大凌河流域径流变化特征及动因分析

以辽宁西部地区大凌河流域为研究对象,选取大凌河朝阳水文站1954~2008年的径流资料,应用多种统计方法分析其径流系列的年内年际变化特征、变化趋势,同时分析径流变化动因,定量估算人类活动对年径流的影响。结果表明:流域径流年内分配不均,集中程度高;年际变化大,丰水历时短,枯水历时长;降雨变化是径流量减少的主要原因;人类活动的影响在逐年增大,六十年代以后流域年径流呈下降趋势。     

浑河流域降水与径流变化特征及同步性分析

为了科学预测浑河流域降水对径流的影响,利用浑河流域1956—2011年56年的逐月降水与径流资料,借助累积距平、滑动平均等方法分析了浑河流域降水量与径流量的变化趋势及时间尺度上的相关性。结果表明:（1）浑河流域降水集中在6—9月（7月最大）,径流集中在7—8月,且流域降水年内分配的不均匀性由上游至下游逐渐递增,而径流年内分配的不均匀程度总体呈现由上游至下游逐渐减小的趋势。（2）浑河流域降水量与径流量的相关系数为0.682,累积距平曲线和滑动平均曲线均显示浑河径流量与降水量的年际变化趋势是一致的,70年代之前好于70年代之后,丰水年份好于枯水年份。结合累积距平曲线和滑动平均曲线分析得出浑河流域降水量和径流量具有较高的相关性,可为浑河流域水资源的可持续利用及区域社会经济的永续发展提供科学依据。     

清涧河流域近50年径流时间变化特征及趋势分析

采用清涧河延川水文站近50年径流序列资料,运用不均匀系数、调节系数、集中度(期)、变差系数和极值比等指标分析径流时变特征,应用Mann-Kendall趋势分析法检验流域径流变化趋势。结果表明:1)清涧河流域径流的年内分配曲线呈现出单峰曲线,径流主要集中于7—9月份,约占全年平均径流量58%;2)1990以来,年内分配不均匀性和集中程度趋于减小;3)2000—2009年流域径流年际变异最大,且在不同时段径流年际变异差异较大;流域年径流量呈现明显下降趋势,20世纪80年代是流域径流丰枯转折点,并在2000年后进入严重枯水期。清涧河流域径流演变呈现出明显的不均匀性、阶段性和趋势性,这种变化与降水和植被恢复导致下垫面特征改变有关。     

1978-2011年呼图壁河径流的变化趋势

[目的]分析新疆维吾尔自治区呼图壁河径流变化特征与长期变化趋势,为制定科学合理的呼图壁地区水资源供需平衡发展战略提供理论支撑。[方法]采用变差系数法、距平累积法、Mann-Kendall非参数秩次相关检验法及Morlet连续复小波变换对呼图壁河石门水文站1978—2011年实测日流量资料进行分析。[结果]呼图壁河径流的年内变化主要受降水与气温的影响,其主要径流产生于5—9月,汛期为6—8月,径流量占全年径流量的69.4%,枯水期为12月至次年3月。呼图壁河的Cv平均值为0.149。近34a来径流量整体呈现出不显著的增加趋势,径流量的年际变化小,年际间持续枯水与持续丰水的时间几乎相同。此外,呼图壁河年径流存在4个较为显著的周期波动,其中18和29a分别为径流量年际变化的第Ⅰ、第Ⅱ主周期。[结论]呼图壁河近34a来径流量呈增加趋势,径流量的年际变化呈现出较为显著的周期性,径流量的年内分配很不均匀。     

1960-2017年珠江流域下游径流年际与年内变化特征

[目的]分析1960—2017年珠江三角洲顶点径流年际、年内变化,为合理利用流域水资源提供参考。[方法]年际变化运用径流年际变差系数(C_v)、M-K趋势分析、Morlet小波分析等方法分析,年内变化运用集中度(期)、径流等值线法等方法分析。[结果]珠江三角洲顶点主要水文站径流年际变率较小。1960年以来研究区主要水文站径流量总体并未发生显著变化;径流量距平百分率K_i显示西、东江流域旱涝灾害发生较均匀且发生率较低,北江流域易发生洪涝灾害;珠江流域西、北、东江径流基本存在25～32,10～20,4～10 a的周期变化。珠江流域径流年内分配极不均匀,年径流集中度(RCD_(year))北江和东江略低于西江,近年来集中度都有减小趋势。北江最大径流最早出现,在5,6月份交替,东江最大径流在6,7月份交替,西江最大径流主要出现在7月份。[结论]珠江流域下游地区近60 a径流量并未发生明显的下降或上升趋势,但径流年际与年内变化仍十分明显,变化的主要原因为流域水库修建等剧烈的人类活动。     

洮河干流径流量变化趋势分析

河流径流量变化是对区域气候和下垫面变化的综合反映,了解和认知其变化对流域水资源开发具有重要意义。根据洮河流域上、中、下游的下巴沟、岷县、李家村、红旗四个控制水文站点实测月、年径流量资料,运用不同指标对洮河干流径流量的变化规律和趋势进行了分析,并采用最新的经验模态分解法进行佐证。结果表明:50年代至今,洮河流域径流量年内分配不均匀性越来越低,上游向下游逐渐由均匀向不均匀变化;该流域径流量年际变化大,总体表现为逐渐减小的趋势,丰平枯水年交替出现;洮河上游、下游径流量年际变化稳定,中游有部分支流汇入,径流量年际变化剧烈。洮河径流过程与降雨过程呈对应关系,径流量随雨量的变化而变化,径流量有滞后现象。     

呼图壁河水沙年内分配特征及同步性变化分析

利用呼图壁河出山口石门水文站1980—2011年日径流量和输沙量实测资料,采用年内不均匀系数、完全调节系数、集中度(期)等方法指标,分析了呼图壁河水沙年内分配及同步变化规律。结果表明:(1)不同年代的径流与输沙年内分配均呈"单峰型"分布,且输沙量较径流量的分配更为集中;(2)近32年以来,径流和输沙的不均匀系数、完全调节系数、集中度都呈缓慢上升趋势,且二者的年际变化都显示出较好的同步性。径流和输沙的集中期同样有着微弱的上升趋势,但输沙集中期略提前于径流集中期。这是由于河流的补给方式和下垫面等综合影响造成的;(3)呼图壁河泥沙年内分配不均匀系数明显高于径流。完全调节系数与不均匀系数的变化趋势基本一致。各个年代冬春季节径流量与同一时段输沙量的变化不同步。     

嘉陵江流域降水及径流演变规律分析

流域降水与径流演变规律的异同性,可有效表征人类活动对流域径流的影响。基于嘉陵江流域1958—2008年水文、气象资料,探寻流域年降水量、年径流量的空间分布规律,采用经验正交函数和时间序列分析法,研究年降水量、降水量年内分配指数和年径流量的演变规律,对比演变规律的同步及异步变化特征。结果表明:年降水量自流域东南向西北递减,年径流深分别于涪江、渠江上游和流域北部、涪江中游、流域中游干流段出现相对高值和低值。流域年降水量、降水量年内分配未呈现显著变化趋势,无突变点,把口站北碚站年径流量下降趋势明显,于1990年产生突变;年降水量和年径流量主周期一致,均为35a和21a,但主周期显著程度不同;年降水量和年径流量于2002—2008年丰枯状态不同,径流相对于降水呈现强减少趋势。流域自然条件和水利水保措施、城市化等人类活动造成降水与径流主周期显著程度的差异,以及降水与径流趋势性、突变性及阶段性变化的不同步。     

大凌河流域径流演变规律分析

利用大凌河流域7个主要水文站资料,对大凌河近50a径流年内变化,年际变化分析,探寻年径流演变规律。结果表明:大凌河径流7月,8月占全年径流比例最大,年内分配最不均匀是1960s,2000年以后年内分配相差最小,干流3站集中度在2000年以前同步性较好,2000年新建水库后,同步性变差;年际变化上整体处于下降→显著下降→上升→显著下降的趋势,从典型站的趋势检验结果分析,大凌河径流减少趋势明显,干流凌海站突变点是1980年,支流哈巴气站在置信区间内,没有发生突变;从周期性上分析,干流的凌海站和支流的哈巴气站主周期都是26a,周期性较明显。     

悖牛川径流年内分配变化规律研究

[目的]分析悖牛川径流年内分配变化特征,为流域水资源规划、管理和开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]根据悖牛川控制性水文站—新庙站1966—2010年实测月径流资料,分析年内分配不均匀系数、完全调节系数、集中度(期)等特性。并采用累积滤波器和Mann—Kendall秩相关法诊断各月径流量的变化趋势。[结果](1)总体上,悖牛川径流年内分配呈双峰型分布,其峰值分别出现在3和8月。径流年内分配很不均匀,8月份径流量达到最大值,占年径流量的37.63%;1月份降到最低值,仅占到年径流量的0.65%;(2)20世纪60—70年代的不均匀性和集中程度最大,80年代最小。最大径流出现在7月中下旬到8月上中旬,相对比较集中;(3)对于1966—2010年系列,各月径流量都处于显著减小的趋势。[结论]受气候和人类活动的影响,悖牛川月径流量年内分布不均且均呈现减少趋势。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.     

Changes in the physical properties of soils in the Kamennaya Steppe under the impact of shelterbelts

The physical properties of ordinary chernozems and meadow-chernozemic soils under different land management practices (maple, larch, birch, and pine sections of the shelterbelts; continuous (since 1959) fallow; and arable field (since 1952)) were studied in the Kamennaya Steppe. The soils had favorable physicochemical properties, light clayey texture, and high microaggregation independently from the type of land management. The long-term impact of the shelterbelts improved the soil structure in the upper part of the humus horizon: the content of agronomically valuable aggregates increased, the content of coarse aggregates (>10 mm) decreased, the aggregation coefficient increased by 3.7–4.3 times, and the water stability of the aggregates became by 8–12% higher. The soils under the shelterbelts were characterized by minimum values of the bulk density and solid phase density and by maximum values of the total, active, and air porosities. At the same time, no considerable differences between water reserves in the studied range of soils were detected. The ratio of the optimum productive water range to the active (productive) water range (OPWR/AWR) within the upper soil meter varied from 0.42–0.44 to 0.45–0.54. This points to changes in the character of perched water: the content of intra-aggregate capillary-perched water decreases, and content of film perched water increases down the soil profile.     

近50年博斯腾湖水位变化特征分析

以干旱区博斯腾湖为研究对象,依据博斯腾湖1956—2012年期间的水位监测数据,采用小波分析及MannKendall(M-K)趋势检验等统计学方法,揭示了近50a博斯腾湖水位变化趋势及规律。结果显示:博斯腾湖1956—2012年水位变化分为3个阶段下降(1956—1987年)—上升(1988—2002年)—下降(2003—2012年),其中1956—1987年水位下降了3.39m;1988—2002年上升了3.7m;2003—2012年再次下降了3.21m。水位总体上呈现出显著的下降趋势,且通过了α=0.05时的显著性检验。就其周期性变化规律而言,博斯腾湖水位存在18a的主周期,而38a的周期由于水位资料序列有限难以确定,需要更长的资料序列进行分析验证。     

稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源研究进展

产地溯源是保护农产品品牌及地区特色产品、防止欺诈、保护消费者权益的有效保障。稳定同位素指纹分析是用于食品产地溯源的有效技术之一,具有高效、准确、可靠的特点。本文系统分析了近5年来,稳定同位素指纹分析技术在植物源性初级农产品、加工农产品溯源中的应用以及稳定同位素在食品加工过程中分馏变化的研究进展。在此基础上,展望了今后稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源中的研究重点和发展方向。