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Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hutchison WD Burkness EC Mitchell PD Moon RD Leslie TW Fleischer SJ Abrahamson M Hamilton KL Steffey KL Gray ME Hellmich RL Kaster LV Hunt TE Wright RJ Pecinovsky K Rabaey TL Flood BR Raun ES 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6001):222-225
Transgenic maize engineered to express insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has become widely adopted in U.S. agriculture. In 2009, Bt maize was planted on more than 22.2 million hectares, constituting 63% of the U.S. crop. Using statistical analysis of per capita growth rate estimates, we found that areawide suppression of the primary pest Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer) is associated with Bt maize use. Cumulative benefits over 14 years are an estimated $3.2 billion for maize growers in Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, with more than $2.4 billion of this total accruing to non-Bt maize growers. Comparable estimates for Iowa and Nebraska are $3.6 billion in total, with $1.9 billion for non-Bt maize growers. These results affirm theoretical predictions of pest population suppression and highlight economic incentives for growers to maintain non-Bt maize refugia for sustainable insect resistance management. 相似文献
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The ability of sensitive rainforest species to evolve in response to climate change is largely unknown. We show that the Australian tropical rainforest fly Drosophila birchii exhibits clinal variation in desiccation resistance, but the most resistant population lacks the ability to evolve further resistance even after intense selection for over 30 generations. Parent-offspring comparisons indicate low heritable variation for this trait but high levels of genetic variation for morphology. D. birchii also exhibits abundant genetic variation at microsatellite loci. The low potential for resistance evolution highlights the importance of assessing evolutionary potential in targeted ecological traits and species from threatened habitats. 相似文献
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广西公益林生态效益补偿研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
为了研究合理的公益林生态效益补偿标准,维持公益林的经营动力,该文采用林木资产评估方法和本金折息法,并以价值损失补偿计量标准,计算公益林生态效益补偿金额.结果表明:①如果政府一次性购买广西集体和个人经营的公益林归国家所有,对公益林经营者进行补偿所需的补偿金额为220亿元人民币;②如果公益林产权不变,仍由所有者按公益林建设规程进行经营,保证公益林正常发挥生态效益,每年对公益林经营者进行补偿所需的补偿金额为7.22亿元人民币.各树种类型公益林补偿标准为:杉木236.0元/(hm2·a)、马尾松214.4元/(hm2·a)、阔叶树219.1元/(hm2·a)、桉树195.4元/(hm2·a)、竹林87.4元/(hm2·a)、灌木林39.1元/(hm2·a).公益林有典型的外部经济性,政府必须对公益林经营者进行合理的经济补偿才能维持公益林的经营动力. 相似文献
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进化、适应和选择贯穿在任何一个物种的演化过程中,这是生物与环境相互联系、相互作用的结果,是大自然固有的运动规律在生物物种演化过程中的体现。只有准确地把握进化、适应和选择三者的内涵,以生物进化为主线,以人类可持续发展为中心,把人类对环境的主动适应和自然、社会对生物物种的方向性选择结合起来,从更深的层面上理解生物的进化和在生物进化背景下人类的可持续发展,才能在理论上和实践中坚持真正的达尔文主义和现代进化观及当代可持续发展观。 相似文献
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进化、适应和选择贯穿在任何一个物种的演化过程中,这是生物与环境相互联系、相互作用的结果,是大自然固有的运动规律在生物物种演化过程中的体现。只有准确地把握进化、适应和选择3者的内涵,以生物进化为主线,以人类可持续发展为中心,把人类对环境的主动适应和自然、社会对生物物种的方向性选择结合起来,从更深的层面上理解生物的进化和在生物进化背景下人类的可持续发展,才能在理论上和实践中坚持真正的达尔文主义和现代进化观及当代可持续发展观。 相似文献
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小麦近缘植物中含有丰富的抗病、抗逆和抗虫等基因,是小麦育种的优异基因源。通过远缘杂交可以将近缘植物优异基因转移给小麦,创制包括双二倍体或部分双二倍体、附加系、代换系和易位系等在内的小麦-近缘植物异染色体系。这些含小麦近缘植物血缘的异染色体系是研究物种染色体行为与进化、基因定位与作图的重要素材,也是拓宽小麦的遗传基础、抵御小麦重要病虫害、增加小麦产量和提升小麦品质的重要物质基础。为了更加清晰地了解小麦远缘杂交概况及小麦近缘植物抗病基因向小麦的转移,也为今后小麦远缘杂交研究和种质资源的开发利用提供参考,文中对小麦族物种分类、小麦远缘杂交的定义与意义、小麦族山羊草属、黑麦属、偃麦草属、簇毛麦属、冰草属、大麦属、披碱草属、赖草属、新麦草属以及旱麦草属物种与小麦远缘杂交现状和异染色体系创制情况进行了概括,并对来源于小麦近缘植物被正式命名的17个抗条锈病基因、35个抗叶锈病基因、30个抗秆锈病基因、41个抗白粉病基因、3个抗赤霉病基因、1个抗麦瘟病基因、1个抗叶枯病基因、1个抗颖枯病基因、4个抗褐斑病基因、2个抗眼斑病基因、1个抗梭条花叶病基因、2个抗线条花叶病基因和2个抗禾谷类黄矮病基因向小麦的转移情况及其所在染色体的位置信息进行了归纳。小麦-黑麦1RS·1BL易位系、1RS·1AL易位系和小麦-偏凸山羊草2NS/2AS易位系等抗病优良种质的育成与利用在世界小麦育种史上做出了突出贡献,然而,这仅仅得益于对少数抗病基因的利用。与目前已经被命名的基因数量相比,被利用到小麦育种中的抗病基因相对较少。文中分析了当前已命名抗病基因利用情况比例偏低的原因,并对今后如何利用这些抗病基因提出了建议。同时,还列举了已克隆的源自小麦近缘植物的抗病基因,并对克隆这些基因的方法以及今后可能的研究热点进行了分析,认为加强无遗传累赘的小麦-近缘植物易位系的创制与应用仍可能是今后小麦育种材料创新与新品种培育的一个重要发力点。 相似文献
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气候变暖情景下上海园林树木抗病虫能力评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
全球气候变暖对全球生态系统的结构与功能已造成严重影响,在城市生态系统中,开展气候变暖背景下的园林树种抗病虫害能力评价是合理有效选择园林树种的依据之一。本文按照抗性筛选、抗性评估、抗性管理3个层次,构建了上海园林树木抗病虫害能力评价体系,并在根据寄主梳理病虫害名录的基础上,对上海常见的32种园林树木在气候变暖情景下的抗病虫能力进行了评估。本评价体系包括抗病害和抗虫害两大方面的内容,其中,抗病害能力分为抗非致死类叶部病害、枝部病害、根部病害、致死类病害4个层次;抗虫害能力分为抗蛀干性害虫、食叶性害虫、刺吸性害虫、地下害虫4个层次。评价结果表明:在气候变暖情景下,上海园林树木对病虫害的高感树种有6种(合欢、加拿利海枣、二球悬铃木、香樟,杜鹃、日本晚樱)、易感树种6种(苏铁、重阳木、垂柳、冬青卫矛、桂花、海桐)、低抗树种8种(女贞、水杉、枫杨、栾树、三角枫、垂丝海棠、木槿、构骨)、中抗树种10种(苦楝、银杏、广玉兰、雪松、杜英、蚊母、紫叶小檗、蜡梅、八角金盘、石楠)、高抗树种2种(白玉兰、山茶)。本文构建的抗病虫害评估体系为园林树木在气候变暖情景下对病虫害的抗性能力检测提供了有效的评估方法,从过去仅针对单一或少数病虫的个案研究,转变为针对多个树种病虫害抵抗能力的整体性研究。对响应气候变暖情景下园林树木病虫害的发生、发展状态以及选择合理的绿化树种和制定城市园林养护的可持续管理方案具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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该文分析了自20世纪80年代以来临朐县花生田病虫草害的演变规律及原因,并提出了以绿色防控为主要内容的综合防治对策。 相似文献
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Agrawal AA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,294(5541):321-326
When individuals of two species interact, they can adjust their phenotypes in response to their respective partner, be they antagonists or mutualists. The reciprocal phenotypic change between individuals of interacting species can reflect an evolutionary response to spatial and temporal variation in species interactions and ecologically result in the structuring of food chains. The evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity has led to the success of organisms in novel habitats, and potentially contributes to genetic differentiation and speciation. Taken together, phenotypic responses in species interactions represent modifications that can lead to reciprocal change in ecological time, altered community patterns, and expanded evolutionary potential of species. 相似文献
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Jha P Mills A Hanson K Kumaranayake L Conteh L Kurowski C Nguyen SN Cruz VO Ranson K Vaz LM Yu S Morton O Sachs JD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,295(5562):2036-2039
We analyzed the technical basis for a major global program to reduce disease among the poor. Effective interventions exist against the few diseases which most account for excess mortality among the poor. Achieving high coverage of effective interventions requires a well-functioning health system, as well as overcoming a set of financial and nonfinancial constraints. The annual incremental cost would be between $40 billion and $52 billion by 2015 in 83 low-income and sub-Saharan African countries. Such a program is feasible and would avoid millions of child, maternal, and adult deaths annually in poor countries. 相似文献
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基于LUCC的承德市域生态系统服务价值演变分析与优化研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,266(5187):956
The 1994 and 1995 federal science budget appropriations for two of the activities were inadvertently transposed in a table that accompanied the article "Hitting the President's target is mixed blessing for agencies" by Jeffrey Mervis (News & Comment, 14 Oct., p. 211). The correct figures for Defense Department spending on university research are $1.460 billion in 1994 and $1.279 billion in 1995; for research and development at NASA, the correct figures are $9.455 billion in 1994 and $9.824 billion in 1995. 相似文献
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生物多样性评判林分抗虫性研究方法 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
为建立相关模型,实现利用生物多样性指数评判林分抗虫性的目的,研究了林内昆虫的丰富度指数、物种多样性指数及均匀度指数等与林分害虫危害程度、林分结构变化之间的关系。阐述了评判林分抗虫性的常用物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、McIntoch指数)和均匀度指数(Pielou指数、Alatalo指数)及其应用中应注意的问题,论述了利用生物多样性评判林分抗虫性研究的基本内容与方法,讨论了林分抗虫性的多样性阈值研究方法。 相似文献
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A long-standing debate in evolutionary biology concerns whether species diverge gradually through time or by punctuational episodes at the time of speciation. We found that approximately 22% of substitutional changes at the DNA level can be attributed to punctuational evolution, and the remainder accumulates from background gradual divergence. Punctuational effects occur at more than twice the rate in plants and fungi than in animals, but the proportion of total divergence attributable to punctuational change does not vary among these groups. Punctuational changes cause departures from a clock-like tempo of evolution, suggesting that they should be accounted for in deriving dates from phylogenies. Punctuational episodes of evolution may play a larger role in promoting evolutionary divergence than has previously been appreciated. 相似文献
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优良树莓品种及当地野生树莓的生活力与抗病虫性比较研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究了8个树莓品种与当地表现良好的2个野生种的生活力和抗病虫性。结果表明,不同的树莓品种与野生种间生活力存在差别,生活力最强的树莓品种为Chengong no-thorn black raspberry、Willamette和2个野生种R.biflorus与R.niveus;茎腐病和叶斑病是树莓的2种主要真菌病害,抗病性较强的为树莓品种Chengong no-thorn black raspberry、Fengmanhong、Fall Gold、Golden har-vest和两个野生种R.niveus与R.biflorus;果蝇和小长蝽是危害树莓果实和花的主要害虫,受虫害程度最轻的是树莓品种Chengongno-thorn black raspberry、Fengmanhong、Boyne和2个野生种R.niveus与R.biflorus。 相似文献
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Carlson BA Hasan SM Hollmann M Miller DB Harmon LJ Arnegard ME 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6029):583-586
Communication can contribute to the evolution of biodiversity by promoting speciation and reinforcing reproductive isolation between existing species. The evolution of species-specific signals depends on the ability of individuals to detect signal variation, which in turn relies on the capability of the brain to process signal information. Here, we show that evolutionary change in a region of the brain devoted to the analysis of communication signals in mormyrid electric fishes improved detection of subtle signal variation and resulted in enhanced rates of signal evolution and species diversification. These results show that neural innovations can drive the diversification of signals and promote speciation. 相似文献