金鸡林场3种森林群落类型生态特征的对比研究

对信丰县金鸡林场次生常绿阔叶林、杉木人工林和天然马尾松林３森林类型进行了研究。表明，３种森林类型下木层组成结构次生常绿阔叶林最复杂、杉木人工林次之、天然马尾松林最简单、下木层植物种类分别为７８种、４６种和２８种；Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ物种多亲性指数分别为４．１－４．９，１．４－４．１和０．７－１．９；林分蓄积量杉木人工林最高、次生常绿阔叶林次之、天然马尾松林最一次生绿阔叶要高于杉木人林；枯落     

四川盆周山地杉木人工林衰退与铝毒害阈值的探讨

根据四川盆周山地杉木人工林调查分析数据,借鉴国内外森林土壤酸化研究方法,在立地分类基础上,确定二代杉木人工纯林作为研究对象,选择根际土壤ｐＨ 值（ＫＣｌ） 、Ａｌ３＋ 、Ｃａ２＋ ／Ａｌ３ ＋ 和凋落物Ｃａ２ ＋／（Ｃａ２ ＋ ＋Ｆｅ３＋ ＋ Ａｌ３＋ ） 作为参数,探讨杉木人工林衰退与铝毒害阈值。研究结果表明,有的林地立地质量差,树种与立地不相适应,导致杉木人工林生产力下降;另有的林地,虽然立地条件较好,但是已出现铝毒害,导致杉木人工林衰退。铝毒害阈值是ｐＨ≤４－１８ ,Ａｌ３ ＋ ≥３１－６６ ｍｇ／ｋｇ,Ｃａ２ ＋ ／Ａｌ３＋ ≤１－８０９ ｍｏｌ／ｍｏｌ 和Ｃａ２＋ ／（Ｃａ２ ＋ ＋ Ｆｅ３ ＋ ＋ Ａｌ３＋ ）≤０－５５ ｍｏｌ／ｍｏｌ。     

热带山地雨林生态系统对降雨水质的影响

３ａ对同岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林集水区岩石、土壤及水化学质流含量的检测,雨林集水区降雨、总径流水体ＣＯＤ、ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ、酚、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｎｉ的加权浓度含量远低于地面水质Ⅰ类标准;岩石组成属钾长石类,其８项测定的重金属中Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｐｂ含量相对较高,水质迁移中以溶解、水解及氧化为特征;在降雨一径流水循环中,山地雨林冠层减少降雨中ＣＯＤ、ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ、酚、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ａｓ、Ｎｉ、Ｆｅ浓度含     

酸雨pH值对福建省森林土壤酸中和能力的影响

本文研究了酸雨ｐＨ值对福建省森林土壤酸中和能力的影响，结果表明：福建省森林土壤的酸中和能力主要取决于土壤对ＳＯ２－４的吸附能力；在试验范围内，降雨ｐＨ值与土壤ＡＮＣ和ＡＮＣｃ值呈显著正相关，而与ＡＮＣａ值无显著相关性     

激素,钙,水杨酸和铵诱导马尾松,黑松抗松材线虫病的研究

诱抗试验结果表明：（１）ＩＢＡ、乙烯、ＩＢＡ＋乙烯对马尾松的诱抗效果达６０％，而ＩＢＡ＋乙烯对黑松苗的诱抗效果为１２．５％。（２）Ｃａ＾２＋ＩＢＡ对黑松苗的诱抗效果为３６．６７％。（３）除Ｓａ＋ＩＢＡ对黑松苗的诱抗效果为１６．７％外，其余Ｓａ的各处理效果均不明显。（４）铵的单用、混用或与Ｃａ＾２＋混用对马尾松诱抗效果均可达６６．８％￣１００％。     

山东滨海地区盐碱地土壤分析研究

在山东滨海的海浸盐渍区，根据地表植被的种类，分布，生长情况和土壤返盐情况，分别在轻，中，重度盐地和作物能正常生长的农耕地采集土样，样品分析测定结果表明；盐碱地的土壤电导度过大，平均高出农耕地２－４倍，具明显的上轻下重特征；土壤ｐＨ（Ｈ２Ｏ）平均在９．３～９．７之间，碱性过强，盐基Ｍｇ＾２＋含量与农耕地差别不大，Ｃａ＾２＋，以农耕地为多，但Ｎａ＾＋，Ｋ＾＋含量显著高于农耕地，钠盐危害和离子平衡关系失     

热带山地雨林生态系统水文化学循环规律的研究

根据５ａ定位观测，对尖峰岭热带山地雨林更新林生态系统的水文化学循环规律数据分析表明，年均降雨量为２６６８．３ｍｍ，其中总径流量占４６．７％，蒸散量５３．３％，冠层留量１４．０％。Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ的年均降雨输入量为７８．４ｋｇ（ｈｍ＾２．ａ），总径流输出５６．７ｋｇ／（ｈｍ＾２．ａ），净积累２１．６ｋｇ／（ｈｇｍ＾２．ａ），Ｓｉ，有机Ｃ、Ａｌ、Ｍｎ的年均降雨输入量为２５．０ｋｇ（ｈｍ＾２．ａ）     

闽东北海涂土壤理化性状分析

根据闽东北沿海滩涂土壤剖面化验数据，比较分析了该地区海涂土壤的理化性状及相关性，并分析了总盐量与８种主要离子的相关性，结果表明，有机质与全氮、全磷、阳离子代换量存在显著相关性，土壤总盐量与Ｃｌ－、ＳＯ２－４、ＨＣＯ－３、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、Ｋ＋、Ｎａ＋存在显著的相关性。     

热带山地雨林生态系统水文化学循环规律的研究

根据５ａ定位观测，对尖峰岭热带山地雨林更新林生态系统的水文化学循环规律的数据分析表明，年均降雨量为２６６８．３ｍｍ，其中总径流量占４６．７％，蒸散量５３．３％，冠层截留量１４．０％。Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ的年均降雨输入量为７８．４ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），总径流输出５６．７ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），净积累２１．６ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ）；Ｓｉ、有机Ｃ、Ａｌ、Ｍｎ的年均降雨输入量为２５．０ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），总径流输出为１１２．３ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），净损失８７．３ｋｇ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），更新林系统仅处于更新进展过程中，同时证实了冠层对降水化学的淋溶效应，净淋溶系数达４．１１；提出了降雨、林内净降雨、总径流的各水化学物含量与其相应水量的回归模式     

几个绿化树种对大气中若干元素作用规律的研究

通过对油松、雪松、云杉、水杉、毛白杨等５个树种穿透降雨的研究得出：不同树种对大气中各元素的吸附聚集能力不同。根据综合评价,各树种对ＮＯ３－－Ｎ、ＮＨ４＋－Ｎ、ＰＯ４３－、Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ的综合吸附能力为：雪松＞云杉＞油松＞毛白杨＞水杉。     

Canopy leaching of subtropical mixed forests under acid rain

Leaching of major ions from acid precipitation in a subtropical forest was examined based on an experiment in four sample sites in Shaoshan City, Hunan Province, China, from January 2001 to June 2002. Results clearly show that when rain passed through the canopy, pH increased and the evidence of ion uptake was presented for SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻, Mg²⁺ and NH₄ ⁺ ions, especially of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻. The percentages of dissolved SO₄ ²⁻, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ show a decreasing trend with increasing rainfall. Percentages of leaching Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ ions show an increasing trend as a function of increased pH values. The forest canopy in Shaoshan City has a strong effect on the uptake of SO₄ ²⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ ions under acid rain conditions. The decreasing order of ions leaching in the forest canopy is as follows: K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Cl⁻ > Mg²⁺ > SO₄ ²⁻ > NO₃ ⁻ > NH₄ ⁺ > Na⁺. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(7): 1–4 [译自: 林业科学]     

重庆酸雨区缙云山典型林分冠层酸雨淋洗特征

选取重庆缙云山的针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、毛竹林、灌木林4种典型林分,观测酸性降水过程中林外雨、穿透雨及干流等林内水分转换分量中的主要离子含量变化,分析林分冠层对雨水化学组成的影响,结果表明:(1)降雨中的离子当量浓度大小依次是SO42-＞Ca2+＞ NH4+＞Mg2+＞K+＞Na+＞NO3-;(2)降雨经过林冠层后pH值降低,干流的酸化程度增加最大;(3)降雨经林冠层后离子浓度明显增加(除灌木林),穿透雨中通量增加最大的阴离子和阳离子分别为SO42-(2.19×103～6.47×103 eq·hm-2)和Ca2+(1.41×103～3.39×103 eq-hm-2),离子来源主要为大气沉降和植物分泌物或淋出;(4)同一离子在不同林分的干流和穿透雨中的通量变化不同,反映出不同林分冠层的离子交换性差异.在针阔混交林中,林下降雨净淋溶量大小顺序为SO42-＞Ca2+＞ NO3-＞K+＞NH4+＞Mg2+＞ Na+;常绿阔叶林为SO42-＞ Ca2+＞ K+＞NO3-＞ NH4+＞ Mg2+ ＞Na+;毛竹林为Ca2+＞ SO42-＞ K+＞NO3-＞ NH4+＞Na+＞Mg2+;灌木林为Ca2+＞ NO3-＞ K+＞ Na+＞Mg2+＞ NH4+＞ SO42-.     

Deposition pattern of precipitation and throughfall in a subtropical evergreen forest in south-central China

The effects of dry deposition, canopy leaching, precipitation ion concentration, and precipitation H⁺ concentration on net throughfall flux (NTF, throughfall minus bulk precipitation) were evaluated on a seasonal basis by using a multiple regression analysis approach based on an observation period of 4 years in Shaoshan subtropical mixed evergreen forest, south-central China. Regression analysis results indicated that the estimated canopy exchange flux was the dominant factor regulating the NTF and the calculated dry deposition was a minor term. The seasonal dry deposition of base cations accounted for 15%–43% of the NTF. The NTF analysis showed that K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and weak acids in throughfall were derived from foliar leaching and the canopy uptakes of H⁺, NH₄ ⁺, and NO₃ ⁻ were from precipitation. The retention rate of proton (H⁺ and NH₄ ⁺) in the canopy was close to the canopy leaching rate of base cations when corrected for weak acids because weak acid-induced canopy leaching did not exchange with protons, which suggested that the canopy leaching processes neutralized acid precipitation in Shaoshan forest.     

Long-term influence of stream water chemistry in Japanese cedar plantation after clear-cutting using the forest rotation in central Japan

Because both natural and anthropogenic disturbances affect biogeochemical cycles in forest ecosystems, monitoring is needed to separate their influences. Chronosequence is very useful for such studies. In our study area, plantation through forest rotation on a watershed basis resulted in more than 40 adjacent watersheds of between 0 and 87 years of stand age, kind of chronosequence. Here, we examined the biological similarity of the watersheds and the long-term effects of clear-cutting on stream water chemistry. The stream water NO₃⁻–stand age relationship was similar between the two observation years; stream water NO₃⁻ concentrations increased dramatically in the watersheds after clear-cutting and decreased in 7–10-year-old replanted watersheds. The slope of stream water NO₃⁻ concentrations between the different watersheds covered by same age stand was significant, at 1:1. Additionally, stream water NO₃⁻ concentrations were more strongly correlated between the different watersheds covered by same aged stand than between the observations at 4 years intervals within a watershed. These findings indicate that stream water NO₃⁻ concentration is mainly regulated by stand age, i.e., by vegetation regrowth, rather than watershed-specific characteristics. Hence, adjacent watersheds are biologically similar apart from stand age and can be regarded as a chronosequence. While there was a clear relationship between stream water NO₃⁻ concentration and stand age, there was significant correlation with stream water SO₄²⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻ or Na⁺ between two observations in the same watershed. This indicates that watershed-specific characteristics, rather than vegetation regrowth, control stream SO₄²⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, and Na⁺ concentrations. After 25 years of clear-cutting Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ concentrations significantly increased. It is likely the contribution of forest floor accumulation with stand development. Based on these results, clear-cutting influences stream chemistry, not only NO₃⁻, but also the major cation and the influence of clear-cutting continues for several decades at this study site.     

Transfer characteristics of nutrient elements through hydrological process of a Pinus tabulaeformis stand in the West Mountain of Beijing

Forest precipitation chemistry is a major issue in forest hydrology and forest ecology. Chemical contents in precipitation change significantly when different kinds of external chemical materials are added, removed, translocated and transformed to or in the forest ecosystem along with precipitation. The chemistry of precipitation was monitored and analyzed in a 31-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis forest in the West Mountain of Beijing. Movement patterns of nutrient elements in hydrological processes can be discovered by studying this monitored data. Also, the information is useful for diagnosing the function of ecosystems and evaluating the impact of the environment on the ecosystem. Samples of rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were collected on the site. In the lab, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were analyzed by flame atomic absorption and K⁺ and Na⁺ by flame emission. NH₄ ⁺-N was analyzed by indophenol blue colorimetry and NO₃ ⁻-N was analyzed by phenoldisulfonic acid colorimetry. The results showed that: 1) The concentration gradient of nutrient elements clearly changed except for Na⁺. The nutrients in stemflow were significantly higher than those of throughfall and rainfall as the precipitation passed through the P. tabulaeformis forest. The monthly patterns showed distinct differentiation. There are indications that a large amount of nutrients was leached from the canopy, which is a critical function of intra-ecosystem nutrient cycling to improve the efficiency of nutrient use. 2) The concentrations of NO₃ ⁻-N and K⁺ changed more than those of the other nutrient elements. The concentration of NO₃ ⁻-N in throughfall and stemflow was 4.4 times and 9.9 times higher than those in rainfall, respectively. The concentration of K⁺ in throughfall and stemflow was 4.1 times and 8.1 times higher than those in rainfall, respectively. 3) The leaching of nutrient elements from the stand was an important aspect of nutrient return to the P. tabulaeformis forest, which returned a total amount of nutrient of 54.1 kg/hm², with the contribution of Ca²⁺ and K⁺ much greater than that of other elements. Also, K⁺ was the most active element in leaching intensity. 4) Nutrient input through precipitation was the main source in the West Mountain of Beijing and the amount of nutrient added was 66.4 kg/hm², of which Ca²⁺ and N contributed much more than the other nutrient elements. When precipitation passes through the P. tabulaeformis forest, 121 kg/hm² of nutrient is added to the forest floor. Ca²⁺ recorded the greatest nutrient increase, with 61.2 kg/hm², followed by N (NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ⁻-N), K⁺ and Mg²⁺, with 31.3 and 16.5, and 8.11 kg/hm², respectively. The least was Na⁺, 3.34 kg/hm². Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(7): 2,101–2,107 [译自: 生态学报]     

Water quality of Kaptai reservoir in Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh

A study was conducted in Kaptai reservoir, one of the largest man-made freshwater lakes of South-east Asia, to determine present status of water quality and its suitability for fishing and other uses. Water samplings were from middle part of the reservoir at 0.2 and 0.8 fractional depths at five different locations from upstream to downstream viz. Burburichara, Maichchari, Subolong, Basanthakum, and Rangamati. Water analyses show that concentrations of NO3-N, K+ and total P, and suspended solid at all the sampling stations were beyond the recommended values for fish culture. Concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, Cl-, total dissolved solid (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were within the standards for aquaculture. Concentrations of NO3-N, SO42-, K+ and total P showed no definite trend with depths, locations as well as rainy and dry seasons. Water pH, conductivity, Na+ and HCO3- contents were lower in rainy season, and DO and COD higher at almost all the locations in both the depths, compared with dry season. Total solids and concentrations of TDS, DO, COD, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ were higher in upstream and decreased gradually towards downstream in the reservoir. Concentrations of DO and Ca2+ and pH were higher and Mg2+ less at 0.2-fractional depth than those at 0.8-fractional depth at almost all the locations. The reservoir is in mesotrophic condition containing high concentration of NO3-N and total P, in alarming status with the presence of excessive suspended solids from urban pollution around the town. It is necessary to adopt measures for protecting water quality in the reservoir due to such deteriorations.     

An assessment of rainfall modification in mountainous ecosystems dominated by Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Western Balkans,Bulgaria) by multivariate analyses

Bulk precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow samples were collected in Petrohan site (Western Balkan, Bulgaria), operating in the framework of the Long-Term Ecological Research network, during a 6-year period (1995–2000). This mountain area is characterized by the presence of beech and spruce forests (Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and is utilized for drinking water supply. All samples were analyzed for pH and major inorganic anions (Cl^?, NO₃ ^?, and SO₄ ^2?) and cations (Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and NH₄ ⁺). Results show that bulk precipitation in this region is mainly acidic (pH = 5.1), and the dominant neutralization components in the rainwater are Ca²⁺ and NH₄ ⁺. As for Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^?, and SO₄ ^2?, they are not originated by marine source. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used for investigating the possible sources contributing to the chemical composition of the bulk precipitation and its possible modifications during the passing through beech and spruce stands. Results highlight that local and long-range transport-related anthropogenic sources and natural sources contribute to the anion and cation content of the bulk precipitation. The enrichment of the solution through the foliage made up of dry depositions is significant in both stands, but canopy leaching processes are much greater in the spruce forest, especially for Ca²⁺. As for the stemflow, it follows the same pattern as the throughfall, but N uptake and a strong K⁺ and Mg²⁺ leaching are observed mainly in the spruce stand.     

Response of selected water chemical quality parameters to slight thinning in a mature oak–beech forest ecosystem under sub-humid climate conditions

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of 18% thinning on streamflow nutrient flux from a mature oak–beech forest ecosystem by paired watershed approach. Two experimental watersheds including control (W-I) and treatment (W-IV) watersheds were used in the study. The experimental watersheds were monitored about 6 years from 2006 to 2011 for the calibration period and 4 years from 2012 to 2015 for the treatment period. The forest in the treatment watershed was thinned between October and December in 2011, and the forest in the control watershed was left untreated. Water grab samples were collected from the streams in the watersheds on weekly basis during both the calibration and treatment periods and analyzed for calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), Kjeldahl nitrogen (KN), sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), iron (Fe³⁺), aluminum (Al³⁺), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N), and sulfate (SO₄ ²⁻). The simple linear regression equations were developed between mean monthly nutrient fluxes of two watersheds in the calibration period with significantly high correlation coefficients, and they were used to estimate nutrient fluxes from the treatment watershed during the treatment period as if thinning had not been applied. The changes in the monthly nutrient fluxes were estimated as the differences between measured and values calculated with the linear regression equations. Results showed that removal of 18% standing timber volume did not significantly change nutrient exports except for KN and Na⁺ from the treatment watershed.

     

Characterization of the ashes of Nigerian red and white mangrove woods

Summary An investigation of the analytical characterization of ashes of Nigerian red and white mangrove woods was carried out. The ashes obtained from the woods were subjected to intense heating in water to extract the chemical constituents. Some quantitiy of rock salt was also dissolved in water and analysed. The solution obtained from the ashes were differently analysed for K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^–, SO₄, PO₄, NO₃ and total solid. The pH of each sample solution was measured. Various concentrations of these cations and anions were obtained and they were found in each case to be more than those obtained from rock salt. Solutions obtained from the ashes of red and white mangrove woods have wide applications particularly in Nigeria as tasty food additive and in softening and accelerating the cooking time of yam, plantain and beans in particular.