玉龙雪山暖温性针叶林大型真菌资源多样性调查

为厘清玉龙雪山暖温性针叶林大型真菌资源的物种组成,采用样地调查法对玉龙雪山南麓针叶林内的大型真菌与伴生木本植物进行调查与采集。结果表明,有真菌资源22科39属79种,其中毒菌19种,药用菌7种,食用菌46种,还有7种野生菌的资源利用情况不明;红菇科、牛肝菌科和鹅膏菌科为优势科,鹅膏属、牛肝菌属、红菇属和乳菇属为优势属;生态类型包括粪生真菌、木腐真菌、土壤腐生菌、外生菌根菌和真菌共生菌等5类,以外生菌根菌的种数最多;伴生木本植物有14科17属41种。暖温性针叶林内菌类资源与植物种类组成较为丰富,优势类群明显,极具开发潜力。     

大兴安岭呼中国家级自然保护区及毗邻区大型真菌资源调查

2015年8-9月在大兴安岭呼中国家自然保护区及毗邻区选取76块样地,采用实地踏查、拍照,室内鉴定等方法,明确了该区域大型真菌资源种类。鉴定出大型真菌207种,分属于8目24科74属,其中食用和药用菌种类优势明显,在未来林下经济发展中具有广阔开发前景。优势科有口蘑科(47种),红菇科(31种),多孔菌科(29种),丝膜菌科(26种)。对比中国大型真菌红色名录,确认一种松茸(松口蘑)是易危真菌(VU)。对比以往大兴安岭真菌报道,本次调查补充大型真菌数十种。     

辽西地区大型真菌资源调查

辽西地区野生大型真菌的种类及分布进行摸底调查,共采集到大型真菌标本133种,初步鉴定隶属于担子菌亚门和子囊菌亚门中的5个纲、12目、42科、77属,为大型野生真菌资源的开发与利用提供科学依据。     

西藏农牧学院校园大型真菌资源调查研究

西藏农牧学院位于青藏高原西南部,孕育了丰富的大型真菌资源。为探明校园内大型真菌的资源状况,以便为科学保护和利用真菌资源提供基础和依据,采用随机踩踏法采集大型真菌并进行鉴定,结果共鉴定出大型真菌150种,隶属于2门5纲12目48科89属,优势科为蘑菇科Agaricaceae、口蘑科Tricholomataceae,优势属为蘑菇属Agaricus、红菇属Russula。通过查证经济价值及生态习性得出,其中有食用菌56种、药用菌11种、食药兼用菌17种、毒菌28种、土生菌83种、木生菌35种、外生菌根菌32种、西藏新记录种22种。     

云南屏边县大型真菌多样性调查

以大型真菌为研究对象,采用野外踏样调查的方式,对云南省屏边县内大型真菌物种资源进行调查,以期为该地区大型真菌资源有效保护和合理开发利用提供参考依据。结果表明：该地区共有319种大型真菌,隶属于子囊菌门和担子菌门的6纲17目50科114属,发现云南新记录3种,分别为半血红丝膜菌(Cortinarius semisanguineus(Fr.) Gillet)、赤杨木层孔菌(Phellinus alni(L.) Quél.)和西伯利亚干酪菌(Tyromyces sibiricus(Penzina&Ryvarden) Spirin)。在科属组成上,优势科为红菇科(Russulaceae)、牛肝菌科(Boletales)、多孔菌科(Polyporaceae)等共9科,含186种,占总种数的58.31%;优势属为红菇属(Russula)、鹅膏菌属(Amanita)、乳菇属(Lactarius)等共17属,含166种,占总种数的52.04%。经研究分析,屏边县大型真菌经济类型丰富,有食用菌82种,药用菌34种,毒菌29种和食药兼用菌10种,其中食用菌种类高达总种数的25.71%。     

秦岭中段地区大型真菌种质资源调查初报

秦岭是我国地理南北分界线,是古北界和东洋界物种交汇的区域,是北亚热带和暖温带的过渡地带,生态环境独特,物种资源丰富。此次报道了秦岭中段部分地区(秦岭陕西段)大型真菌资源初步调查结果。通过2008年以来对秦岭中段部分地区大型真菌种质资源的调查,共采集到大型真菌标本500余份,已鉴定出123种,担子菌112种、子囊菌11种。隶属2个亚门、5纲、11目、35科、74属。其中食用菌62种、药用菌21种、外生菌根菌28种、有毒真菌7种、木腐菌18种。     

山东省天蒙山自然保护区大型真菌资源初步调查研究

为了解和开发山东省天蒙山自然保护区野生大型真菌资源,采用随机路线法对该地区的大型真菌资源进行了调查研究,并对其资源状况进行了评价。结果表明,天蒙山自然保护区大型真菌179种,隶属于52科、101属。其中多孔菌科、伞菌科、红菇科、牛肝菌科为优势科。按经济价值分为食用菌56种,药用菌70种,毒菌16种。     

贺兰山野生丝膜菌种类、发生量和形态特征

采用真菌分类学研究方法,对贺兰山自然保护区珍贵的大型野生食用真菌资源丝膜菌种类、发生量和形态特征进行了详细的调查研究。研究结果表明,贺兰山自然保护区共分布有5种大型丝膜菌(Cortinarius),其中紫红丝膜菌(C.rufoolivaceus)发生量最大,约占90%;丁香紫丝膜菌(C.lilacinus)和米黄丝膜菌(C.multiformis)发生量次之,各约占3%;白丝膜菌(C.albovilaceus)和蓝丝膜菌(C.caerulescens)各占2%。白丝膜菌、米黄丝膜菌和蓝丝膜菌的子实体比较肥硕,而丁香紫丝膜菌和白丝膜菌的子实体相对较小一些,均为优质食用菌资源。摸清丝膜菌资源情况对贺兰山植被资源的保护和开发具有一定的积极影响。     

食用菌产业信息

浙江省大型真菌资源调查及开发利用研究有突破性进展日前,浙江省农业厅组织专家对"浙江省农作物种质资源调查与保护"专项之一"浙南山区大型真菌资源调查与开发利用研究"成果进行鉴定,由国内菌物知名专家、华中农业大学吕作舟教授为组长的鉴定委员会,认为该成果在大型野生真菌的调查鉴定与驯化利用相结合方面居国内同类研究领先水平,并取得突破性进展。项目组根据浙南山区资源生态类型,通过5年多时间,对山顶灌丛草丛带、阔叶林带、阔叶针叶混交林带、灌丛针叶林带和河滩湿地等6种生态系统,采集了4 000余份野生大型真菌标本。采用形态学与分子生物学相结合的方法,查明浙南山区有大型真菌1 014种,分属于担子菌亚门、子囊菌亚门的5纲17目60科229属。其中310个大型真菌为浙南山区新记录,其中浅黄褐湿伞、苞脚鹅膏菌、红汁小菇等12个为浙江省新记录。确认360种为可食用真菌,209种为药用真菌,极大地丰富充实了全国大型真菌资源名录。项目组编制了"浙南山区大型真菌名录",出版发行了《浙南山区大型真菌》一书。该书被列为2012年度浙江省农林类唯一重点出版物,是浙江省首部大型真菌图片专辑,不仅学术价值高,而且具有科普性与艺术性,对浙江食用菌资源开发利用有积极的意义。项目组在国内首次成功驯化了有很高药用和经济价值的密环纹灵芝、铜褐裸伞、假根蘑菇等野生大型真菌,为浙南山区野生真菌资源的利用和产业化开发奠定了基础。"浙南山区大型真菌资源调查与开发利用研究"项目是由浙江省农业厅农作局牵头,丽水市农作物站、丽水市林科院、丽水市农科院等单位共同完成。各项目执行单位将继续做好大型真菌资源的调查与开发利用工作,进一步挖掘浙江省大型真菌物种资源,注重食药用菌资源开发和特殊用途菌物的开发研究。省科技厅、农业厅等相关部门领导参加了鉴定会,并表示将继续支持这项涉及社会和产业发展的公益研究事业,让资源更好地造福人类。(作者:浙江省农业厅农作局何伯伟;浙江省丽水市农作站顾新伟)"平泉滑子菇"和"海林黑木耳"获国家农产品地理标志登记保护日前,在中华人民共和国农业部2012年8月3日发布的第1813号公告中,根据《农产品地理标志管理办法》规定,河北省承德市"平泉滑子菇"及黑龙江省牡丹江市"海林黑木耳"等134个农产品实施国家农产品地理标志登记保护。经过初审、专家评审和公示,符合农产品地理标志登记程序和条件,准予登记,颁发中华人民共和国农产品地理标志登记证书。据悉,近年来,食用菌产业一直是平泉县县域特色产     

云南省新平县林下大型真菌资源初步调查

采用随机路线、踏查、访谈和市场调查相结合等方法,调查云南省新平县林下大型真菌资源。初步统计云南省新平县有大型真菌157种,隶属于2门、15目、42科、72属,其中食用真菌有63种,药用真菌有22种,毒真菌有23种;新平县大型真菌以世界广布属和北温带分布属种类为主,具有北温带分布特征,但仍有一定比例的热带、亚热带种类分布。研究可为该地大型真菌资源的保护和可持续利用提供理论依据。     

Both native and invasive bark beetles threaten exotic conifers within the spa towns in the Czech part of “The Great Spas of Europe”

Exotic coniferous trees in forests adjacent to spa towns and in parks within spa towns are increasingly being attacked by outbreak populations of native bark beetles in western Bohemia (Central Europe). In the 12 localities in western Czech Republic the current study, we detected a total of 19 native bark beetle species infesting more than 10 % of exotic tree species in the genera Abies, Picea, Pinus, and Pseudotsuga in 1 year. Several exotic tree species were identified as new hosts for native European bark beetles. We also identified three non-native bark beetles, including Phloeosinus aubei, a species that transmits the pathogens that cause cypress canker disease.The numbers of infested trees in the localities were not correlated with the distance from surrounding bark beetle outbreak sites in commercial forests, because all forests adjacent to spas and all forests in spa towns (i.e., “urban forests”) are close to commercial forests with infested trees. Infestations were greater in spa towns than in the forests adjacent to spa towns. We therefore assume that trees within spa towns will be further attacked due to the increasing abundance of native bark beetles.     

Regional land-cover conversion in the U.S. upper Midwest: magnitude of change and limited recovery (1850–1935–1993)

Land-use legacies can persist for hundreds to thousands of years, influencing plant species composition, nutrient cycling, water flows, and climate. To understand how land use has affected regional land-cover composition in Wisconsin (USA), we assessed the magnitude and direction of change in land cover between: (1) c.1850, at the onset of Euro-American settlement; (2) c.1935, the period of maximum clearing for agriculture following widespread forest logging; and (3) 1993, which, especially in northern Wisconsin, follows farm abandonment and forest recovery. We derived land-cover maps using U.S. Public Land Survey records (c.1850), the Wisconsin Land Economic Inventory (c.1935), and Landsat TM satellite data (1993). We stratified Wisconsin (145,000 km²) into two ecological provinces and used spatial error models, multinomial logistic regression, and non-metric multi-dimensional scaling ordination to examine change. Between 1850 and 1935, forest cover in the North declined from 84% to 56%, cropland increased to 24%, and mixed/coniferous forests and savannas were replaced by deciduous forests. In the South, formerly dominant savannas (69%) and prairies (6%) were mostly converted to cropland (51%) and pasture (11%). Remnant deciduous savannas and coniferous forests and savannas were replaced by deciduous forests. Remarkably little recovery to pre-settlement land-cover classes occurred from 1935 to 1993. Less cropland was abandoned than expected, and there was little net gain in coniferous/mixed forest. Based on these general land-cover classes, current cover is significantly different from that in 1850, but not from that in 1935, and thus continues to reflect historical logging and agricultural patterns. These results provide a historical framework for measuring associated changes in ecosystem function and can be used to guide restoration where desirable and feasible.     

浙江丽水地区外生菌根菌资源调查初报

通过野外调查采集、分离培养并经坚定，共获得大型真菌56种，隶属14科，26属，其中外生菌根真菌38种，并且分离获得了14种外生菌根真菌的纯培养这些外生菌根真菌主要隶属牛肝菌科（Boletacear）、红菇科（Russulaeeae）和鹅膏菌科（Amanitaceae），大多发生在海拔500米以上的松林、针阔混交林或常绿阔叶林地，主要与赤松（Pinus,densiflora）、马尾松（Pinus．massoniana）、黄山松（Pirus．taiwanensis）等松属（Pinus）树种以及落叶松（Larix）、云杉（Piceu）、冷杉（Abies）、油杉（Keteleeria．cyclolepis Fous）、栎（Quercus）属等树种共生。     

北京市松山国家级自然保护区典型植被群落的土壤微生物群落结构特征

土壤微生物群落结构是影响生态系统养分循环的重要因素之一。该研究选取北京市松山国家级自然保护区内胡桃楸阔叶林、蒙古栎阔叶林、油松针叶林、针阔叶混交林、灌丛和草甸6种典型植被类型下的土壤,基于野外调查、采样与实验室分析对不同植被类型下土壤微生物群落结构进行了研究。结果表明:胡桃楸阔叶林土壤细菌和真菌特有的OTUs和Alpha多样性均最高,细菌和真菌OTUs最低值则分别出现在针阔叶混交林和灌丛土壤,Alpha多样性最低值出现在蒙古栎阔叶林;土壤细菌群落主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),真菌群落以担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota)为主。土壤pH、含水量和土壤温度会影响土壤细菌和真菌的丰富度与多样性。该研究为松山国家级自然保护区内土壤微生物资源保护及其生态功能的研究提供参考依据。     

Research article Canopy dynamics and human caused disturbance on a semi-arid landscape in the Rocky Mountains,USA

Invasion of grasslands by woody plants has been identified as a key indicator of changes in ecosystem structure and function in arid and semi-arid rangelands throughout the world. We investigated changes in the balance between woody and herbaceous components of a semi-arid landscape in western Colorado (USA) using historical aerial photography. Aerial photographs from 1937, 1965–67, and 1994 were sampled at matched locations within overlapping photographs. We modeled change in spatial pattern and heterogeneity across the entire landscape and found a small, net decrease in woody canopy cover; however means disguised normal distributions of change that demonstrated offsetting increases and decreases. We described a region of widespread canopy decline within piñon-juniper forests between 2300 and 2600 m (7500–8500 feet) and a region of predominant increase at lower elevations, between 1800 and 2250 m (5900–7400 feet). It remains unclear whether this shift was driven by climate or by human-caused or natural disturbance. Mean conifer cover decreased within coniferous forests, which counteracted a trend of increased conifer cover in mixed forests, savanna-like woodlands, and the shrub steppe. Disturbance had a significant interaction with cover change in several communities, including forests, savanna and shrublands. Anthropogenic disturbances counteracted successional trends toward canopy closure more than wildfires, but this did not entirely explain observed canopy decline. The natural dynamics in this region also caused diverse changes rather than a simple progression towards increased forest cover. Importantly, temporal change in vegetation varied spatially across the landscape illustrating the importance of landscape level, spatially explicit analyses in characterizing temporal dynamics.     

Species diversity of urban forests in China

A good knowledge of species diversity is essential for urban forest planning and management. In this study, we analyzed species diversity of urban forests in China using data synthesized through a systematic review. Our analysis showed that 3740 taxa of woody plants at species level and below have been reported in urban forests in 257 cities. Merging to the species level, there were 2640 species, including 1671 trees, 743 shrubs, and 226 lianas. Salix babylonica L. was the most widely distributed urban tree species in China. Overall, native species accounted for 76.02% of the observed species while the rest were exotic species. Inside cities, parks contained more species than other types of land use. Among cities, composition similarity of urban forests decreased as spatial distances among them increased. Besides, there was a latitudinal pattern in compositional similarity of urban forests in China. The relatively low ratio of the number of woody plant species in urban forests to these naturally distributed in China indicates that there is plenty of room for increasing species diversity of urban forests in China. However, cautions must be taken to avoid increasing compositional similarity of urban forests in China at the same time.     

Deciduous forest and resident birds: the problem of fragmentation within a coniferous forest landscape

Six species of resident birds were censused in patches of deciduous forest within a coniferous forest landscape in south central Sweden. Here, the forests have been subjected to active forestry for a long time, but with recently increased intensity. Although the forest cover is more or less continuous in this landscape, mature deciduous forest is now a rare element compared with the untouched forest.All censused patches were similar with regards to size, proportion and amount of deciduous trees, but were either isolated in the coniferous forest (isolated patches) or near to other deciduous patches (aggregated patches). We concentrated on six species of resident birds, with moderate area requirements, that are tied to deciduous forest and whose ecology is well-known. The Nuthatch and the Marsh tit, which both show strict year-round territoriality and have a restricted dispersal phase, were significantly more likely to be found in aggregated than in isolated patches. No effect was found for the Great tit and the Blue tit, which are less territorial outside the breeding season and have a longer dispersal phase. Moreover, the Great tit is less specialized on deciduous forest than the other species. Also, the Long-tailed tit was negatively affected by isolation, which may be due to restricted dispersal and to larger area requirements of this flock-territorial species. The Hazel grouse, finally, was not affected, but this larger bird probably uses the forest in a different way from the smaller species.Our study clearly shows that fragmentation of one type of forest (deciduous) within another can have serious detrimental effects on forest-living species and raises important issues for forest management practices and conservation within a forest landscape.     

丰都县野生食药用菌资源调查

采用系统抽样调查法及样带调查法,对丰都县野生食药用菌资源进行了初步调查。结果表明,丰都县现有野生食药用菌2亚门3纲4目1 8科32属51种。为进一步合理开发利用和保护这一地区的真菌资源提供参考。     

Pre-EuroAmerican settlement forests in Redwood National Park,California, USA: a reconstruction using line summaries in historic land surveys

Extensive logging in the twentieth century destroyed much of the coniferous forests in the lower Redwood Creek basin of Redwood National Park. Restoration of cutover lands requires the identification of historical, pre-logging reference conditions. Field notes from the original Public Land Surveys were used to reconstruct the pre-EuroAmerican settlement forests. Most reconstructive studies based on historic surveys rely on bearing tree evidence over large areas to determine vegetation patterns over several hundreds to thousands of square kilometers. Due to the small size of the study area (approximately 200 km²), bearing tree evidence could not accurately reconstruct the vegetation at this scale. Instead, lists of the overstory and understory vegetation for each surveyed mile (line summaries) were employed. Analysis of line summaries evidence identified the historical importance, geographical range, and environmental influences on woody species and vegetation communities. Topography, especially elevation, and soil texture were significantly correlated with plot-scale ordination scores derived from non-metric multidimensional scaling. The influence of topography and distance to ocean coast on the historical distribution of dominant woody species concurs with findings from present-day field studies of local and regional old-growth forest. A comparison with present-day vegetation maps revealed that coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), and red alder (Alnus rubra) experienced the most substantive changes in the vegetation as a result of twentieth century land use activities.     

紫溪山大型真菌物种多样性研究

对紫溪山自然保护区大型真菌进行了较为细致的收集、鉴定,并对优势科、属,营养类型和利用价值进行了分析。结果显示紫溪山大型真菌有2门5纲12目49科135属291种。占优势的科有7个,占总科数的14．29％,包含166种,占总种数的57．06％;占优势的属（种数≥5的属）有10个,占总属数的7．41％,包含103种,占总种数的35．40％。按营养方式可以分为腐生、共生、寄生3个类型：腐生菌最多,有187种,占全部种数的64．26％;共生型有101种,占总种数的34．71％;寄生较少,仅有3种,占全部物种数量的1．03％。按照利用价值可分为食用、药用、毒菌3类：可食用的有184种,占总数的63．23％;可药用的有56种,占总数的19．24％;有毒菌27种,占总种数的9．28％。