Performance measure for improving irrigation management

A measure to evaluate performance in irrigation systems is analyzed using the mean square prediction error concept. In the context of irrigation system management, the term error means the deviation of actual performance from a reference performance. The measure assesses performance in terms of the management objectives of adequacy and dependability of water delivery and an equitable distribution among various water users. It provides an understanding of the management capacity to schedule and distribute water in an irrigation system. Application of the performance measure is demonstrated by evaluating performance of an irrigation system in the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan.     

Modeling delivery performance in pressurized irrigation systems from simulated peak-demand flow configurations

A methodology to assess performance of pressurized irrigation distribution networks is presented, which is based on generation of flow configurations from simulated delivery scenarios, and on subsequent analysis of network operation and delivery achievements. The rationale of the methodology entails simulating the peak-demand flow configurations in the pipe network through a deterministic–stochastic combined agro-hydrological model, and forecasting the delivery performance by means of a hydraulic simulation model and of some specific performance indicators. The agro-hydrological model generates disaggregated information on soil water deficits for all the cropped fields downstream from the delivery hydrants, and forecasts the demand flow hydrographs and irrigation deliveries for the entire service area during peak-demand periods. The simulated-demand flow configurations are then passed on to the hydraulic simulation model, which evaluates the hydraulic performance achievable by the pipe network. The performance analysis is then refined using additional indicators specifically adapted to pressurized irrigation networks. The proposed methodology was applied to a large-scale pressurized irrigation system of southern Italy that is in need of modernization. Results proved the usefulness of the combined use of simulation tools as components of an analytical framework to address modernization and re-engineering of existing irrigation delivery networks, on the basis of targeted delivery performance.     

An economic analysis of irrigation systems

Summary An array of irrigation systems are available which can be broadly classified as being gravity flow or pressurized. Pressurized irrigation systems provide better control on the amount of applied water and, in most cases, better irrigation uniformity than gravity flow systems. They also have a higher initial capital cost than gravity flow systems and an analysis is required to determine whether the improved performance of pressurized systems justifies the additional costs. An economic analysis was done on several irrigation systems which included consideration of farm management costs associated with a given irrigation system, shifts in crop yield and drainage volumes associated with the optimal management of each irrigation system, and costs associated with disposal of drainage waters. Cotton was selected as the crop for analysis. Irrigation uniformity is a significant determinant to the results. Although irrigation uniformities can be highly variable based on design, maintenance and management, a typical uniformity for each irrigation system was selected. For the conditions of the analysis, gravity flow systems were calculated to be more profitable than pressurized systems if there was no constraint on the amount of drainage water generated or cost for its disposal. Imposition of costs for drainage water disposal induced a shift whereby pressurized systems became more profitable than gravity flow systems.     

Performance analysis of pressurized irrigation systems operating on-demand using flow-driven simulation models

On-demand pressurized irrigation systems are designed to deliver water with the flow rate and pressure required by the farm irrigation systems, sprinkling or micro-irrigation, and respecting the time, duration and frequency decided by the farmers. Due to the variation in farm demand along the season and the day, a large spatial and temporal variability of flow regimes occurs in these systems, which may affect the performance of the farm systems and the yields of the irrigated crops. Therefore, there is a need to analyse those systems to identify and solve performance problems. In this research, two simulation models for the analysis of irrigation systems operating on-demand, ICARE and AKLA, are used and compared to assess the hydraulic performance of the irrigation network of the Lucefecit Irrigation System, in Southern Portugal. ICARE assesses the global performance of the irrigation system through the indexed characteristic curves, while AKLA provides for the identification of the relative pressure deficit and reliability at every hydrant. Both models adopt a flow-driven analysis approach, performing the analysis for multiple flow regimes. To support the hydraulic characterization of the system and for calibration of the steady-state hydraulic model, field measurements were performed at selected nodes of the network, including four hydrants. The analysis with ICARE does not provide for a sufficient identification of problems. In fact, poor performance is indicated when a few hydrants operate below the minimum pressure set at design. Differently, the analysis with AKLA, applied at the hydrant level, shows that the performance of the Lucefecit system is generally acceptable. AKLA identifies which hydrants operate below the required pressure and, therefore, allows to support any eventual related improvement. Results show that the performance of the system highly improved when changing the piezometric elevation from 260 to 265 m a.s.l. However, this improvement is not sufficient because three hydrants still have high relative pressure deficit and low reliability. Solutions for those hydrants require increasing diameters of network pipes supplying them.     

Flow path and hydraulic analysis for on-farm pressurized irrigation systems

A model was developed to analyze the steady-state hydraulics of branching pipe networks as found in on-farm pressurized irrigation systems with multiple outlets at sprinklers or emitters. The model uses a new methodology to identify all flow paths based on a shortest-path algorithm. It also uses elevation and hydraulic parameters to determine which outlets are flowing and which (if any) are not. An iterative solution approach results in the calculated flow rates and pressures at all nodes in the network with a single source node, which can have a fixed head (reservoir) or a pump. The methodology provides a guaranteed steady-state hydraulic solution for the network, regardless of the available pressure, pipe layout and characteristics, or field topography.     

偏心文丘里流量计的试验与数值模拟

【目的】克服传统的文丘里流量计用于低压管道输水灌溉系统测流时上游侧容易产生淤积的问题。【方法】以直管段管径DN100、缩径比为0.35的偏心文丘里管为例,分别进行了实际测流试验及基于FLOW-3D的数值模拟研究,并对偏心文丘里管压力差及流出系数进行了对比分析。【结果】数值模拟的流出系数与试验流出系数基本一致,利用FLOW-3D进行偏心文丘里流量计模拟分析是可行的;偏心文丘里流量计流出系数的相对误差小于5%,能满足低压管道输水灌溉量水要求。【结论】偏心文丘里流量计在低压管道输水灌溉量水领域有较好的应用前景。     

基于嵌入式的农田灌溉管网漏损智能无线监测系统设计

农田灌溉对于提高农作物产量具有重要作用,灌溉管网漏损实时在线监测对提升农田用水效率具有积极的现实意义。本文设计基于嵌入式的农田灌溉管网漏损智能监测系统,通过压电加速度传感器、压力变送器和超声波流量计等传感器信号采集,获取农田灌溉管网的振动噪声、水压和流量等数据,通过嵌入式单片机自适应滤波处理后,应用4G无线数据通信模块,将传感器采集的数据传输到云平台,云平台应用管理软件系统对灌溉管网监测数据进行实时处理和分析,从而准确确定灌溉管网漏损情况。试验结果表明,在非灌溉时间测试管网漏损状态,系统能够有效采集噪声、水压和流量等传感器数据,噪声数值超过预警值80 dB并进行报警。数据在无线网络中传输稳定高效,数据无线传输延时小于1.8 s。云平台应用管理软件系统功能正常,数据查询平均响应时间小于1.2 s。系统部署实施快捷,可广泛应用于农田灌溉管网运行状态实时监测,有效提高农田灌溉用水效率进而实现用水精细化管理。     

经济用水灌溉制度的原理及制定方法

经济用水灌溉制度是目前灌溉研究中的热门课题。本文简述了经济用水灌溉制度的原理,从改善农田灌溉系统管理、制定科学的、合理的灌溉制度出发,提出了制定经济用水灌溉制度的方法和计算模型。     

红铝PVC薄壁低压灌溉管道的研制及开发应用

将炼铝废渣作PVC管材的填充剂,提高了管材的理化性能;同时管壁变薄减少材料用量。产品开发应用表明其综合效益相当显著。     

微灌田间管网布置优化及参数分析

微灌工程是推进农业节水灌溉的重要手段,合理的田间管网参数设计是水利计算中的重要环节.为此,探索了田间灌水单元小区内满足灌溉管道运行安全的田间管网优化布置方案,建立以单位面积管道投入最低为目标函数且满足管道安全运行要求的双向布置田间管网优化设计数学模型,并应用遗传算法对永舒榆灌区典型区域进行优化计算.与原设计相比,单位面...     

变频调速分级恒压灌溉自动控制系统及应用

为解决机电泵利用工频电源(50 Hz)作恒速运转条件下,灌溉面积或地形高差变化较大的管道式喷微灌系统灌水均匀度不能满足灌溉要求的问题,提出了一种变频调速分级恒压灌溉自动控制系统,该系统将变频技术和自动化技术相结合,具有变频调速和全自动闭环控制功能的机电一体化智能设备,可同时对1台或多台三相380 V,50 Hz水泵电动机进行自动控制.该系统设计了多段压力设置转换电路,可根据预先设定的压力控制值自动进行压力等级切换,并对管网的电磁阀开启、关闭进行控制,实现分级恒压自动供水灌溉.通过工程实例分析表明,采用水泵工频控制时喷灌系统水头最大差值为12.89 m,采用变频分级恒压控制时喷灌系统水头最大差值为3.38 m,满足设计压力变幅不大于4.00 m的要求.同时该系统具有节水、节能、自动化程度高、运行管理方便以及保证管网和水泵安全运行等功能,能够根据灌溉分区进行分级恒压自动供水灌溉,满足灌水均匀度要求.     

机压微灌管网系统布置与管径同步优化设计

微灌管网系统由轮灌管网(支毛管)和续灌管网(干管)组成,以往的研究没有将其作为一个系统,且不能实现布置与管径组合的同步优化,研究成果对坡度均匀的大型灌区机压微灌独立管网系统的优化也不适用。因此,提出了机压微灌管网系统优化的方法,并建立了优化设计数学模型,采取整数及实数编码的混合编码方法,通过遗传算法求解,同时实现轮灌管网及续灌管网的布置优化及管径组合优化,得出的管径为标准商用管径,无需调整。实例计算结果表明,该模型与算法在求解机压微灌管网系统优化设计问题上具有良好的优化性能和求解精度。与传统设计方案相比较,轮灌管网和续灌管网的优化设计方案单位面积年费用分别降低了14. 85%～35. 59%和4. 12%～12. 99%,节省投资效果明显。     

滴灌灌水小区优化设计的浅论及算例

滴灌工程建设规范规定,一条支管所控制的灌溉面积称为一个灌水小区,它是滴灌系统最基本的设计单元,在支管管径选择及压力均衡的验算方面起到十分重要的规范作用.为了满足系统各灌水小区压力均衡,在各支管入口设置压力调节阀,消除其余管线要求水头与水源设计水头之差,达到系统压力均衡,使系统流量偏率不大于20%.     

基于粒子群算法的低压管灌系统水力计算方法

为了应对水资源危机,中国大力推广低压管灌技术用于粮食作物的灌溉.基于水量平衡和能量守恒原理,以系统的水量偏差最小为目标函数,支管的能量守恒和水量平衡作为约束条件,支管进口流量为决策变量,建立了低压管道输水灌溉系统的一维恒定流水力模拟模型,并相应地提出了试算-粒子群算法(TPSA)进行求解,可以获得系统实际运行时水泵的工况点以及各级管道和出水口的实际流量.将该方法应用于上海市一灌区的低压管灌系统,对比了TPSA与梯度法的求解结果,证明在同时工作的支管数较多的情况下TPSA可以获得更佳的求解结果,误差最多可减小12.3%,耗时最多可减少16.3%.应用该方法可以对管灌系统的初步设计成果进行校核和调整,对提高设计可靠性具有一定作用.     

Model for performance based land area and water allocation within irrigation schemes

This paper focuses on irrigation schemes under rotational water supply in arid and semiarid regions. It presents a methodology for developing plans for optimum allocation of land area and water, considering performance measures such as productivity, equity and adequacy. These irrigation schemes are characterized by limited water supply and heterogeneity in soils, crops, climate and water distribution network, etc. The methodology proposed in this paper, therefore, uses a previously developed simulation–optimization model (Area and Water Allocation Model, AWAM) that considers the heterogeneity of the irrigation scheme in the allocation process, and modifies this to take account of equity and adequacy of supply to irrigated areas. The AWAM model has four phases to be executed separately for each set of irrigation interval over the irrigation season: 1. generation of irrigation strategies for each crop–soil–region combination (CSR unit), 2. preparation of irrigation programmes for each irrigation strategy, 3. selection of specified number of irrigation programmes for each CSR unit and 4. optimum allocation of land area and water to different parts of the irrigation scheme (allocation units) for maximizing productivity. In the modified AWAM model, the adequacy is included at Phase-2 (by including only the irrigation programmes for full irrigation of each CSR unit) and equity is included at Phase-4 (by including the constraints for equity). The paper briefly discusses the applicability of the modified AWAM model for a case study of Nazare medium irrigation scheme in Southern India. The results of the case study indicated that the performance measures of productivity, equity and adequacy conflict with each other.     

江苏省稻作区低压管道灌溉适宜控制规模研究

【目的】充分考虑工程经济性、实用性以及江苏省的现实情况,提出适合江苏省的低压管道输水灌溉工程的适宜控制规模。【方法】初步分析江苏省稻作区管道灌溉系统适宜控制规模的影响因素,建立灌溉管网的系统优化模型并采用界限流量法求解该模型。按照优化模型,估算出不同灌溉工程规模下的管网系统年费用,得到系统控制规模与单位面积年费用的关系。【结果】绘制系统控制规模与单位面积年费用关系图,在综合考虑工程建设投资和后期运行、管理和维护的情况下,建议管灌系统工程的适宜控制规模为23～30 hm2。【结论】根据现实情况适当选取管道灌溉工程的控制规模,对于节省工程投资以及工程运行后期的管理维护具有现实意义。     

开敞式低压管灌系统调压井设计顶高程确定方法及其应用

【目的】提高开敞式低压管灌系统设计的可靠性,提出合理确定调压井(泵站出水池)顶高程的具体方法。【方法】基于水量平衡和能量守恒方程,通过模拟系统所有可能的运行工况,寻找各井(池)内可能出现的最高水位,从而确定井(池)的设计顶高程。将该方法应用于上海市青浦区的南崧灌区。【结果】模拟获得的调压井水位为4.18～4.49 m,确定的调压井设计顶高程为4.8～5.0 m,满足系统运行要求。【结论】该方法以系统运行工况的模拟数据为依据,确定的调压井顶高程合理可靠,可应用于生产实践。     

Evaluating planning and delivery performance of Water User Associations (WUAs) in Osh Province, Kyrgyzstan

The primary objective of an irrigation organization is to provide efficient and effective management of water resources to achieve enhanced agricultural production. Performance assessment studies provide a tool to evaluate and promote this objective. The study examines the existing planning procedures and assesses irrigation performance of four Water User Associations (WUAs) located in Osh Province, Kyrgyzstan. Performance was evaluated using indicators of adequacy, efficiency, dependability and equity. Indicators were calculated for each irrigation season over the period 2003 to 2007. In general, all WUAs were found to be strong in terms of adequacy and efficiency standards. However, performance with respect to dependability and equity was poor. The results suggest that more effort is needed to improve temporal uniformity and equity in water distribution. In order to achieve this, estimations of irrigation requirements by WUA managers needs to be improved and mechanisms developed to request water in quantities, which are needed to maintain equity across the WUA outlets and among water users. The study concludes that the establishment of WUAs in Kyrgyzstan has helped to address the problem of water distribution and allocation among a large number of farmers. However, further training of farmers and managers is required to build their capacity to share water and ensure equity among users particularly during periods of less than optimal water supply. The findings of this research suggest that application of a pre-determined set of indicators can be a useful and cost effective tool to measure the performance of WUAs. This is particularly important for Central Asia where the performance of the recently established and state initiated WUAs to replace former collective farms is now a key element in future sustainable water management. The study identified uncertainties in the estimation of WUA water demands based on previous methods and suggests more attention and care required in calculating water requirements.     

设施栽培反馈自控低压灌溉系统研究

通过设计不同管径管道配置形成低压灌溉管道,并利用土壤含水量变化产生的水势变化研究反馈自控灌溉技术,形成一种设施栽培反馈自控低压灌溉系统.该系统具有低压、节能,并可以实现自动控制灌溉,投资省,适用性广,兼备自流灌溉和滴灌的优点.     

Analysis of surface irrigation systems with WinSRFR—Example application

WinSRFR is an integrated software package for analyzing surface irrigation systems. Software functionalities and technical features are described in a companion article. This article documents an example application. The analyzed field is a graded basin (close-ended border) irrigation system. The event analysis tools of WinSRFR are used first to evaluate performance of the irrigation system and estimate its infiltration and hydraulic roughness properties. Performance contours in the Operations Analysis World are then used to optimize irrigation system inflow rate and cutoff time. The adequacy of the existing design is examined with the performance contours provided in the Physical Design World. Hydraulic and practical constraints are considered in finding an optimal operation or design solution. Finally, sensitivity analyses are used to demonstrate the robustness of the solutions.