效益的影响，为夏玉米养分科学管理提供依据。  【方法】  试验于2017—2018年在河南省禹州市顺店镇进行，该地2017年6—9月降雨量为210.9 mm，属少雨干旱年份；2018年6—9月，降雨量为533.9 mm，属降雨正常年份。试验设置控释尿素 (N 45%) 与普通尿素 (N 46%) 的配比分别为1∶9、2∶8、3∶7、4∶6、5∶5，施氮量均为N180 kg/hm2。于拔节期、大喇叭口期、开花期、乳熟期、成熟期取植株样品，测定植株全氮含量；于成熟期，测定玉米产量同时测试土壤无机氮含量。  【结果】  不同降雨年份玉米产量差异显著，相同处理下干旱年份 (2017) 与降雨正常年份 (2018) 相比玉米减产36.5%～53.4%。在降雨正常年份，与仅施普通尿素相比，控释尿素与普通尿素以4:6配比的玉米产量提高10.1%，经济效益提高15.8%。在干旱年份，与仅施普通尿素处理相比，控释尿素与普通尿素配施处理的玉米产量有所下降，其中CRU4显著减产22.9%，经济效益降低56.7%，当控释尿素与普通尿素比例为4∶6时减产幅度达到最大，经济效益也最低。相同配施处理下，在降雨正常年份玉米花后氮素累积比干旱年份增长108.0%～1175.7%，氮肥偏生产力增长57.4%～114.6%。在干旱年份，控释尿素与普通尿素配施处理的表层土壤硝态氮含量比降雨正常年份高52.3%～131.9%。在降雨正常年份，控释尿素与普通尿素配施处理土壤表层 (0—30 cm) 硝态氮含量均高于仅施普通尿素的处理。  【结论】  与正常降雨年份相比，干旱可导致玉米减产36.5%～53.4%，植株干物质累积量、氮素累积量、氮肥偏生产力均有所降低，土壤硝态氮残留量升高52.3%～131.9%。正常降雨量下，控释尿素与普通尿素配施能够提高玉米氮素累积量和经济效益，控释尿素与普通尿素在3∶7的配比下能获得最佳经济效益。     

不同缓/控释尿素在黄土台塬区春玉米的减量施用效果

本文通过田间试验研究了覆膜条件下,黄土台塬区6种缓/控释尿素减量施用对春玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮素累积量等的影响,以确定适合本地区春玉米施用的缓/控释氮肥品种和用量,为本地区春玉米简约、高效施肥技术提供理论依据与技术支撑。以春玉米品种‘先玉335’为供试作物,设9个处理,分别为不施氮肥处理(N0)、农户常规施氮处理[普通尿素,施氮量225 kg(N)·hm~(-2),N225]、普通尿素减量处理[施氮量180 kg(N)·hm~(-2),N180]和6种缓/控释尿素减量处理[施氮量180 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]。6种缓/控释尿素分别为树脂尿素、控失尿素(CLU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、脲甲醛(UF)、多肽尿素和稳定尿素。在玉米各生育时期采集地上部植株样品及耕层(0~20 cm)土样,分析耕层土壤无机氮含量,测定玉米植株氮素累积量及产量。施用氮肥可显著增加玉米产量,增产率在28%~65%。与N225相比,N180玉米产量显著降低19.1%,但各缓/控释尿素(减量20%)一次基施没有明显的减产效应,其中SCU与CLU分别增产4.5%和2.7%。与农户常规施肥相比,N180降低经济效益2 051$·hm~(-2);各缓/控释尿素(除UF)可增加玉米氮素累积量、提高氮肥利用率2.26%~12.69%,经济效益提高347~1 747$·hm~(-2),氮肥利用率和经济效益以SCU、CLU最高。大喇叭口期—吐丝期,缓/控释尿素氮素释放量大可能是提高氮肥吸收和利用率的原因之一。控失尿素和硫包衣尿素等缓/控释尿素减量(20%)并一次性基施,能维持产量不降低,提高氮肥利用率和经济收益,节约劳动力成本,可作为黄土台塬区春玉米简约化减量化施肥的一种选项。     

控释尿素掺混比例对旱地玉米产量、无机氮含量及氮肥利用率的影响

【目的】控释尿素一次性轻简化施肥技术应用于陇东旱塬区春玉米生产增产效果显著。本研究从控释尿素与普通尿素掺混施用对玉米产量、土壤无机氮含量、酶活性及氮肥利用率的影响角度，研究其增产机理。【方法】2020—2021年连续两年在陇东旱塬的庆阳市镇原县梧桐村，以‘先玉335’为供试品种开展了玉米田间试验。在施N 225 kg/hm²的前提下，设置5个控释尿素与普通尿素的掺混比例：100%普通尿素(N0:10)、100%控释尿素(N10:0)、30%控释尿素+70%普通尿素(N3:7)、50%控释尿素+50%普通尿素(N5:5)、70%控释尿素+30%普通尿素(N7:3)，以不施氮处理(N0)为对照。调查了玉米产量，0—40 cm土层土壤无机氮含量、酶活性，计算了氮肥利用率和籽粒品质。【结果】控释尿素与普通尿素掺混显著增加了玉米穗粒数和百粒重，提高了玉米产量，以N7:3处理两年平均产量最高(16618 kg/hm²)，较N0:10、N10:0和N0处理分别增产20.1%、13.6%和55.6%；纯收益和产投比较N0:10处理分别增加了0.71万元/hm...     

Optimum N concentration in winter wheat grown in the coastal plain region of Virginia

Abstract

Limited information is available on optimum N levels in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), particularly at higher yield levels. Three experiments were conducted in the Coastal Plain region of Virginia where N was applied at rates of 0, 67, 90 and 112 kg/ha to Wheeler, Mc Nair 1003 and Coker 747 soft red winter wheat varieties. Yields ranged from 2.33 to 5.83 Mg/ha in the study. Nitrogen fertilization increased yield up to the 67 kg/ha rate and increased N concentration in the plant tissue up to 67 or 112 kg of N/ha, depending on variety. Optimum N concentration, i.e., N concentration at maximum (100%) yield for Wheeler, Mc Nair 1003 and Coker 747, over the three experiments, was 4.54%, 4.52% and 4.81%, respectively, for entire above‐ground plant samples collected at Feekes growth stage 4 and 4.72%, 4.73% and 4.44% for flag leaf samples collected at Feekes growth stage 10. A N sufficiency range of 4.00–5.00% is suggested for use for the plant parts sampled for both growth stages.     

黑垆土有机氮组分对可矿化氮的关系

Mineralizable N and organic N components in different layers (0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm) of six soils with different fertilities sampled from Yongshou County, Shaanxi Province, China,were determined by the aerobic incubation method and the Bremner procedure, respectively. Correlation,multiple regression and path analyses were performed to study the relation of minerallzable N to organic N components. Results of correlation and regression analyses showed that the amounts of the N mineralized were parallel to, and significantly correlated with, the total acid hydrolyzahle N, but was not so with the acid-insoluble N. Of the hydrolyzable N, the amino acid N and the ammonia N had a highly consistent significant correlation with the mineralized N, and their partial regression coefficients were significant in the regression equations, showing their importance in contribution to the mineralizable N. The amino sugar N, on the other hand, had a relatively high correlation with the mineralized N, but their partial regression coefficients were not significant in the regression equations. In contrast, the hydrolyzable unknown N had no such relations.Path analysis further indicated that the amino acid N and ammonia N made great direct contributions to the mineralized N, but the contributions of the amino sugar N were very low. These strongly suggested tha tthe mineralized N in the soils tested was mainly from the hydrolyzable N, particularly the amino acid N and ammonia N which are the major sources for its production.     

Immobilization of ammonium and nitrate and their interaction with native N in three Illinois Mollisols

Summary Three Illinois Mollisols were incubated for 2 weeks at 25°C after treatment with different amounts of glucose and/or ¹⁵N-labelled (NH₄)₂SO₄ or ¹⁵N-labelled KNO₃. The objectives were: (1) to compare the immobilization and interaction of NH _inf4 ^sup+ –N and NO _inf3 ^sup- –N with the native soil N, and (2) to study the relationship between immobilization of applied N and the added N interaction. As determined, immobilized N refers to forms not extractable with 2 MKCl (immobilized ¹⁵N+clay-fixed ¹⁵NH _inf4 ^sup+ ). In all cases, both NH _inf4 ^sup+ –N and NO _inf3 ^sup- –N were actively immobilized and transformed into organic forms in the presence of glucose. In the absence of glucose, a higher proportion of NH _inf4 ^sup+ than NO _inf3 ^sup- was recovered in organic forms. Although the three soils differed considerably in the amounts of applied N immobilized, similar trends in N immobilization were observed. A positive added N interaction occurred with all soils, the magnitude increasing with the rate of N addition. In the absence of glucose, higher added N interactions were obtained for NH _inf4 ^sup+ than NO _inf3 ^sup- , whereas there was very little difference between NH _inf4 ^sup+ and NO _inf3 ^sup- in the presence of glucose. The results indicate that under conditions of rapid immobilization (e.g., in the presence of glucose), NH _inf4 ^sup+ and NO _inf3 ^sup- will show comparable interaction with the native soil N, whereas in unamended soil, the extent of this interaction will be greater with NH _inf4 ^sup+ than with NO _inf3 ^sup- . Significant correlations were observed between applied N immobilized and the added N interaction only in one soil having a high initial mineral N content.     

Apparent availability of nitrogen in composted municipal refuse

The use of composted municipal refuse on agricultural land requires prior knowledge of the interactions among compost, soil, and plants. Research into the availability of N in highly matured municipal refuse compost is particularly important considering the current concern about groundwater contamination by NO _inf3 ^sup- -N. A greenhouse pot bioassay was conducted to determine the percentage of short-term apparent bioavailable N of a highly matured refuse compost and its relative efficiency in supplying inorganic N to the soil-plant system in comparison with NH₄NO₃. Municipal refuse (after 165 days of composting) was applied at rates equivalent to 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 t ha^-1 to a ferrallitic soil from Tenerife Island (Andeptic Paludult). NH₄NO₃ was applied at rates equivalent to the total N content of the compost treatments. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was grown in 3-kg pots and the tops were harvested at regular intervals after seedling emergence. The compost increased dry matter yield, soil mineral N, and plant N uptake proportional to the applied rate. These increases were significantly higher than the control at an application rate of 20 t ha^-1. After 6 months the apparent bioavailable N ranged from 16 to 21%. The relative efficiency was 43% after 30 days. This suggests that large inputs of inorganic N into soil can be obtained with high rates of this kind of compost, with a potential for NO _inf3 ^sup- -N contamination. However, applied at moderate rates in our bioassay (<50 t ha^-1), compost showed a low N-supplying capacity to ryegrass, i.e. a small fraction of the mineralized compost N was used by plants in the course of time. This was ascribed to a partial biological immobilization. This pattern of N availability in highly matured municipal refuse compost, positive net mineralization but partial immobilization, is similar to the pattern of N availability in biologically active soils and is therefore extremely interesting for the conservation of N in agro-ecosystems.     

Comparison of Chemical Methods for Assessing Nitrogen Mineralization in Two Calcareous Soils Treated with Organic Materials

Reliable and quick methods for measuring nitrogen (N)–supplying capacities of soils (NSC) are a prerequisite for using N fertilizers. This study was conducted to develop a routine method for estimation of mineralizable N in two calcareous soils (sandy loam and clay soils) treated with municipal waste compost or sheep manure. The methods used were anaerobic biological N mineralization, mineral N released by 2 M potassium chloride (KCl), ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) N extracted by 1 N sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), NH₄ ⁺-N extracted by acid potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), and NH₄ ⁺-N released by oxidation of soil organic matter using acidified potassium permanganate. The results showed that oxidizable N extracted by acid permanganate, a simple and rapid measure of soil N availability, was correlated with results of the anaerobic method. Oxidative 0.05 N KMnO₄ was the best method, accounting for 78.4% of variation in NSC. Also, the amount of mineralized N increased with increasing level of organic materials and was greater in clay soil than sandy loam soil.     

华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的氮素循环与平衡

对华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素输入输出的数量特征、平衡状况进行了分析,并评估其优化潜力。研究表明,华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田每年的氮素输入中,化学氮肥、农家肥、降水、灌溉、非生物固氮和种子带入农田的氮分别为545、68、21、15、15和5kghm-2a-1,氮素年输入总量为669kghm-2a-1;每年的氮素输出中,作物收获带走的氮为311kghm-2a-1,而氨挥发、反硝化和淋洗损失的氮分别为120、16和136kghm-2a-1,氮素年输出总量为583kghm-2a-1;氮素年盈余量为86kghm-2a-1。目前我国华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素处于大量赢余状态,从而导致氮素大量损失。因此,加强氮肥管理,提高氮肥利用率,加大有机肥施用的力度,是华北地区农田氮素资源管理的长期任务。     

Effect of increasing rates of 15N‐labelled fertilizer on recovery of fertilizer N in plant and soil N pools in a pot experiment with winter wheat

The effect of increasing rates of ¹⁵N‐labelled Ca(NO₃)₂ (N₀ = no N application, N₃₀₀ = 300 mg N/pot; N₆₀₀ = 600 mg N/pot; N₉₀₀ = 900 mg N/pot) on recovery of fertilizer N in winter wheat plants and soil (total soil N, soil microbial biomass N [N_mic], extractable organic N [N_org]) and on N mineralization (NM_soil) was investigated at milk‐ripe growth stage in a pot experiment. The N rates were equally split at tillering, stem elongation and ear emergence. Fertilizer N recovered in crops increased with increasing N rates (N₃₀₀: 223.5 mg N/pot [74.5% of applied fertilizer N], N₆₀₀: 445.6 mg N/pot [74.3%], N₉₀₀: 722.1 mg N/pot [80.2%]). NM_soil slightly increased from N₀ (43.8 mg N/pot) to N₉₀₀ (75.6 mg N/pot) indicating that N application enhanced availability of soil‐derived N for the plants. However, in fertilized treatments NM_soil is balanced by immobilization and losses (non‐recovered fertilizer N). Therefore the effective soil N mineralization is indicated by apparent net N mineralization (ANNM = NM_soil — fertilizer N immobilization — lost fertilizer N). Fertilizer N immobilization in soil increased from N₃₀₀ (38.7 mg N/pot) to N₆₀₀ (60.7 mg N/pot) and N₉₀₀ (65.5 mg N/pot). Lost fertilizer N increased from N₃₀₀ (14.8 mg N/pot) to N₆₀₀ (56.7 mg N/pot) and N₉₀₀ (62.1 mg N/pot). As a consequence negative ANNM values were calculated at N₆₀₀ and N₉₀₀. Due to the small differences between N₆₀₀ and N₉₀₀ fertilizer N immobilization and lost fertilizer N did not increase linearly with increasing N rates, i.e. both processes were limited by factors other than N rate. Only 5.6—7.4% of the immobilized fertilizer N was recovered in N_org and 5.4—9.3% in N_mic soil pools. It is assumed that most of the immobilized fertilizer N was in non‐extractable organic N forms. N_mic and N_org were weak indicators for the extent of fertilizer N immobilization.     

保护地蔬菜轮作体系中两种不同复合肥对产量的影响及其氮素动态特征

Yield and N uptake of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) crops in five successive rotations receiving two compound fertilizers (12-12-17 and 21-8-11 N-P₂O₅-K₂O) were studied to determine 1) crop responses, 2) dynamics of NO₃-N and NH₄-N in different soil layers, 3) N balance and 4) system-level N efficiencies. Five treatments (2 fertilizers, 2 fertilizer rates and a control), each with three replicates, were arranged in the study. The higher N fertilizer rate, 300 kg N ha^-1 (versus 150 kg N ha^-1), returned higher vegetable fruit yields and total aboveground N uptake with the largest crop responses occurring for the low-N fertilizer (12-12-17) applied at 300 kg N ha^-1 rather than with the high-N fertilizer (21-8-11). Ammonium-N in the top 90 cm of the soil profile declined during the experiment, while nitrate-N remained at a similar level throughout the experiment with the lower rate of fertilizer N. At the higher rate of N fertilizer there was a continuous NO₃-N accumulation of over 800 kg N ha^-1. About 200 kg N ha^-1 was applied with irrigation to each crop using NO₃-contaminated groundwater. In general, about 50% of the total N input was recovered from all treatments. Pepper, relative to tomato, used N more efficiently with smaller N losses, but the crops utilized less than 29% of the fertilizer N over the two and a half-year period. Local agricultural practices maintained high residual soil nutrient status. Thus, optimization of irrigation is required to minimize nitrate leaching and maximize crop N recovery.     

Organic nitrogen compounds extracted from arable and forest soils by electro-ultrafiltration and recovery rates of amino acids

Summary Extraction of synthetic amino acids dissolved in water by means of electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) showed average recovery rates of about 75%. Higher losses were obtained, particularly with cysteine, methionine and NH₄ ⁴; the latter, probably being deprotonated at the cathode, may be lost in form of NH₃. The EUF extracts of three arable and two forest soils were investigated for their N compounds. In the arable soils only about 3% of the total organic N extracted by EUF was free amino acids; about 23%–55% consisted of amino N (hydrolysable N) and the rest was non-hydrolysable N. The two forest soils contained higher amounts of EUF-extractable organic N compared with the arable soils. In the two forest soils the content of free amino-acid N amounted to 8% and 11% of the EUF organic N, and the proportion of hydrolysable N from total EUF-organic N was 41% and 46%. It is suggested that the amino-acid N and the hydrolysable N can be easily mineralized.     

华南受干扰林和成熟林氮素流失对模拟氮沉降的响应

Current nitrogen (N) leaching losses and their responses to monthly N additions were investigated under a disturbed pine (Pinus massoniana) forest and a mature monsoon broadleaf forest in southern China. N leaching losses from both disturbed and mature forests were quite high (14.6 and 29.2 kg N ha^-1 year^-1, respectively), accounting for 57% and 80% of their corresponding atmospheric N inputs. N leaching losses were substantially increased following the first 1.5 years of N applications in both forests. The average increases induced by the addition of 50 and 100 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 were 36.5 and 24.9 kg N ha^-1 year^-1, respectively, in the mature forest, accounting for 73.0% and 24.9% of the annual amount of N added, and 14.2 and 16.8 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 in the disturbed forest, accounting for 28.4% and 16.8% of the added N. Great N leaching and a fast N leaching response to N additions in the mature forest might result from long-term N accumulation and high ambient N deposition load (greater than 30 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 over the past 15 years), whereas in the disturbed forest, it might result from the human disturbance and high ambient N deposition load. These results suggest that both disturbed and mature forests in the study region may be sensitive to increasing N deposition.