NaCl胁迫对南瓜幼苗Na~+及Ca~(2+)含量的影响

采用19个不同类型南瓜品种,研究了300 mmol/L NaCl下,幼苗地上部和根系Na+和Ca2+离子含量和Na+/Ca2+比值的变化。结果表明:NaCl胁迫8 d后,不同南瓜品种幼苗Na+含量均明显增加,离子平衡被打破;南瓜幼苗体内的Na+含量、地上部的Na+/Ca2+比值的变化反映植物对盐离子和营养元素相对的吸收情况;青栗(Q1)南瓜幼苗根系Na+含量和Na+/Ca2+比值明显高于黑蜜南瓜(H2)和黑籽南瓜(H3)。由此可知:不同南瓜品种幼苗体内Na+含量、地上部Na+/Ca2+比值变化趋势与NaCI胁迫下不同南瓜品种幼苗的盐害指数的结果基本一致;进一步验证了Q1耐盐性强与NaCl胁迫下地上部Na+/Ca2+比值较低,Ca2+离子含量较高有关;而品种H2和H3对盐敏感与NaCl胁迫下地上部Na+/Ca2+比值较高,Ca2+离子含量较低有关。     

外源ABA对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗不同离子含量的影响

研究了外源ABA对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗不同器官中Na+、Cl-、K+和Ca2+含量的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗体内Na+、Cl-含量升高;叶片中K+、Ca2+含量下降,Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+增大,SK、Na、SCa、Na降低。外源ABA减少了叶片、根中Na+、Cl-的积累,抑制了叶片K+、Ca2+含量的降低,提高了K+、Ca2+的吸收和运输选择性。外源ABA可通过调控盐胁迫下植株体内的离子平衡,提高黄瓜幼苗的耐盐性。     

盐胁迫对黄瓜不同耐盐品种膜脂过氧化及脯氨酸含量的影响

 用浓度为225mmol·L-1的NaCl溶液对黄瓜不同耐盐品种进行处理,研究NaCl胁迫对黄瓜不同耐盐品种叶片膜脂过氧化及脯氨酸含量的影响。结果初步表明,在一定盐浓度下,随着处理天数的延长,耐盐品种和盐敏感品种的膜脂过氧化明显加剧,丙二醛含量和质膜透性明显升高并且差异显著,变化趋势稳定;而脯氨酸含量呈波动式变化,且变化趋势不稳定。因此,丙二醛含量和质膜透性可作为鉴定本试验黄瓜品种耐盐性的生理指标,脯氨酸含量则不宜作为鉴定本试验黄瓜品种耐盐性的生理指标。     

盐胁迫对黄瓜不同耐盐品种叶绿素含量和叶绿体超微结构的影响

用浓度为225 mmol·L^-1的NaCl溶液对黄瓜不同耐盐品种进行处理，研究NaCl胁迫对黄瓜不同耐盐品种叶绿素含量及叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明，在一定盐浓度下，耐盐品种在盐胁迫初期变化不明显，随着盐胁迫时间的延长，耐盐品种和盐敏感品种叶绿素含量降低显著，但耐盐品种比盐敏感品种降低幅度小；同时盐胁迫对叶绿体的膜系统产生伤害，叶绿体老化加快，片层逐渐解体，外形轮廓发生变化，内部片层排列方向发生改变，并发生轻微膨胀，基粒片层数目减少，内部结构趋向简单，以至瓦解，耐盐品种的变化程度小于盐敏感品种。     

NaCl胁迫对酸枣幼苗离子吸收与分配的影响

以酸枣水培幼苗为试验材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对其活性氧、细胞膜透性、根系活力、不同器官Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+离子含量的影响。结果表明：NaCl处理6 d,50、100 mmol ? L-1处理酸枣叶片无萎蔫症状,150、200 mmol ? L-1处理叶片萎蔫。在150、200 mmol ? L-1 NaCl处理下叶片H2O2积累增加,50、100、150、200 mmol ? L-1 NaCl处理下均有积累。随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,根、茎、叶中Na+含量均显著增加,叶片中K+、Ca2+和Mg2+含量显著下降,根和茎的K+和Mg2+含量变化不显著,Ca2+在200 mmol ? L-1NaCl处理下显著下降。根、茎、叶中K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+均显著下降,但是根的K+/Na+值始终大于1。总之,NaCl胁迫下,维持根和茎中相对稳定的K+、Mg2+水平、保持根部K+/Na+比值 > 1,是酸枣幼苗对盐胁迫的一种适应。     

NaCl胁迫对不同耐盐黄瓜品种生长及根区土壤酶活性的影响

在温室中采用槽式栽培方法,以耐盐黄瓜品种津春5号和盐敏感黄瓜品种津优1号为试材,用浓度为525 mg•kg-1的NaCl处理土壤,研究NaCl胁迫对不同耐盐黄瓜品种生长状况及根区土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：NaCl胁迫下盐敏感品种津优1号的单株产量和全株干质量均显著低于耐盐品种津春5号|随着黄瓜生长,盐敏感品种津优1号定植后50 d的叶面积和定植后40 d的土壤脱氢酶活性均显著低于耐盐品种津春5号|NaCl胁迫条件下,定植后30 d、40 d耐盐品种津春5号土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性较盐敏感品种津优1号受抑制程度轻,受盐害程度低,但差异未达到显著水平。     

NaCl胁迫下苹果幼树叶片膜透性、脯氨酸及矿质营养水平的变化

以2年生盆栽富士苹果树(砧木为平邑甜茶)为试材,研究了NaCl胁迫对其叶片膜透性、脯氨酸及矿质营养含量的影响,结果表明:0.3%盐胁迫处理的电导率在中前期高于对照,1%盐处理中期高于对照;盐胁迫后半期0.3%NaCl处理的脯氨酸含量高于对照。NaCl胁迫下,苹果体内各器官Na+含量大小的顺序是:根>新梢>主干韧皮部>叶>主干木质部,在0.1%NaCl胁迫下,新梢和叶片中的Na+没有明显变化,根、主干韧皮部和主干木质部含量明显提高,在0.3%NaCl胁迫下各器官中Na+含量明显提高,地上部叶片、主干韧皮部和新梢中Na+含量提高幅度最大。NaCl胁迫对各器官的N、P、K+含量没有明显影响,但胁迫下N/Na+、P/Na+和K+/Na+比值不同程度的降低,从而使树体内的元素平衡受到破坏,导致树体受害。N、K+含量在叶片中含量最高,P在新梢中含量最高,N、P、K+在主干木质部中含量均最低。     

NaCl胁迫对枳椇各器官Na~+、K~+吸收的影响

以盆栽枳椇的1 a生实生苗为试材,分析了在不同的盐处理0、0.15%、0.3%、0.45%、0.6%下对其根、茎、叶的K+、Na+离子含量和Na+/K+的影响。结果表明:随着盐浓度的增加,植物叶片中Na+含量和Na+/K+明显升高,说明枳椇没有将Na+截留在根、茎中,而较多的运输到了叶片,使枳椇受害较重。     

外源腐胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片PSⅡ光化学特性和体内离子分布的影响

以黄瓜品种‘津优4号’为材料,采用营养液栽培,研究了外源腐胺（Putrescine,Put）对NaCl 胁迫下幼苗叶片光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）光化学特性和器官离子分布的影响。结果表明,外源Put提高了NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）和保护性热耗散（ΦNPQ）,显著增强光耐受能力和电子传递能力,降低了光损伤程度,抑制了植株体内Na+ 和Cl-向地上部的运输,显著降低了叶中Na+ 和Cl-的含量。说明外源Put能够减少NaCl胁迫下盐离子进入植株叶中,降低离子毒害,减轻不可逆光抑制,进而缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗光合机构的伤害。     

NaCl胁迫对两种扁桃幼苗根系K+、Na+、Cl-含量和超微结构的影响

以石头扁桃和桃扁桃为材料,采用盆栽方法,研究了盐胁迫对2种扁桃幼苗根部K+、Na+和Cl-含量的影响和超微结构的变化,以揭示其耐盐性差异机制。结果表明:NaCl胁迫下,2种扁桃根部Na+、Cl-含量均随NaCl浓度的升高和胁迫时间延长而增加,桃扁桃根部Na+、Cl-相对增长量大于石头扁桃;K+含量均随盐浓度的增加而降低,桃扁桃根中K+含量大于石头扁桃。2种扁桃根中Na+/K+随盐浓度的增加而升高,在高盐浓度胁迫下,桃扁桃根中Na+/K+值较石头扁桃低。盐胁迫后,2种扁桃根细胞核膜不清晰,细胞中均出现很多大的液泡,根细胞导管中出现大量淀粉粒。扁桃根细胞中Na+、Cl-含量明显增加,根部细胞核膜发生解离,导管扭曲严重,说明离子毒害起到破环作用,但是没有发生明显的质壁分离,不能明确表明渗透胁迫的同时发生。桃扁桃根部根组织维持较低的Na+/K+值,其受危害的程度小于石头扁桃,表现出较强的抗盐能力。     

Genotypic variation in the response of pepper to salinity

Using 102 pepper (Capsicum annuum) genotypes, a greenhouse experiment has been conducted to study genotypic variation in tolerance to 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) in nutrient solution. Based on the severity of leaf symptoms caused by the NaCl treatment there was a substantial genotypic variation in salt tolerance. From this screening experiment, six sensitive and six tolerant genotypes were chosen to study dry matter production and root and shoot concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) in a growth chamber experiment in a nutrient solution with and without 150 mM NaCl. The genotypes selected as sensitive were highly damaged and developed severe chlorosis and necrosis under NaCl treatment, while the genotypes selected as tolerant were slightly affected. On average, decreases in shoot dry matter production caused by NaCl were greater in the sensitive than the tolerant genotypes. Application of salt increased shoot Na concentration at greater amount in the sensitive than the tolerant genotypes. Of the tolerant genotypes, the genotype Cac (Capsicum annuum var. cerasiforme) and 1245 F1 had around 2.45% Na in shoot while the sensitive genotypes Kandil and Pazarcik contained, on average, 5.4% Na. All sensitive and tolerant genotypes exhibited more or less similar shoot concentrations of K and Ca. There was very significant and positive correlation between severity of leaf symptoms and shoot Na concentration, but no correlation could be found in the case of K or Ca concentrations with the severity of leaf symptoms. The results indicate existence of substantial genotypic variation in tolerance to NaCl stress in pepper. It seems very likely that exclusion of Na from roots into growth medium plays a critical role in expression of high Na tolerance in pepper.     

Exogenous CaCl2 reduces salt stress in sour jujube by reducing Na+ and increasing K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in different plant organs

In this study, we investigated the effects of 10 mM CaCl₂ on membrane permeability, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ concentrations in different organs of sour jujube grown under 150 mM NaCl stress. Our results showed 73% leaf wilting in the Na treatment. The Na treatment significantly increased leaf superoxide (O₂^.?) production rates, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentrations, cell membrane permeability, MDA concentrations, and Na⁺ concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves. The Na treatment significantly reduced K⁺, Ca²⁺,and Mg²⁺ concentrations in roots, but increased K⁺ concentrations in stems. Compared with the Na treatment, 39% of the leaves showed wilting symptoms in the Na+Ca treatment. The Na+Ca treatment significantly decreased leaf O₂^.? production rates, H₂O₂ concentrations, cell membrane permeability, and MDA concentrations. Moreover, the Na+Ca treatment (1) significantly reduced Na⁺ concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves; (2) significantly increased root K⁺ concentrations; (3) significantly increased K⁺/Na⁺ ratios in roots; (4) significantly increased Ca²⁺ concentrations in stems and leaves, and Mg²⁺ concentrations in roots. In conclusion, exogenous CaCl₂ reduces NaCl stress in sour jujube by reducing Na+ concentrations and increasing K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ concentrations in various plant organs.     

盐胁迫下嫁接伽师甜瓜植株生长与多胺以及多胺氧化酶活性的关系

3种浓度NaCl对嫁接伽师瓜植株生长和产量没有显著抑制作用,而对自根伽师瓜植株的生长和产量产生明显的抑制作用,并随处理浓度的提高抑制作用明显增强。150mmol/L的NaCl胁迫35d嫁接伽师甜瓜植株叶片和根系中的3种形态多胺都有不同程度的下降,其中游离态多胺下降幅度最大;高氯酸不溶性结合态多胺含量变化较小。根系中PAO的活性先上升后下降,而叶片中PAO的活性先下降后上升。游离态多胺中,亚精胺和精胺(Spd+Spm)的含量变化与相应部位PAO的活性变化趋势相反,表明PAO在盐胁迫下可能调节了游离态多胺的含量从而影响高氯酸可溶结合态与高氯酸不溶结合态多胺的含量。     

CaCl_2对NaCl胁迫下酸枣苗AsA-GSH循环的影响

以酸枣(Ziziphus acidojujuba C.Y.Cheng et M.J.Liu)水培实生幼苗为试材,研究了CaCl_2对NaCl胁迫下其根、茎、叶中抗坏血酸—谷胱甘肽循环(AsA-GSH)的影响。结果表明:与对照(日本园试配方营养液)相比,NaCl处理下根和叶中AsA含量升高,MDHAR活性升高,APX活性下降;根、茎、叶中GSH含量升高。NaCl+CaCl_2处理与NaC处理相比,根和茎中AsA含量进一步升高,叶中AsA含量下降,叶中APX下降,根中MDHAR活性进一步升高,茎和叶中DHAR活性升高;根和叶中GSH含量下降。外源CaCl_2可能通过提高酸枣实生苗根、茎和叶中AsA再生关键酶MDHAR和DHAR活性,促进根和茎中AsA的再生与生物合成,从而提高根、茎清除过量H_2O_2的能力,缓解NaCl胁迫对酸枣幼苗根和茎部的伤害。     

盐胁迫下外源水杨酸对菊花根系离子含量和ATPase及PPase活性的影响

 采用水杨酸（SA）叶面喷施法，研究了NaCl胁迫下外源SA对菊花根系Na+、K+、Ca2+ 、Mg2+含量以及根系质膜ATPase、液泡膜ATPase和PPase活性的影响。结果表明，盐胁迫增加了菊花根系中Na+的含量而减少了K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量，而外源SA处理减少了Na+的含量并增加了K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量。NaCl胁迫下菊花根系质膜ATPase、液泡膜ATPase和PPase活性均明显下降，外源SA处理减小了盐胁迫引起的质膜ATPase、液泡膜ATPase和PPase活性的下降幅度，而且在胁迫10 d时，外源SA处理的根系质膜ATPase、液泡膜ATPase和PPase活性分别比NaCl处理提高了17.67%、16.47%和18.65%。说明盐胁迫下外源SA可以通过诱导质子泵活性来提高菊花根系对K+、Ca2+ 、Mg2+的吸收和减少对Na+的吸收，从而缓解盐胁迫对菊花植株的伤害程度。