Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds

H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) has emerged as a pathogenic entity for a variety of species, including humans, in recent years. Here we report an outbreak among migratory birds on Lake Qinghaihu, China, in May and June 2005, in which more than a thousand birds were affected. Pancreatic necrosis and abnormal neurological symptoms were the major clinical features. Sequencing of the complete genomes of four H5N1 AIV strains revealed them to be reassortants related to a peregrine falcon isolate from Hong Kong and to have known highly pathogenic characteristics. Experimental animal infections reproduced typical highly pathogenic AIV infection symptoms and pathology.     

The potential for respiratory droplet-transmissible A/H5N1 influenza virus to evolve in a mammalian host

Avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses pose a pandemic threat. As few as five amino acid substitutions, or four with reassortment, might be sufficient for mammal-to-mammal transmission through respiratory droplets. From surveillance data, we found that two of these substitutions are common in A/H5N1 viruses, and thus, some viruses might require only three additional substitutions to become transmissible via respiratory droplets between mammals. We used a mathematical model of within-host virus evolution to study factors that could increase and decrease the probability of the remaining substitutions evolving after the virus has infected a mammalian host. These factors, combined with the presence of some of these substitutions in circulating strains, make a virus evolving in nature a potentially serious threat. These results highlight critical areas in which more data are needed for assessing, and potentially averting, this threat.     

Avian H5N1 influenza in cats

During the 2003 to 2004 outbreak of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in Asia, there were anecdotal reports of fatal infection in domestic cats, although this species is considered resistant to influenza. We experimentally inoculated cats with H5N1 virus intratracheally and by feeding them virus-infected chickens. The cats excreted virus, developed severe diffuse alveolar damage, and transmitted virus to sentinel cats. These results show that domestic cats are at risk of disease or death from H5N1 virus, can be infected by horizontal transmission, and may play a role in the epidemiology of this virus.     

用反向遗传8质粒系统构建流感H1N1重组病毒

为了建立用于流感病毒拯救的反向遗传操作系统,用RT-PCR方法扩增得到A型流感病毒流行株A/shanghai/7/99的HA和NA基因,将其克隆到pGEM-T载体上并测序,挑选阳性克隆分别用BsmBⅠ、BsaⅠ酶切,连接到以BsmBⅠ酶切的双向转录/表达载体pAD3000上,获得重组质粒pAD-HA和pAD-NA,分别与含A/PR/8/34流感病毒7个基因的阳性质粒共转染COS-1细胞,拯救了重组病毒R-HA-PR8和R-NA-PR8,说明构建的重组质粒pAD-HA和pAD-NA是正确的,将pAD-HA和pAD-NA与含A/PR/8/34流感病毒6个基因的阳性质粒共转染COS-1细胞,培养48 h后吸取上清液及COS-1细胞,接种10日龄SPF鸡胚,孵育96 h后,收获鸡胚尿囊液进行血凝和血凝抑制试验。结果显示,鸡胚尿囊液中重组病毒H1N1的血凝效价和血凝抑制效价均为29,鸡胚半数感染剂量为10-8.5~10-9。病毒的成功拯救为进一步深入研究流感病毒的基因功能以及流感新型疫苗的研发奠定了基础。     

基于荧光熔解曲线模式RT-PCR快速检测H5N1亚型禽流感病毒

针对H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的HA、NA基因保守序列设计2对引物,建立了SYBR Green Ⅰ双重荧光RT-PCR(RRT-PCR)方法,实现了同一反应管内同时检测AIV的H5和N1亚型基因.熔解曲线分析显示,H5和N1扩增片段的熔解温度分别为(795±03)℃和(833±03)℃,无引物二聚体形成,扩增产物片段大小分别为150bp和474bp,与预期大小相符,测序结果证实为H5和N1亚型基因的靶序列.该方法能从H5N1样本中检出阳性扩增信号,熔解曲线可见H5和N1双特异峰;而H5N2样本有阳性扩增,熔解曲线仅见H5单特异峰.AIV的其他HA亚型和其他病毒的RNA、DNA 无扩增信号.本法最低可检测210拷贝·μL-1和195拷贝·μL-1 H5和N1重组质粒,敏感度分别是RT-PCR的100、1 000倍.本研究建立的基于荧光熔解曲线模式RT-PCR可用于H5N1亚型AIV的检测.     

H3N2和H1N1甲型流感病毒感染对猪CDK9基因表达的影响

【目的】研究H3N2和H1N1甲型流感病毒感染对仔猪肺脏CDK9基因表达的影响,揭示流感发病机制与CDK9基因的相关性。【方法】以接种PBS的仔猪为空白对照,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术和半定量免疫组织化学法,检测H3N2和H1N1甲型流感病毒接种感染7d后,仔猪肺脏CDK9的mRNA和蛋白表达的变化,并在电子显微镜下观察CDK9阳性细胞的定位。【结果】实时荧光定量PCR检测表明,H3N2和H1N1甲型流感病毒感染仔猪7d后,肺脏组织内CDK9基因mRNA的相对表达量分别为0.42和0.36,与对照(1.0)相比显著降低(P<0.05)。半定量免疫组织化学检测结果显示,仔猪受到H3N2和H1N1流感病毒感染后,肺脏组织内CDK9蛋白的相对表达水平分别为31.4和38.7,较正常组织(61.4)显著降低(P<0.05)。电子显微镜观察发现,H3N2和H1N1甲型流感病毒感染仔猪后,肺脏细胞界限不明显,CDK9阳性细胞散在分布于终末细支气管和肺泡内,且胞核着色较深,但是细胞整体着色变浅。【结论】受到流感病毒感染后,仔猪肺脏组织内CDK9表达量降低,可能是RNApolⅡ磷酸化水平降低的原因之一。     

Structure and receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin from an H5N1 influenza virus

The hemagglutinin (HA) structure at 2.9 angstrom resolution, from a highly pathogenic Vietnamese H5N1 influenza virus, is more related to the 1918 and other human H1 HAs than to a 1997 duck H5 HA. Glycan microarray analysis of this Viet04 HA reveals an avian alpha2-3 sialic acid receptor binding preference. Introduction of mutations that can convert H1 serotype HAs to human alpha2-6 receptor specificity only enhanced or reduced affinity for avian-type receptors. However, mutations that can convert avian H2 and H3 HAs to human receptor specificity, when inserted onto the Viet04 H5 HA framework, permitted binding to a natural human alpha2-6 glycan, which suggests a path for this H5N1 virus to gain a foothold in the human population.     

抗H5N1型禽流感病毒单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

制备抗H5N1型禽流感病毒单克隆抗体并对其进行鉴定.采用纯化抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞融合,筛选分泌抗AIV-H5N1的单克隆抗体细胞株,将阳性细胞株接种小鼠腹腔制备单克隆抗体腹水并对腹水抗体进行纯化,测定抗体亚类,并对其抗原结合位点进行分析.共获得了5株单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株,均为抗AIV-H5N1的特异性单克隆抗体,而且与H9N1型禽流感病毒,H13型禽流感病毒,鸡新城疫病毒,产蛋下降综合征病毒,鸡传染性支气管炎病毒均无交叉反应.     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NA基因在Sf9昆虫细胞中的表达

【目的】在Sf9昆虫细胞中表达H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)神经氨酸酶(NA)基因。【方法】用PCR方法克隆H5N1亚型AIVNA基因,定点插入到转移载体pFastBacHTb中,构建重组转移载体pFastBacHTb-NA。将其转化到含有AcBacmid和helper质粒的E.coliDH10B感受态细胞中,与AcBacmid重组,获得rAcBacmid-NA。提取重组的Bacmid,转染处于对数生长期的昆虫Sf9细胞,获得重组杆状病毒vAc-NA。将vAc-NA重新感染处于对数生长期的昆虫Sf9细胞,3~5 d后收集被感染细胞。取转染细胞、感染细胞、破碎感染细胞上清和破碎感染细胞沉淀进行SDS-PAGE和Western-blotting分析。【结果】通过PCR成功地克隆了1 352 bp的H5N1亚型AIV不含信号肽序列的NA基因;pFastBacHTb-NA和rAcBacmid-NA构建成功。AIVNA基因在昆虫Sf9细胞内得到有效表达,表达产物分子质量约为52 ku,且具有免疫原性。【结论】H5N1亚型AIVNA基因在昆虫Sf9细胞中表达成功。     

H5N1禽流感网络信息资源的分布

统计了刊载H5N1型禽流感信息的网页和网站,根据布拉德福定律确定出核心网站,并对网站类型及域名进行分析,为H5N1禽流感方面研究人员提供网络信息。     

鹅源H5N1禽流感病毒感染对雏鸭红细胞免疫功能的影响

将100只21日龄雏鸭随机分为AIV感染组(I)和对照组(C),应用免疫学和细胞培养及MTT等方法动态检测AIV感染雏鸭血液红细胞免疫黏附能力、红细胞免疫自身调控能力以及红细胞促外周血淋巴细胞增殖能力。结果表明,雏鸭感染AIV后1～14 d,红细胞C_(3b)受体花环(E-CRR)率明显低于对照组,而红细胞免疫复合物花环(E-ICR)率明显高于对照组;AIV感染雏鸭后3～21 d,红细胞C_(3b)受体花环促进率(RFER)显著低于对照组,且红细胞C_(3b)受体花环抑制(RFIR)率显著高于对照组;AIV感染雏鸭的红细胞对血液T、B淋巴细胞增殖促进能力明显低于对照组。表明AIV感染引起的雏鸭红细胞免疫黏附功能、自身调控能力和T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力下降,与AIV感染导致雏鸭外周血免疫功能降低密切相关。     

以金磁微球为载体的H5N1 AIV免疫PCR检测方法的建立

【目的】将高特异性的抗原-抗体反应与高灵敏性的PCR扩增技术相结合,建立快速检测低浓度H5N1禽流感病毒(Avianinfluenzavirus,AIV)的免疫PCR方法。【方法】以pUC19为模板,采用5′端标记有生物素的引物进行PCR扩增,制备含有生物素的报告DNA分子。以金磁微球为固相吸附载体,通过亲和素-生物素的桥联作用,将含有生物素的报告DNA分子与生物素标记的抗AIVH5N1血凝素蛋白的检测抗体分子连接,H5N1AIV与检测抗体结合后,体外扩增报告DNA,间接放大低含量病毒信号,建立可有效检测微量H5N1AIV的免疫PCR方法。对建立的免疫PCR方法的最适报告DNA浓度、最适链亲和素工作浓度、灵敏度和特异性进行确定和评价。【结果】建立的免疫PCR方法最适报告DNA质量浓度为1ng/mL,最适链亲和素工作质量浓度为20ng/mL,该方法可成功检测到10-4EID50/mL的H5N1AIV,而且特异性良好。【结论】建立的以金磁微球为吸附载体的免疫PCR是一种灵敏度高、特异性好的检测微量H5N1AIV的方法。     

Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses

In 1997, an H5N1 influenza A virus was transmitted from birds to humans in Hong Kong, killing 6 of the 18 people infected. When mice were infected with the human isolates, two virulence groups became apparent. Using reverse genetics, we showed that a mutation at position 627 in the PB2 protein influenced the outcome of infection in mice. Moreover, high cleavability of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein was an essential requirement for lethal infection.     

Identification of an H1N1 subtype of swine influenza virus and serological analysis

To investigate the epizootic of swine influenza virus(SIV), 60 nasal swabs were collected from a clinical cases of pig farm in Tai'an City, Shandong Province of China in April 2017. SIV was isolated by inoculating into 10-day-old Special Pathogen Free embryonated eggs and the whole genome was sequenced. An H1N1 subtype SIV was isolated and designated as A/swine/Shandong/TA04/2017(H1N1). Phylogenetic analysis showed that apart from the polymerase A(PA) fragment belonging to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 branch, seven genome segments belonged to avian-like H1N1 influenza virus lineage. The cleavage site sequence of the hemagglutinin(HA) protein was PSIQSR↓G, which is a typical molecular biological characteristic. Five potential N-glycosylation sites(N14, N26, N277, N484 and N543) were found in the HA gene. To further investigate the epidemiology of SIV in this farm, the 995 serum samples were assessed with EAH1N1 2009 pandemic H1N1 and H3 N2 antigens. The results showed that the total positive rate was 65.43%. The positive rates of single virus infection detected by EAH1N1, 2009 pdmH1N1 and H3 N2 for serum HI(Hemagglutination inhibition) were 48.35, 30.85 and 7.47%, respectively. The results showed that SIV in Shandong Province has been reassorted in some segments and the SIV-positive rate was high on the SIV outbreak farm. These data provide evidence of an epizootic of SIV.     

广西猪流感病毒H1N2亚型的血清学调查

【目的】了解广西猪群中猪流感（SI）的流行情况,为科学防控广西SI提供参考依据。【方法】以猪流感病毒（SIV）HIN2亚型毒株为抗原,采用微量血凝抑制试验（HI）方法,对2009年7月～2011年3月在广西12个市采集的997份猪血清进行SIV的血清学调查。【结果】2009年的H1N2亚型抗体阳性率为33．4％,比2010年和2011年1-3月的高;广西各市的H1N2亚型抗体阳性率为0—83．1％,其中河池和百色两市的H1N2亚型抗体阳性率较高,分别为83．1％和51．1％,崇左市为零,其他市的H1N2亚型抗体阳性为4．0％～32．1％。【结论】广西地区猪群在2009～2011年均受到猪源H1N2亚型不同程度的感染。     

H5N1亚型禽流感油佐剂疫苗安全性试验研究

通过对H5N1亚型禽流感油佐剂疫苗的急性毒性试验、眼结膜刺激试验、肌肉刺激试验与溶血试验研究,评价其安全性。急性毒性试验：取AA+肉鸡70只,随机分成7组,设为高剂量疫苗组与佐剂组,中剂量疫苗组与佐剂组,低剂量疫苗组与佐剂组,空白对照组。眼结膜刺激试验：取兔12只,随机分成2组,为疫苗组和佐剂组,采用自身对照法,观察兔...     

Seroevidence for H5N1 influenza infections in humans: meta-analysis

The prevalence of avian H5N1 influenza A infections in humans has not been definitively determined. Cases of H5N1 infection in humans confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO) are fewer than 600 in number, with an overall case fatality rate of >50%. We hypothesize that the stringent criteria for confirmation of a human case of H5N1 by WHO do not account for a majority of infections but rather the select few hospitalized cases that are more likely to be severe and result in poor clinical outcome. Meta-analysis shows that 1 to 2% of more than 12,500 study participants from 20 studies had seroevidence for prior H5N1 infection.