双氰胺对樱桃萝卜硝酸盐积累及根系生长的影响

以水培樱桃萝卜幼苗为材料,研究不同浓度的双氰胺(DCD)处理对其根系生长及相关指标的影响。结果显示,DCD对萝卜根系生长有一定的抑制作用,幼苗的总根表面积、总根投影面积、总根体积、根尖总数和分支数均呈现出不同程度的下降,但根平均直径无明显变化。DCD在一定程度上抑制了根系硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,导致硝酸盐含量下降,其中6%DCD处理下硝酸盐含量最低。DCD处理下,过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性均出现先升高后降低的趋势,丙二醛(MAD)含量随处理时间的增加呈上升趋势,说明DCD对水培樱桃萝卜幼苗根系造成了胁迫。虽然DCD有利于降低水培樱桃萝卜硝酸盐积累,提高其安全品质,但是其对根系的生长发育有一定的抑制作用。     

增施CO2降低小白菜硝酸盐积累的机理研究

以低硝酸盐积累基因型（东妃）和高硝酸盐积累基因型（高雄甜脆）两种小白菜为材料,采用溶液培养法研究了增施CO2降低蔬菜硝酸盐积累的生理机制。结果表明,CO2浓度升高能显著提高2种基因型小白菜的生物量和硝酸还原酶活性,并降低根、茎叶各部位的硝酸盐含量。CO2浓度升高不仅促进了植株对硝态氮的吸收,而且植株吸收硝酸盐的累积量增幅均高于鲜重的增幅。由此可见,除了鲜重增加的稀释作用,处理后生理机制的变化也可能是CO2浓度升高引起硝酸盐含量降低的重要原因。研究还表明,增施CO2后“东妃”的硝酸盐含量降低百分率与硝酸还原酶活性的增加百分率呈极显著相关,而“高雄甜脆”的硝酸盐含量降低百分率则与鲜重的增加百分率的相关性达极显著水平。说明增施CO2后植株各部位硝酸还原酶活性提高及鲜重的增加均为引起硝酸盐含量降低的重要原因,但贡献率具有明显的基因型差异。     

小白菜适当增铵下硝酸盐累积机理研究

利用NO3--N/NH44+-N为100∶0和75∶25的营养液对两个硝酸盐累积能力显著不同的小白菜品种(上海青和亮白叶1号)进行培养,测定了小白菜叶片、叶柄及根系硝酸盐含量、硝态氮和铵态氮吸收量及各部位硝酸还原酶活性,以探讨适当增铵降低小白菜硝酸盐含量以及小白菜不同品种和不同器官累积硝酸盐能力差异的机理。结果表明,适当增铵使叶片、叶柄和根系硝酸盐含量分别降低了22%、15%和22%,而硝态氮吸收量则降低了7.5%。小白菜各器官硝酸盐含量为叶柄叶片根系。叶片硝酸还原酶活性分别是叶柄和根系的27和9倍,呈现叶片根系叶柄,叶片是硝态氮的主要还原器官。亮白叶1号叶片、叶柄及根系硝酸盐含量分别较上海青高3%、38%和34%,硝态氮吸收量仅较上海青高11%;而叶片、叶柄及根系硝酸还原酶活性则分别较后者降低44%、56%和38%。适当增铵减少硝态氮吸收量是增铵降低硝酸盐含量的主要原因。不同器官的功能与结构的不同决定其累积硝酸盐能力的不同;不同品种硝酸盐累积的差异取决于还原硝态氮能力的差异。     

铵硝比和磷素营养对菠菜生长、氮素吸收和相关酶活性的影响

通过水培试验研究了不同铵硝比的氮素营养和磷素营养对菠菜生长、氮素吸收及硝酸还原酶活性（NRA）和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性（GSA）的影响。结果表明：在供磷水平相同时，菠菜的生物量随着铵硝比的降低而降低，但铵硝比为25：75与0：100两个处理之间没有显著差异；在铵硝比相同时，随着营养液中磷含量的增加，菠菜的生物量随之增加。菠菜茎叶中硝酸盐的含量随着铵硝比和磷水平的降低而升高。不同铵硝比处理，菠菜含氮量没有明显差异，随着磷水平的提高，菠菜植株含氮量有升高的趋势，但各处理之间差异不显著；受到生物量显著差异的影响，菠菜植株中氮素累积量随着铵硝比的降低和磷素水平的增加而增加。在铵硝混合营养条件下，缺磷会显著抑制菠菜对铵态氮和硝态氮的吸收，且磷索缺乏对菠菜吸收硝态氮的抑制作用要大于对铵态氮吸收的抑制作用。铵硝比相同时，随着营养液中磷索供应量的增加，菠菜茎叶中NRA显著增加；但是营养液中铵硝比较高时，会显著抑制菠菜茎叶中NRA，而铵硝比较低时，则有利于提高菠菜的NRA。缺磷会严重抑制GSA；在磷素水平相同时，随着营养液中铵比例的增加，菠菜茎叶中GSA显著增加。为此，在一些硝酸盐含量较高的土壤上栽培蔬菜时，可以采取增施适量磷肥的方法，以降低叶菜的硝酸盐含量。     

蔬菜间作对土壤和蔬菜硝酸盐累积的影响

大量氮肥施用,易造成菜地土壤硝酸盐累积并引起地下水硝酸盐污染和蔬菜硝酸盐含量超标。为降低菜田氮素累积及环境污染风险,采用根深差异蔬菜间作的方法,研究其对土壤硝态氮时空变异规律和蔬菜硝酸盐含量的影响,选择根系较深的萝卜和根系较浅的芹菜进行间作种植大田试验。结果表明,无论在作物的生长前期还是收获期,此种间作增加了0～20cm土层NO3^- -N含量,同时降低了20cm以下土层NO3^- -N含量,能够减少土壤中NO3^- -N的向下移动。从土壤NO3^- -N累积剖面分布规律看,间作区0～40cm土层NO3^-—N累积量高于单作区,而40～100cm土层NO3^- -N累积量低于单作区,间作区土壤0—100cm土层NO3^- -N总累积量减少,收获期分别比萝卜和芹菜单作区降低1．4％、9．0％。间作有降低萝卜和芹菜硝酸盐的趋势,而间作区萝卜全氮含量显著高于单作区,同时间作显著提高了萝卜产量,此种间作还能够减少氮素的表观损失。总之,合理搭配的蔬菜间作既能够增强土壤对氮素的保蓄能力,减少土壤NO3^- -N淋移,对蔬菜产量和品质也有一定正效应。     

营养液浓度对水培生菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响

该文研究了4种营养液浓度处理(山崎生菜配方的1/4(1/4s)、1/2(1/2s)、1(1s)和2(2s)单位)对水培生菜(品种为“弘农”和“绿领”)生长、硝酸盐积累和品质的影响。结果表明,1/2单位营养液浓度处理下生菜地上部和根的鲜重、叶长和叶宽最大,而2个单位营养液浓度处理下上述指标最小。不同营养液浓度处理下叶片硝酸盐积累的高低顺序为2s>1s>1/2s>1/4s,2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜生长发育后期叶片中的SOD活性和M DA含量最高。对采收时生菜品质的分析表明,生菜体内的硝酸盐含量随着营养液浓度的增加而迅速上升,2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜叶片中硝酸盐、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质R含量最高。综合考虑产量和品质,采用1/2单位的山崎生菜配方是适合生菜水培的营养液配方。     

氮素形态对菠菜可食部分硝酸盐和草酸累积的影响

采用溶液培养试验研究了营养液中硝态氮/铵态氮比例对菠菜地上部可食部分不同器官硝酸盐以及不同形态草酸累积的影响。结果表明,菠菜地上部生物量随供铵比例从0%提高到50%呈增加趋势而后显著下降。叶片和地上部可食部分的硝酸盐含量和累积量均随供铵比例增加而显著下降;叶柄的硝酸盐含量随供铵比例提高而降低,而硝酸盐积累量则先升高后显著下降。叶片是菠菜积累草酸的主要器官,可溶态草酸与草酸总量分别占地上部的56.3%～89.8%和76.6%～87.4%。可溶态草酸是菠菜体内草酸的主要形态,在叶片、叶柄及地上部中所占草酸总量的比例分别在36.7%～83.5%,79.0%～93.3%以及50.0%～83.0%之间。地上部各器官的可溶态草酸含量、难溶态草酸含量和草酸总量以及积累量均随着供铵比例的增加而显著下降,叶片和地上部的草酸含量和积累量的下降幅度均高于叶柄。可见,调节营养液中硝态氮/铵态氮比例可以有效降低菠菜地上部可食部分硝酸盐和草酸的含量和积累量,50/50是营养液中适宜的硝态氮/铵态氮比例,不仅菠菜的生物量最高,而且硝酸盐和各形态草酸的含量以及累积量较低,从而大大减轻了硝酸盐和草酸对人体健康产生的负面影响。     

营养液浓度对水培生菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响

该文研究了4种营养液浓度处理(山崎生菜配方的1/4(1/4s)、1/2(1/2s)、1(1s)和2(2s)单位)对水培生菜(品种为“弘农”和“绿领”)生长、硝酸盐积累和品质的影响。结果表明，1/2单位营养液浓度处理下生菜地上部和根的鲜重、叶长和叶宽最大，而2个单位营养液浓度处理下上述指标最小。不同营养液浓度处理下叶片硝酸盐积累的高低顺序为2s>1s>1/2s>1/4s，2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜生长发育后期叶片中的SOD活性和MDA含量最高。对采收时生菜品质的分析表明，生菜体内的硝酸盐含量随着营养液浓度的增加而迅速上升，2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜叶片中硝酸盐、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质R 含量最高。综合考虑产量和品质，采用1/2单位的山崎生菜配方是适合生菜水培的营养液配方。     

碱性土壤施硫磺对油菜生长、土壤pH和有效磷含量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同硫磺施用量对碱性土壤pH、速效磷和磷酸酶活性以及油菜生物量、植株体内硝酸盐含量,硝酸还原酶活性和植株吸磷量的影响。研究结果表明,施用硫磺能显著降低土壤的pH值,增加土壤有效磷含量。与对照相比,施硫磺后土壤pH值最大降幅为0.5个单位。当硫磺用量为120.mg/kg时土壤有效磷含量最高,比对照增加了68.6%。对油菜生长状况的研究表明,施用硫磺能增加油菜植株生物量,降低油菜植株体内硝酸盐含量,提高硝酸还原酶的活性和植株吸磷量。施硫磺与对照相比,油菜植株生物量最大增加了29.64%,植株体内硝酸盐含量降低了58.6%,硝酸还原酶活性提高了近1.8倍,吸磷量增加了1.55倍。研究结果还显示,虽然高硫处理对土壤pH值降低具有明显的作用,但同时会也抑制油菜生长和发育。     

菠菜不同品种累积硝酸盐能力的差异及其原因

采用盆栽试验研究了 4个菠菜品种硝酸盐含量的差异及其原因。结果表明 ,4个菠菜品种地上部及根系生物量无显著差异 ,但在施用氮肥条件下 ,菠菜不同品种地上部硝酸盐含量差异很大 ,这种差异是由于不同品种硝酸还原酶活性的差异所造成的 ;菠菜地上部硝酸盐含量与硝酸还原酶活性呈显著的负相关。     

The effect of chloride and sulphate salts on the nitrate content in lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.)

The effect of chloride and sulphate on the nitrate accumulated in lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L., cv. deci minor) under low light conditions was examined. The plants were grown on a complete nutrient solution for circa 45 days and then chloride was substituted for the nitrate in the nutrient solution. In another experiment, sulphate was substituted for the nitrate in the nutrient solution. Approximately 5 days later a reduction in growth occurred. The nitrate in the plants was not completely exhausted and was very slowly available for reduction both in the leaf blades and midribs. It was immaterial whether sulphate or chloride was substituted for nitrate in the nutrient solution. Chloride was taken up from the solution but sulphate was not. In plants in both treatments, sugars accumulated concomitantly with the decrease in nitrate content.

The actual nitrate reductase activity in the leaf blades decreased several days after the chloride and sulphate treatments began and was negligible on day 12. Nevertheless, the potential nitrate reductase activity of the treated plants was still 50% of the control.

It is suggested that the availability of nitrate from the storage pool is the limiting process for nitrate reductase activity, and is independent of the metabolic demand. For commercial growers it may be of advantage to use hydroponics in which the nitrate can be removed easily several days before harvest, to reduce high nitrate contents in vegetables, particularly under low light conditions.     

Nitrogen uptake efficiency of finger millet grown in hydroponic culture

The optimum nitrogen requirement along with nitrogen uptake efficiency of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) for obtaining plants of a high phenotypic quality was studied in this research using hydroponic culture. 20 days old seedlings were transferred in nutrient solution containing all the essential macro and micro nutrients. Plants were subjected to three treatments of nitrate viz. 0.05 mM, 0.1 mM and 0.5 mM by dissolving it in the nutrient solution. Plants grown in nutrient solution devoid of nitrate were treated as control. Plants grown in 0.5 mM nitrate conc. attained more height compared to other low nitrogen treatments (0.1 mM and 0.05 mM). Similarly plants of 0.5 mM nitrate treatments possessed more number of lateral roots, surface area of leaves, dry weight of plants and chlorophyll content compared to other low nitrogen treatments. Specific activity of nitrate reductase in plants treated with 0.5 mM concentration was found nearly 3 times higher than that of control plants; similarly, specific activity of nitrite reductase in 0.5 mM treated plants was also high compared to other low nitrogen treatments followed by control. The results of the present investigation therefore indicate that nitrogen uptake efficiency as revealed by the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase was high in 0.5 mM nitrate treatment. It also shows that 0.5 mM nitrate is optimum nitrogen concentration for the growth of finger millet in hydroponic condition.     

硝酸还原酶基因启动子NRE2元件缺失对烟草氮代谢的影响

为了探究硝酸还原酶基因启动子中硝酸盐响应元件NRE2缺失对烟草植株氮代谢的影响,以烤烟品种K326为材料,采用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术获得了烟草NIA11和NIA2基因启动子中NRE2元件缺失的突变体材料,并于同一氮素营养条件下培养,测定烟草植株氮代谢相关生理指标.结果表明,与野生型相比,单突变体和双突变体叶...     

铜、镉毒害对番茄生长和膜功能蛋白酶活性的影响及外源NO的缓解效应

为探讨外源NO（SNP为供体）对50 mol/L铜、镉毒害的缓解效应,采用营养液培养方法,研究了不同程度的铜、镉毒害（5 mol/L和50 mol/L）对番茄幼苗生物量、根系活力、硝酸还原酶、光合特性及生物膜ATPase、H+-PPase等功能蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明,铜、镉胁迫显著抑制番茄生长。随处理浓度增加,番茄根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性显著降低,番茄长势越差; 铜、镉胁迫对根系离子吸收的影响远远大于叶片,尤其是铜胁迫,50 mol/L铜胁迫使番茄根系铜含量增加了12倍。铜浓度的增加对镉含量无影响,镉浓度的增加降低了铜的吸收。铜、镉胁迫使番茄净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）显著降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）显著增加,表现为非气孔限制。50 mol/L 铜、镉处理显著降低叶片、根系质膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和根系液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和H+-PPase活性; 提高了5和50 mol/L部分处理叶片液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和H+-PPase的活性。表明生物膜功能蛋白对不同程度铜、镉胁迫的响应时间和部位存在差异。铜毒害对细胞质膜ATPase的影响较大,而镉毒害对液泡膜伤害的程度较大。100 mol/L SNP可以显著缓解铜、镉胁迫导致的番茄生长受抑,铜、镉总吸收量显著高于胁迫处理。     

Effects of silicon application on drought resistance of cucumber plants

A study on the effects of silicon supply on the resistance to drought in cucumber plants was conducted in pot experiments. The results suggested that in the absence of stress, silicon slightly enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, but significantly decreased the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in cucumber plants. Silicon enhanced the net photosynthetic rate of cucumber plants under drought stress. Since silicon decreased the stomatal conductance, enhanced the capacity of holding water, and kept the transpiration rate at a relatively steady rate during drought stress, the photosynthesis of the cucumber plants was sustained. And under drought stress, silicon increased the biomass and water content of leaves in cucumber plants. Silicon decreased the decomposition of chlorophyll in cucumber plants under drought stress, limited the increase of the plasma membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves, alleviated the physiological response of peroxidase (POD) to drought stress, maintained the superoxide dismutase (SOD) normal adaptation, and increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Under severe stress, these physiological biochemical reactions showed positive correlations with the amount of silicon supply. These findings demonstrated that silicon enhanced the resistance of the cucumber plants to drought. Statistical analysis indicated that under drought stress the cumulative value of biomass showed a highly significant correlation with the cumulative value of diurnal photosynthesis (r = 0.9812, p < 0.01), and was significantly correlated with the water content of leaves (r = 0.8650, p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that under drought stress the first factor responsible for the effects of silicon application on the cumulative value of biomass was the increase of photosynthesis, and the second factor was the enhancement of the water holding capacity. Based on these facts, it was concluded that silicon enhanced the resistance to drought mainly by taking part in the metabolism of plants.     

硝态氮抑制尖孢镰刀菌侵染促进黄瓜生长的内在生理机制

  【目的】  连作障碍严重影响设施农业的发展。不同形态氮素可影响黄瓜土传枯萎病的发生，然而其内在生理机制尚不明确。通过氮素营养调控植物–微生物互作关系，为防控土传病害的发生提供理论依据。  【方法】  以黄瓜品种津春2号和尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型菌 (FOC) 为试材，进行温室营养液培养试验。设营养液中添加铵态氮不接菌 (A)、硝态氮不接菌 (N)、铵态氮接菌 (AI) 和硝态氮接菌 (NI) 共4个处理。尖孢镰刀菌侵染8天后进行植株样品的采集及测定，包括株高、根长、生物量、病情指数、叶绿素含量、光合特性、叶片温度，并进行了叶肉细胞超微结构的观察，测定了植物全氮、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量。  【结果】  与铵态氮相比，硝态氮营养显著抑制了黄瓜植株枯萎病的发病率，并显著促进了植株的生长以及植株生物量的增加。未接菌条件下，供应铵态氮的植株光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、羧化效率及表观量子效率均显著高于供应硝态氮的植株；尖孢镰刀菌的侵染导致供应铵态氮的植株叶绿体结构受损，显著降低了其光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、细胞间隙CO₂浓度、羧化效率及表观量子效率，而病原菌侵染对供应硝态氮的植株叶片光合特性无显著影响。未接菌条件下，供应铵态氮的植株叶片温度及水分利用效率显著低于供应硝态氮的植株；尖孢镰刀菌侵染后，供应铵态氮的植株叶片温度及水分利用率显著增加，而病原菌侵染对供应硝态氮的植株无显著影响。叶片温度与蒸腾速率呈显著负相关关系，而与水分利用率呈显著正相关关系。供应铵态氮的植株根系全氮、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量均显著高于供应硝态氮的植株，从而促进病原菌对供应铵态氮的植株的侵染。尖孢镰刀菌侵染后，供应铵态氮的植株根系可溶性蛋白含量显著增加，可溶性糖含量降低，而尖孢镰刀菌侵染对供应硝态氮的植株可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量无显著影响。  【结论】  硝态氮能够有效地抑制黄瓜枯萎病的发生，维持叶绿体结构的完整性，保持黄瓜植株正常的光合作用及生长，并减少碳水化合物向根系的运输，从而抑制病原菌的侵染及病害的发生。在黄瓜的设施栽培中，可适当增加硝态氮肥的施用而减少铵态氮肥的投入，以抑制土传枯萎病发生。     

INFLUENCE OF SALINITY AND AMMONIUM: NITRATE RATIO ON GROWTH,PHOTOSYNTHESIS, FATTY ACID AND THE ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDATIVE ENZYMES IN CANOLA

The effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity (0 and 200 mM) and ammonium (NH₄):nitrate (NO₃) ratios (100:0, 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25) on growth, photosynthesis, fatty acids and the activity of antioxidative enzymes were investigated in canola plants. Leaf area and fresh and dry weights of leaves were significantly reduced by the salinity. The reduction in vegetative characteristics varied in both salinized and unsalinized plants according to the NH₄:NO₃ ratios so that the lowest reduction was observed with the 50:50 (NH₄:NO₃) ratio. Increased NH₄ up to 50 percent (50:50) of total N, promotes the yield at both salinized and unsalinized plants. In both salinized and unsalinized plants, the increased NH₄ and NO₃ ratio in the nutrient solution reduced the photosynthetic (Pn) rate and stomatal conductance; however, the reduction in Pn rate was severely impaired at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the nutrient solution. In both salinized and unsalinized plants, the 75:25 ratio had the lowest potassium (K) and sodium (Na) content; however, the K/Na ratio was the highest in 50:50 ratio. An increase of NH₄ in the solution led to a significant increase in NH₄ content in both salinized and unsalinized plants. Salinity increased NH₄ content so that the salinized plant had nearly twice as high NH₄ content in the leaves. The activity of nitrate reductase was increased by increasing NH₄ from 0 to 50% and then reduced at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the solution. The activities of antioxidative enzymes increased in salinized plants regardless of the NH₄:NO₃ ratios. In salinized plants, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes were increased by 44.4 % and 97.5%, respectively. Within salinized and unsalinized treatments, the highest activities of all antioxidant were observed in 75:25 ratio, while they remained unchanged for all NH₄:NO₃ ratios. The increased NH₄ content in the solution increased the oil content and the maximum oil content in both salinized and unsalinized plant was obtained in both 50:50 and 75:25 ratios. The percentage of oleic acid was affected by both salinity and NH₄:NO₃ ratios. The ratios of NH₄:NO₃ had no effect on the protein content; however, salinity reduced the protein content by 20%.     

Effects of short-term treatment with various light intensities and hydroponic solutions on nitrate concentration of lettuce

Abstract

A glasshouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of five days’ treatment before harvest with various light intensities and seven hydroponic solutions on nitrate reduction in lettuce. The results showed that SPAD of new and expanded leaves were elevated by most of the hydroponic solutions under shading compared with the full nutrient solution, while no effect was demonstrated under non-shading. Additionally, lettuces under non-shading presented slightly higher leaf SPAD than those under shading. Nitrate concentrations of lettuce new leaves, expanded leaves and petiole were lowered significantly by all hydroponic solutions under shading and non-shading conditions compared with the full nutrient solution. Under non-shading, the efficiencies of seven hydroponic solutions varied largely, but no efficiency differences were showed under shading. N-free solution, 0.75 mM potassium sulphate solution and 5×10^?5 mM ammonium molybdate solution functioned more efficiently in reducing nitrate concentration both in expanded leaves and petiole of lettuce before harvest. In conclusion, proper light intensity is a key important factor that determines the efficiencies of nitrogen-free hydroponic solution treatments in lowering nitrate concentrations in leaf blades and petioles of lettuce before harvest.