土壤施硒对覆膜花生相关性状的影响

在覆膜条件下,研究土施硒肥对不同花生品种开花期和结荚期生理特性、农艺及产量性状的影响.结果表明,土施硒肥对3个花生品种结荚期的生理特性(黑玉珍的叶片POD活性除外)和农艺性状影响不大,而开花期的生理特性和百果重、饱果率、单株果数和单株生产力等产量性状较对照都显著提高,但不同花生品种间存在差异.其中,鲁花4号施硒后,其开...     

特殊种皮颜色花生杂种优势的研究

选用 6个具有特殊种皮颜色的花生种质材料搭配 1 0个杂交组合 ,测试了F1代 3个农艺性状、7个产量性状的杂种优势。结果表明 :特色花生杂交测试的农艺性状 ,主茎高表现杂种优势最强 ,产量性状 ,单株果重、单株仁重等综合性状杂种优势较强 ,各有 8个组合表现超亲优势 ,超亲优势率分别为 7 1 %～ 73 4%和 1 2 1 %～71 5% ;组合间杂种优势强度也有明显差异 ,总的看白皮花生母本效应较强 ,与红皮花生做母本比较 ,除饱果数平均杂种优势指数略低外 ,其余各性状均有较大幅度提高。     

二十一份重庆花生种质资源的农艺性状评价

为了给本地花生种质资源的利用提供理论依据,"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"重庆项目组于2015—2017年,从重庆市12个区县收集了地方花生种质资源21份,对这批花生资源的9个农艺性状进行调查统计,并用SPSS20.0软件进行相关性分析。结果:21份花生种质资源在重庆地区的结果枝数、单株饱果数、主茎高、单株产量、侧枝长等性状变异程度高,表现出明显的遗传差异,在育种上有较大利用空间;影响单株产量的主要农艺性状是结果枝数和单株饱果数。     

麦秸覆盖对土壤理化性质及夏花生生长发育的影响

为研究麦秸覆盖与否对土壤理化性质、夏花生生长发育及产量的影响,采用随机区组试验,在花生夏直播平作模式下,调查麦秸覆盖与不覆盖处理的土壤物理性状、土壤酶活性、花生营养、生殖生长及产量、品质等指标的变化。结果表明,麦秸覆盖后,产量、饱果率、出仁率比未覆盖分别降低5.2%、9.8%、0.66%。麦秸覆盖显著影响了土壤理化性状,使得土壤温度、张力、容重、脲酶活性下降,土壤湿度、孔隙度和多酚氧化酶活性增加;同时,覆盖还影响了花生的营养生长,麦秸覆盖后显著降低了花生的主茎高、侧枝长、叶面积和叶片SPAD值;与不覆盖相比,麦秸覆盖降低了花生的开花量、果针数和结果数,最终导致产量降低。麦秸覆盖可改善土壤不良的理化性状,但覆盖后地温降低,延缓了花生的生育进程,不利于当季花生的生长发育及结实。研究结果为麦茬夏花生高产栽培技术的集成提供了理论依据。     

膜下滴灌花生适宜追肥时期和次数研究

[目的]为建立节水省肥高效花生栽培技术体系,本文研究了膜下滴灌追肥时期和次数对花生生长发育和产量的影响,明确膜下滴灌条件下花生高产栽培适宜的追肥时期和次数,探究出适用于花生生产的高效水肥一体化管理方式。[方法]于2017年在青岛农业大学胶州现代科技示范园,以花生品种青花7号为试材,进行了一垄双行膜下滴灌施肥田间试验。以不灌水不追肥为对照(CK),在花生生育期间施肥总量相同的前提下,设置7种追肥方式,分别为:花针期追施1次肥(N),结荚期追施1次肥(P),饱果期追施1次肥(F),花针期和结荚期分别追施1次肥(NP),花针期和饱果期分别追施1次肥(NF),结荚期和饱果期分别追施1次肥(PF),花针期、结荚期和饱果期分别追施1次肥(NPF),共8个处理。分别于花针期施肥前1天和施肥后12天、结荚期施肥前1天和施肥后12天、饱果期施肥前1天和施肥后12天、收获期取样,调查入土果针数和未入土果针数、单株荚果数。在收获期测定荚果产量、百果重、百仁重、荚果数、籽仁重、出仁率。[结果]就追肥时期而言,追肥效果为花针期>结荚期>饱果期;就追肥次数而言,2~3次追肥效果优于1次追肥。花生生育期间只追肥1次的情况下,以花针期追肥增产幅度最高,结荚期追肥次之,饱果期追肥最低,分别较对照增产18%、15%和8%;花生生育期间追肥2次,则以花针期和结荚期追肥增产幅度最高,花针期和饱果期追肥次之,结荚期和饱果期追肥最低,分别较对照增产38%、24%和20%;花生生育期间追肥3次(花针期、结荚期和饱果期),较对照增产27%。各处理比对照花生百果重分别增加5%、6%、7%、15%、11%、11%、15%;百仁重分别增加1%、3%、2%、5%、5%、6%和7%;荚果数分别提高23%、21%、17%、51%、30%、36%和49%;籽仁重分别提高14%、21%、18%、43%、23%、27%和30%;出仁率分别提高5%、2%、2%、5%、3%、3%和5%。[结论]在本试验条件下,追肥时期越早、前期追肥量越大越有利于促进花生果针的形成、入土和结果。综合考虑滴灌追肥成本及效益,花生生育期内追肥2次,即在花针期和结荚期追肥对花生生长和产量表现最优,可作为花生水肥一体高效施肥管理措施。     

~(60)Coγ射线诱变与杂交相结合选育花生新品种——花育22号

花育22号是山东省花生研究所采用60Coγ射线诱变处理与杂交相结合的方法育成的高产、优质、多抗及适应性广的传统出口型大花生新品种。该品种内在品质与鲁花10号、花17、8130相当,外观品质特别是籽仁色泽优于同类品种,产量水平高于大花生主栽高产品种鲁花11号、海花1号、鲁花9号等品种。该品种的生育期比同类品种短10~15d,且抗旱耐涝性及抗病性等综合抗逆性状较为平衡,是传统出口型大花生新品种选育的一个突破,可在我国北方大花生产区广泛推广利用。     

辐射与杂交相结合选育大花生新品种花育16号的研究

花育 1 6号是山东省花生研究所采用辐射与杂交相结合的方法育成的高产、优质、多抗及适应性广的大花生新品种。该品种在产量比当前生产上推广的高产品种进一步提高的基础上 ,其籽仁色泽、蛋白质和脂肪含量等内在品质和外观明显得到改良 ,且抗旱耐涝性及抗病性等综合抗逆性状较为平衡 ,在山东、河北、安徽等省份均表现突出 ,是一个可在我国北方大花生产区广泛推广利用的新品种。     

低钾胁迫下不同低钾耐性大豆光合特性及保护性酶的差异

田间试验选用耐低钾和低钾敏感的大豆品种各2个,研究低钾胁迫下不同品种光合特性及活性氧代谢的差异。结果表明,与施钾相比,低钾胁迫下,两类品种的相对叶绿素（SPAD）、光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度(Gs)均下降,但低钾耐性品种比低钾敏感品种下降的幅度小;而胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和脯氨酸含量升高,且低钾敏感品种比低钾耐性品种升高幅度大。低钾耐性品种SOD活性在开花期低于低钾敏感品种,成熟始期又明显高于低钾敏感品种;CAT活性在开花期和结荚期低钾耐性品种都高于低钾敏感品种;成熟始期POD活性低钾耐性品种下降的幅度小于低钾敏感品种;MDA在生育中后期,低钾耐性品种明显低于低钾敏感品种。     

土壤酸胁迫下不同花生品种(系)钙吸收、分配及钙效率差异

为明确不同花生品种(系)对土壤酸胁迫的响应差异及其机制,本试验在大田条件下,酸化土壤(pH值4.2)及正常土壤(pH值6.0,对照)中比较了19个花生品种(系)产量、主要农艺性状及钙吸收特征等指标的差异。结果表明,酸胁迫条件下,多数花生品种(系)植株钙含量显著下降,较对照平均降低0.18个百分点;酸胁迫降低了生殖体(果针、果壳、籽仁)中钙累积,而整株及营养体(根、茎、叶)钙累积量平均值与对照相差不大,表明酸胁迫主要抑制了果针和荚果对钙的吸收,对根系钙吸收影响较小;此外,酸胁迫显著降低了荚果、籽仁钙利用效率。酸胁迫导致花生徒长,胁迫处理植株干物重平均比对照增加31.2%,其中营养体及针壳增幅明显,籽仁干重下降显著。酸胁迫导致花生荚果性状变劣,酸胁迫下出仁率和空秕率平均值较对照分别降低45.5和55.5个百分点,百果重和荚果产量分别降低70.2%和60.4%。不同品种(系)耐酸系数变幅为0.002~0.548。按照耐酸系数,将供试品种(系)分成耐酸型、中间型及酸敏感型三类,其中L2010和花育32两品种(系)为耐酸型;酸胁迫下荚果产量、出仁率、籽仁钙累积量、荚果钙利用率及籽仁钙利用率等指标与耐酸系数呈极显著正相关,空秕率与耐酸系数呈极显著负相关。本研究为耐酸花生品种选育及酸化土壤花生高产栽培提供了理论依据。     

花生新品种贺油系列种植适应性试验

贺油系列花生品种由贺州市农科所育成,试验表明,品种不同其特征特性、适应性、抗病性及产量水平有差异,各参试品种植株生长势强,均表现出较强的抗倒、耐旱、耐涝性和中抗青枯病（除贺油11号外）,荚果皮薄仁大,出仁率高,产量均比汕油523高,增幅在0.02％ ～12.90％,适宜在当地推广种植.     

Patterns of diversity in pigeonpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cajanus cajan</Emphasis> (L.) Millsp.) germplasm collected from different elevations in Kenya

Pigeonpea germplasm accessions collected from low (<500 m), medium (501–1000 m), high (1001–1500 m) and very high elevation zones (>1500 m) of Kenya were evaluated for 15 agronomic traits and seed protein content at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) among elevation zones for the number of primary and secondary branches, days to 75% maturity, pod length, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield. Mean values indicated that the accessions from low elevation zone were significantly different from those collected in higher elevation zones for early flowering and maturity, number of primary branches, pod length, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, seed yield and harvest index. None of the accessions collected in Kenya belonged to extra early (<80 days to 50% flowering) and early (80–100 days to 50% flowering) maturity groups, as defined by time to flowering at Patancheru, India. Mean diversity index based on all characters indicated that accessions from the low elevation zone are more diverse than those from the higher elevation zones. Frequency distribution for trait extremes indicated that the accessions from the low elevation zone were early to flower and mature, short statured, produced more primary and secondary branches with high pod bearing length, long pods, more pods per plant, more seeds per pod, a high seed yield and harvest index. Accessions from the very high elevation zone were late flowering, with a large number of tertiary branches, large seeds and a high shelling percentage and could be a source for cold tolerance and the breeding of vegetable types. Results suggest that the elevation of collection sites is therefore a very important determinant of variation patterns of pigeonpea in Kenya.     

播期对高蛋白大豆新品种(系)农艺性状、品质及产量的影响

为明确高蛋白大豆新品种(系)在黄淮海区的适宜播期,本研究以黄淮海地区高蛋白大豆新品种(系)圣豆18、圣豆24、菏豆37、菏豆38为试验材料,设置不同播期试验,研究不同播期对各大豆品种(系)生育期、农艺性状、干物质积累、籽粒品质及产量的影响。结果表明,播期推迟,出苗至始花期缩短幅度较大,大豆全生育期缩短;大豆株高、底荚高、主茎节数随播期推迟均逐渐降低;各大豆品种植株有效分枝、有效荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重、百粒重、根干重、茎干重、豆荚干重、植株总干重、籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量以及产量均随着播期推迟呈先升后降的趋势,且随着播期推迟,豆荚干重变化幅度较大,根、茎干重所占比例均逐渐缩小,豆荚干重所占比例均逐渐增大;播期对籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量、产量的影响均占主导地位;圣豆18、圣豆24、菏豆37、菏豆38均在6月15日播种时产量最高,分别为3 940.95、3 750.24、 3 252.37、3 905.54 kg·hm^-2,且单株粒重与产量相关性最大。综上可知,只有适期播种,大豆营养生长和生殖生长才能实现合理过渡,促使植株生长、干物质积累及分配等达到最佳状态,从而保证大豆优质高产,进而推动大豆及高蛋白大豆产业发展。     

Morphological Diversity of Bambara Groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.] Landraces in Tanzania

A field experiment was conducted in Tanzania for two seasons to assess the genetic diversity of bambara groundnut landraces based on morphological characters. One hundred accessions collected from a wide range of agricultural zones in the country were evaluated in a 10 × 10 triple lattice block design at Maruku station in Bukoba, Tanzania. For the qualitative characters evaluated, considerable morphological variations were observed for growth habit, pod shape and pod colour. Quantitative morphological characters such as peduncle length, number of leaves per plant, terminal leaflet width, terminal leaflet length, petiole length, plant spread, plant length, pod width, seed length, seed width, number of pods per plant, shelling percentage and days to 50% flowering showed significant variation among accessions for the two test seasons. Multivariate analysis for 15 quantitative morphological traits that showed significant variation indicated that the first four PCs with eigenvalues ≥1 accounted for 63.0 and 65.0% of the total variance among the accessions during the two test seasons, respectively. The most important loadings for PC1 and PC2 for the two seasons were terminal leaflet width, terminal leaflet length, petiole length, plant spread, plant height and pod length, pod width, seed length, seed width, numbers of pods per plant. Cluster analysis grouped bambara groundnut accessions into three major groups with respect to their geographic origins. Based on this present study, bambara groundnut landraces from Tanzania displayed a considerable diversity for morphological and agronomic traits useful for germplasm management and utilization into crop improvement.     

Selection criteria for grain yield and stability in bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L) Verdc) landraces

The potential of bambara groundnut as a crop-based approach for the sustainable reduction of protein–energy malnutrition prevalent in Nigeria is still being explored. However, one of the limitations to sustainable production of this adapted species is low and unstable yield. Here, we employed multiple statistical analyses to determine traits that could be useful in predicting grain yield. Furthermore, additive main effect and multiplicative interaction and genotype × genotype × environment models were used to identify high yielding and stable landraces. Twenty-four bambara landraces were evaluated in two contrasting dry land growing seasons at four environments. Based on the results of correlation, path coefficient values and stepwise multiple regression analysis, it is reasonable to assume that seed growth rate would be effective as indirect selection criteria for grain yield improvement in this set of breeding materials under early and late planting environment. However, optimizing biomass growth rate, pod fill period, 100-seed weight, number of pods per plant and time to flowering may have important role in the improvement of grain yield in bambara groundnut. Due consideration should be given to 100-seed weight and time to flowering in the early dry and late planting environment. The possibility of successful cultivation of bambara groundnut in forest–savannah transition agricultural zone of Nigeria, particularly when planting is done around early August has been established in this study. However, based on the strong association between seed yield and its related characters in early and late planting environments, selection for higher seed growth rate combined with large number of pods appears to be the best indirect traits when selecting bambara groundnut plants to enhance grain yield under early and late planting environments. While landraces TVSu 1520 and 1578 were considered the best adapted landraces, TVSu 1670 and 1518 are promising landraces that could contribute to increasing grain yield stability.     

广西旱地晚花生增产技术研究

不同播期、密度、土壤含水量与旱地晚花生产量的关系试验结果表明：早播能缩短生育期，减轻秋旱对花生生育的影响，提高花生从花针期起的叶面积指数和干物质积累量，增加结荚数和果重，比晚播增产率达７３．８％～１７６．７％，达到显著水平。种植密度从目前广西大面积生产上每ｍ２下种３０粒扩大到３８粒，对花生也有一定的增产作用。其主要原因是扩大了绿叶面积指数，提高了群体的净同化总量和干物质积累量，增加总结果数和总饱果数。选择低地种植，可容纳较多的雨水，保水抗旱，增产作用较明显。     

多效唑对花生种子萌发及植株生长的影响

以不同浓度的多效唑，对花生种子进行浸种处理和盛花期叶面喷施，观测种子萌发、幼苗生长情况和植株农艺性状，收获时进行产量测定。结果表明：(1)多效唑浸种延缓花生种子萌发，使发芽率有所下降，矮化植株；(2)盛花期喷施适宜浓度的多效唑能抑制花生地上部分的生长，促进其横向生长，使主茎和分枝比对照的短，分枝数、单株结荚数、饱果率和产量均比对照的高，其中以喷施150mg／L多效唑的处理产量最高，达3806．3kg／hm^2，比对照增产12．60%。     

Flowering and podding characteristics on the main stem of soybean grown on varying levels of phosphate nutrition 1

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) plants normally abort a high percentage of flowers and pods. This study was conducted to determine the effect of P nutrition on flower and pod abscission in soybean. Williams 82 soybeans were established in hydroponic culture in the greenhouse at four levels of P (0.45 mM, 0.20 mM, 0.10 mM or 0.05 mM), and main stem flowers and pods were counted every two days from flowering to maturity. The two highest P treatments had similar flower production, pod production, pod abortion, seed weight and seeds per pod, but the 0.20 mM P treatment had 20% lower dry matter production and 19% lower seed yield. At P supplies of 0.10 or 0.05 mM, flower production, pod production, flowers per node, pods per node, seed yield, seed number and weight per seed were less (P < 0.05) than at 0.20 mM. Flowers produced per main stem node and seeds per pod were largely unaffected by limited P. Plants supplied 0.10 or 0.05 mM P aborted more flowers and pods than did those supplied 0.45 or 0.20 mM P. At P supply of 0.05 mM, flower, pod and total abortion was 80%, 49% and 90%, respectively. Flower and pod production were 50% and 78% less, while plant dry weight, seed yield and weight per seed were 83%, 90% and 23% less, respectively for the 0.05 mM P treatment compared to control. The data indicate that the primary effect of limited P on reproductive growth of soybean is to increase flower and pod abortion.     

蚕豆6×6双列杂交子代主要性状的遗传效应分析

为提高蚕豆优势组合的选配效率,以6个蚕豆材料(P1~P6)为亲本,采用Griffing完全双列杂交配制30个组合,分析亲本和F₁的9个主要农艺性状的杂种优势、配合力和遗传力。结果表明,蚕豆产量相关农艺性状的杂种优势明显,分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数、百粒重和单株产量的超亲优势为正值,株高、始荚高和主茎节数的超亲优势为负值。配合力效应分析表明,P1和P2为选育大粒高产的优良亲本,P1×P2和P4×P6符合高产的育种目标,P2×P5和P2×P6符合大粒的育种目标;遗传力分析表明,百粒重、每荚粒数和单株粒数的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力均较高,可以相对稳定地遗传给后代,且这3个性状主要受加性效应控制,适宜进行早代选择,其他性状主要受非加性效应影响;主要性状与单株产量的相关分析表明,蚕豆育种应将单株荚数和单株粒数作为重点目标;通径分析表明,在育种过程中应重点关注分枝数、株高、百粒重、每荚粒数等农艺性状。本研究为蚕豆育种进程中的亲本选配和后代选择提供了一定的理论依据。     

播期与施氮量对花生干物质、产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

[目的]在大田条件下,研究播期与施氮量对不同类型花生产量、干物质积累、氮素吸收及利用的影响,为花生高产和养分资源高效利用提供技术支撑.[方法]选择普通型大花生品种'花育22号'和高油酸花生品种'冀花16号'为材料,设3个施氮水平:0、120、240?kg/hm2?(分别表示为N0、N120、N240);4个播期:4月3...