微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布及加工番茄产量的影响

为探明微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布及加工番茄生长和产量的影响,通过大田小区试验,设置灌水矿化度和灌水定额两个因素,其中3个灌溉水矿化度水平分别为S1:1 g·L~(-1)、S2:3 g·L~(-1)和S3:5 g·L~(-1),3个灌水定额分别为W1:305 m~3·hm~(-2)、W2:458 m~3·hm~(-2)和W3:611 m~3·hm~(-2),来进一步寻求适宜本地区加工番茄生长的微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度。结果表明:覆膜微咸水滴灌条件下土壤含水量垂直方向的变化趋势表现为0～20 cm土层随深度增加含水量逐渐降低、20～100 cm土层随深度增加含水量逐渐增大、60～100 cm范围内土层剖面含水量最大的分布规律;土壤含盐量随着灌水矿化度的增大而增加,且随着灌水量的增加土壤盐分逐渐向水平距滴灌带35 cm处聚集。灌水矿化度超过3 g·L~(-1)时加工番茄株高、茎粗均受到一定程度的抑制作用,但对产量影响不大。本文通过试验得出:灌水定额为611 m~3·hm~(-2)、矿化度为1 g·L~(-1)处理为本地区最佳微咸水膜下滴灌处理,加工番茄生长健壮且产量最高,达到127 613.2 kg·hm~(-2);同时认为,在我国淡水资源比较缺乏的新疆地区可以考虑采用灌水定额458 m~3·hm~(-2)和灌水矿化度3～5 g·L~(-1)的微咸水对盐分中等敏感的加工番茄进行灌溉。     

塔里木灌区膜下滴灌棉花水分生产函数及其效益

以2007—2012年塔里木灌区膜下滴灌田间灌溉试验数据为基础,采用最小二乘法原理,拟合了棉花的水分生产函数模型,分析并计算了棉花最高产量灌溉定额、最佳效益灌溉定额、高效用水灌溉定额,揭示了棉花的水分效应及需水规律。结果表明:塔里木灌区膜下滴灌棉花需水临界期是花铃期和蕾期;产量与耗水量、灌水量均呈良好的二次抛物线关系;合理灌溉定额为3 091~3 464 m~3·hm~(-2),最高产量灌溉定额为3 464 m~3·hm~(-2),高效用水灌溉定额为3 091 m~3·hm~(-2);水资源投入的最佳效益点并非水分利用效率最高点和最高产量点,而是存在于3091~3 464 m~3·hm~(-2)区间;当边际效益等于边际成本时,净收益最大,为24 333.1元·hm~(-2),每立方灌水量净收益7.23元·hm~(-2);现状条件下最佳效益灌溉定额为3 459 m~3·hm~(-2),产量为6 360.7 kg·hm~(-2),与最高产量6 360.8kg·hm~(-2)基本相同,但比最高产量节水5 m~3·hm~(-2),每立方灌水净收益增加0.21元·hm~(-2),水分利用效率提高0.003 kg·m-3。     

甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌条件下春玉米田水盐特征分析

通过对甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌春玉米种植条件下土壤水分、盐分的观测,分析了膜下滴灌春玉米生育期土壤水分、盐分动态变化及其产量和水分利用效率。结果表明:不同生育期,同一土层深度,土壤水分含量高低分布与土壤盐分含量高低分布相反,均表现出土壤不同深度盐分含量高的区域相应水分含量低,滴灌带之间土壤盐分积累较滴头之间显著;灌水定额480 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水分在土层纵向运移显著,深层渗漏明显,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水在土壤不同深度横向层面运移显著,有利于作物吸收利用;膜下滴灌能够在滴水过程中明显降低土壤表层0~40 cm盐分含量,土壤下层40~100 cm为盐分聚集区域;灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,春玉米产量构成和水分利用效率较高。从作物生长水盐环境及高效节水的角度出发,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理的效益最优。     

氮肥与水分互作对黑龙江半干旱区玉米氮积累和产量的影响

采用水、氮两因素四水平试验设计方法,研究了不同水氮组合对黑龙江半干旱区覆膜玉米氮积累和产量的影响。结果表明:在灌浆期、成熟期玉米叶片、茎秆、籽粒氮积累量和产量W1N3处理(灌水量384.62m~3·hm~(-2)、施氮量180 kg·hm~(-2))最高;随着施氮量的增加,玉米叶片、茎秆、籽粒氮积累量和产量增加,随着灌水量的增加,玉米叶片、茎秆、籽粒氮积累量和产量呈现降低趋势。从玉米灌浆期、成熟期各项指标来看,W1N3处理表现最好,产量高达17 633.46 kg·hm~(-2);从经济效益来看,W1N1处理(灌水量384.62 m~3·hm~(-2)、施氮量120 kg·hm~(-2))产量为17 498.82 kg·hm~(-2),经济效益最高,该处理为当地节水节肥最佳水氮组合。     

水氮调控对轻度盐化土滴灌棉花根系生长的影响

为探讨轻度盐渍化地区不同水氮配比对滴灌棉花根系生长的影响,本文基于轻度盐胁迫下水氮耦合试验,确定轻度盐渍化农田棉花种植的合理水氮组合。采用当地主栽棉花品种"农丰133",开展轻度盐胁迫(4～5 g·kg~(-1))及滴灌条件下水氮二因素三水平桶栽试验,研究3个施氮水平:300、600 kg·hm~(-2)和900 kg·hm~(-2)尿素(分别标记为N1、N2和N3),3个灌水水平:2 750、3 750 m~3·hm~(-2)和4 750 m~3·hm~(-2)(分别标记为W1、W2和W3)对滴灌棉花根系生长的影响。结果表明:轻度盐胁迫下,灌水和施氮产生的交互作用对棉花根表面积和根平均直径有显著影响,根表面积和根平均直径均随灌溉定额或施氮量的增加而减小。灌水量和施氮量对棉花0～20 cm土层根体积调控作用不明显。轻度盐化土滴灌棉花根表面积、根平均直径及根体积垂直方向主要分布在0～30 cm土层,且随土层深度的增加逐渐降低;水平方向主要分布在滴头下方。灌溉定额3 750 m~3·hm~(-2),尿素施用量600 kg·hm~(-2)有利于轻度盐化土滴灌棉花根系生长,在各处理间棉花产量最高,为5 854.5 kg·hm~(-2)。     

灌水量对全膜垄作沟灌玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

针对河西灌区水资源紧缺的问题,探索玉米合理的灌溉量,以期指导区域玉米合理灌溉。通过在石羊河流域设置不同的灌水量梯度,研究不同灌水量对全膜垄作沟灌玉米产量及水分利用效率,以及土壤含水率、产量要素的影响。结果表明:全膜垄作沟灌玉米灌水量从4 500 m~3·hm~(-2)增加到4 725 m~3·hm~(-2)、4 950 m~3·hm~(-2)时,产量并没有随着灌水量的增加而增加,灌水量增加到5 175 m~3·hm~(-2)时,在水分利用效率没有降低的情况下,产量相对于4 500、4 725 m~3·hm~(-2)和4 950 m~3·hm~(-2)处理明显增加11.46%、8.39%和8.54%,其中果穗长度、穗粒数和百粒重平均增加4.88%、3.27%和4.31%是其产量增加的主要原因。对于土壤含水率,玉米需水盛期的7月16日至8月3日,5 175 m~3·hm~(-2)处理显著高于其他三个处理,而灌浆期各处理间则差异不显著。与播前期相比,收获期土壤含水率降低层主要集中在20~80 cm土层,土层贮水量平均降低6.72 mm,且各处理0~110 cm土层贮水量差异并不明显。因此,本研究表明5 175 m~3·hm~(-2)为石羊河流域全膜垄作沟灌条件下的适宜灌溉量,但灌浆中后期的最后一次灌水应考虑适当降低灌水量。     

地埋滴灌对紫花苜蓿耗水、产量及水分生产率的影响

为了探索地埋滴灌紫花苜蓿的最佳灌水量和滴灌带埋设深度,采用田间试验设置15.0、22.5 mm和30.0 mm三种灌水水平与10、20 cm和30 cm三种滴灌带埋设深度处理,研究灌水量、滴灌带埋深对紫花苜蓿耗水量、产量及水分生产率的影响。结果表明:地埋滴灌紫花苜蓿耗水量、产量和水分生产率均随灌水量的增加而显著增加(P0.01),均随滴灌带埋深的增加先增大(P0.01)后减小(P0.05);总生长季紫花苜蓿总耗水量为400~500 mm,总产量为7 500~12 000 kg·hm~(-2),水分生产率为1.80~2.50 kg·m~(-3)。建议地埋滴灌紫花苜蓿采用滴灌带埋深为20 cm,灌水定额为22.5~30 mm,灌水周期5~7 d的灌溉制度。     

覆膜畦灌条件下不同灌溉定额对饲用甜高粱农艺性状及生物产量的影响

为探索西北旱区饲用甜高粱最佳灌溉定额和节水效果,进行了覆膜畦灌条件下饲用甜高粱需水规律及优化灌溉制度试验,研究了不同灌溉定额(2 400、3 000、3 600、4 200、4 800 m~3·hm~(-2))条件下,饲用甜高粱生育期土壤水分变化情况、农艺性状及生物产量变化。结果表明,甜高粱生育期0~100 cm土层含水量随生育期的延长呈先降低后升高的趋势,灌水定额对土壤水分分布的影响发生在播后62 d。当灌溉定额小于2 400 m~3·hm~(-2)时,严重影响甜高粱长势,植株表现为矮小,茎秆增粗,干物质累积量降低。随灌溉定额的降低,甜高粱茎秆汁液的含糖量呈提高的趋势。甜高粱生物产量的增加是由于株高(R~2=0.97)、LAI(R~2=0.81)、茎节数(R~2=0.59)等因素共同作用的结果。从节水和增加生物量角度而言,畦灌条件下,甜高粱在全生育期灌水4次,灌水定额为900 m~3·hm~(-2),灌溉定额为3 600 m~3·hm~(-2)的灌溉制度最优。     

不同灌水量对膜下滴灌冬马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响

通过田间试验,设置1350 m3·hm~(-2)、1650 m3·hm~(-2)、1950 m3·hm~(-2)、2250 m3·hm~(-2)4个灌水量和1个常规沟灌为对照,研究膜下滴灌对马铃薯的生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:膜下滴灌马铃薯生长发育快,株高、单株茎叶鲜重、单株结薯数、单株块茎鲜重高于常规沟灌,膜下滴灌较沟灌增产6 416.08 kg·hm~(-2),增产21.29%,水分利用率高79.5 kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1。膜下滴灌下不同灌水量马铃薯水分利用率随灌水量增加呈降低趋势,产量和耗水量随灌水量增加而增加,滴灌1950 m3·hm~(-2)的产量最高,为39 732.0 kg·hm~(-2),当灌水量增加到2250 m3·hm~(-2)时,产量较滴灌1950 m3·hm~(-2)处理的下降6 624.5 kg·hm~(-2),下降16.67%。从产量提高和节水方面考虑,在生育期间有效降雨量在70 mm左右时,灌水量在1650~1950 m3·hm~(-2)较为适宜。     

干旱缺水区膜下滴灌棉花节水机理及灌溉制度研究

在石羊河流域进行了一管多行的棉花膜下滴灌节水机理及灌溉制度试验研究。结果表明:G1方案(灌水定额为20、15 m~3·667m~(-2)和10 m~3·667m~(-2))和G2方案(灌水定额为20 m~3·667m~(-2))的耗水量变化范围基本一致,变化于247~276 m~3·667m~(-2)。膜下滴灌棉花产量随灌水定额增加而增加,G2方案(灌水定额等于20 m~3·667m~(-2))是膜下滴灌棉花的高产灌水定额。灌溉定额在80~90 m~3·667m~(-2)以下时,产量随灌溉定额呈直线增长,灌水对棉花产量起决定性作用;在90~115 m~3·667m~(-2)时,产量随灌溉定额呈曲线增长,水的增产作用逐渐减缓;大于115~120 m~3·667m~(-2)时产量随灌溉定额的增加而减少。灌溉定额一定时毛管配置方式对棉花耗水量影响差异不大。一管三行略高于一管四行,随灌溉定额的增加而增加,耗水模数与灌溉定额呈逆向关系。不同灌溉定额下,日蒸腾水量变化趋势一致,即中期大前后期小。一管三行、一管四行两种灌溉方式均能达到高产水平,毛管间距可扩大到80~100 cm,毛管投入量比现状减少33%~50%,是干旱缺水区膜下滴灌棉花节水高效的田间灌溉方式。现蕾期第一次灌水,吐絮初期最后一次灌水,棉铃期灌水2~4次,全生育期灌水4~6次,灌水定额20 m~3·667m~(-2),灌溉定额80~120 m~3·667m~(-2)的灌溉制度,是一管多行的高产灌溉模式。土壤水分下限值保持在适当范围内(开花期之前60%以上,棉铃期45%~60%,吐絮期至收获期50%以下),可满足作物营养生长和生殖生长对土壤水分的需求。     

Effects of inoculum density, leaf age, moisture, temperature, and wetness duration on black streak of edible burdock

Inoculum density, temperature, leaf age, and wetness duration were evaluated for their effects on the development of black streak (Itersonilia perplexans) on edible burdock (Arctium lappa L.) in a controlled environment. The effect of relative humidity (RH) on ballistospores production by I. perplexans was also evaluated. Symptoms of black streak on leaves increased in a linear fashion as the inoculum density of I. perplexans increased from 10² to 10⁶ ballistospores/ml. Rugose symptoms on young leaves were observed at densities of ≥10⁴ ballistospores/ml. Disease severity of I. perplexans in relation to leaf age followed a degradation curve when the leaves were inoculated with ballistospores. Disease severity was high in newly emerged leaves up to 5 days old, declined as leaf age increased to 29 days, and was zero when leaf age increased from 30 to 33 days. Disease development of edible burdock plants exposed to ballistospores of I. perplexans was evaluated at various combinations of temperature (10°, 15°, 20°, 25°C) and duration of leaf wetness (12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h). Disease was most severe when plants were in contact with the ballistospore sources at 15° or 20°C. The least amount of disease occurred at 25°C regardless of wetness duration. Ballistospores required 24–36 h of continuous leaf wetness to cause visible symptoms by infection on edible burdock. Ballistospores production in infected lesions required at least 95.5% RH.     

Monitoring of the winter populations of cereal aphids near Wageningen,the Netherlands,in 1982/1983

Cereal aphids on a wheat crop were sampled through the winter of 1982/1983 using both fixed and random quadrats.Sitobion avenae overwintered successfully anholocyclically although there was a substantial decline in the population of this species. No evidence for successful anholocyclic overwintering in other aphid species was found, althoughRhopalosiphum padi was seen to colonise the crop in early winter and was found until the end of December.Eggs ofR. padi onPrunus padus were observed through the winter. A steady decline in their numbers occurred. The overall survival rate of the 5385 eggs was c.30%.Eggs ofMetopolophium dirhodum onRosa spp. were also monitored. They also showed a steady decline in numbers through the winter. The overall survival rate of the 1360 eggs was c.34%.Egg hatch in bothR. padi andM. dirhodum was closely synchronised with bud burst of their host plant. For the latter species this resulted in egg hatch starting in January.Samenvatting In de winter van 1982/1983 werden de graanluizen in een tarwegewas regelmatig geteld in willekeurig en in van tevoren gekozen monstereenheden. Hoewel er een aanmerkelijke afname van de populatie vanSitobion avenae werd waargenomen, overwinterde deze soort toch anholocyclish. Er werden geen aanwijzingen gevonden dat de andere bladluissoorten anholocyclish overwinterden hoewel kolonies vanRhopalosiphum padi tot eind december werden waargenomen.De gehele winter werden eieren vanR. padi opPrunus padi aangetroffen, de aantallen ervan namen geleidelijk af; van de 5385 getelde eieren overleefde ongeveer 30%. Ook de aantallen eieren vanMetopolophium dirhodum opRosa spp. werden reglematig vastgesteld; ook hier werd een geleidelijke afname geconstateerd. Van de oorspronkelijk getelde 1360 eieren overleefde ongeveer 34%.Het uitkomen van de eieren vanR. padi enM. dirhodum viel nauw samen met het uitlopen van de knoppen van hun waardplant. VoorM. dirhodum betekende dit dat de eerste eieren al begin januari uitkwamen.     

Fusarium Redolens f.sp asparagi, Causal Agent of Asparagus Root Rot, Crown Rot and Spear Rot

Two Fusarium species, F. oxysporum f.sp. asparagi and F. proliferatum, are known to be involved in the root and crown rot complex of asparagus. We have investigated reports on the involvement of F. redolens, a third species, which until recently was considered conspecific with F. oxysporum because of morphological similarities. RFLP analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region and AFLP fingerprinting identified eight strains from asparagus unambiguously as F. redolens. Four of these were tested and found to be pathogenic to asparagus either in this study (two strains) or in a previous one in which they were classified as F. oxysporum (three strains). Disease symptoms and disease development were the same as with F. oxysporum f.sp. asparagi and F. proliferatum. Present data and literature reports identify F. redolens as a host-specific pathogen involved in root, crown and spear rot of asparagus. The pathogen is formally classified as F. redolens Wollenw. f.sp. asparagi Baayen.     

The involvement of ethylene and calcium in gray mold of pelargonium,ruscus, and rose plants

Leaves ofPelargonium domesticum andRuscus hypoglossum infected byBotrytis cinerea Pers., produced 12 and 1.5 nl ethylene/h/g, respectively, 34 days after inoculation; wounded or healthy leaves and phyloclades of them produced much lower amounts. When the fungus was grown on dead leaves it produced negligible amounts of the gas even when supplemented with methionine. Exogenous ethylene enhanced gray mold development in both hosts. Silver thiosulfate, aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine significantly inhibited disease development in pelargonium, and the latter two compounds inhibited ethylene production. AOA inhibited disease development and ethylene production in cut rose flowers; calcium ions inhibited disease development whereas the chelator EGTA [ethylene glycol bis-(β-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid] enhanced it. Disease suppression by an excess of Ca²⁺ was correlated with repression of ethylene production by the flowers, whereas deficiency in Ca²⁺ increased disease severity. Publication of the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2413-E, 1988 series.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Phylogenetic analyses of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria isolated from tomato,lettuce, and Japanese pepper plants in Hyogo Prefecture,Japan

Approximately 30,000 fluorescent bacterial strains isolated from tomato, lettuce, eggplant, Chinese cabbage, and Japanese pepper plants at seven different locations in Hyogo Prefecture, were screened for plant-growth-promoting (PGP) activity to induce disease resistance against bacterial wilt in tomato. The 37 strains that had higher PGP activity were subjected to molecular phylogenetic analyses using the sequences of the 16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoD genes. Most of the strains were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens or its close relative, P. putida, while a few strains were grouped with more distantly related bacterial species such as Enterobacter and Stenotrophomonas. The phylogenetic relationships among tomato and lettuce isolates mostly coincided with the source locality and host plants, with a few exceptions. In contrast, isolates from Japanese pepper plants did not form their own cluster but represented several different bacterial species.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究不同食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨Neoseiulus zwoelferi种群生长、发育和繁殖的影响,采用年龄-龄期两性生命表分析测定兹沃尔新小绥螨取食卢氏叶螨Tetranychus ludeni、甜果螨Carpoglyphus lactis和香蒲Typha orientalis花粉后的存活率、发育历期、寿命及繁殖情况。结果显示,3种食物均能满足兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的需求。卢氏叶螨处理组的净增殖率和总繁殖率分别是28.99和36.99,均显著高于其他2个处理组;以甜果螨、卢氏叶螨和香蒲花粉为食的兹沃尔新小绥螨从卵发育至成螨所需时间分别为5.28、7.34和6.87 d,种群倍增时间分别3.35、4.22和11.77 d,前者显著短于其他2个处理;甜果螨处理组和卢氏叶螨处理组的雌成螨平均寿命分别比香蒲花粉处理组长2.75 d和4.92 d,但两者之间无显著差异;卢氏叶螨处理组雌成螨产卵天数最长,为17.84 d,产卵前期时间最短,为2.75 d,产卵量最大,为38.15粒/雌;香蒲花粉处理组雌成螨产卵天数最短,仅1.82 d,产卵前期时间最长,为5.89 d,产卵量最少,为3.36粒/雌。甜果螨处理组的内禀增长率、周限增长率分别为0.21 d-1和1.23 d-1,均显著高于其他处理组,但平均世代周期为14.65 d,显著低于其他处理组。表明3种食物均可使兹沃尔新小绥螨完成整个世代,其中甜果螨是室内饲养兹沃尔新小绥螨的最佳食物,香蒲花粉可以作为短期饲养的食物。     

Powdered neem seed and cake for management of the banana weevil,cosmopolites sordidus, and parasitic nematodes

Field trials were conducted in Kenya with ‘Nakyetengu’, an East African highland banana cultivar (AAA-EA), highly susceptible to banana pests. Regardless of soil fertility levels, incorporation around the plant base of powdered neem(Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seed or cake at 60-100 g/mat at 4-month intervals, gave better control of the banana weevil,Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar), and of parasitic nematodes, than that achieved with soil application of Furadan 5G (carbofuran) at 60 g/mat at 6-month intervals. Compared with untreated control, fruit yield in most of the neem treatments was significantly higher, particularly during the second cycle of crop production. Neem application conferred a net economic gain, whereas Furadan application proved uneconomical. Application of powdered neem seed or cake at higher rates (200–400 g/mat) at 6-month intervals caused phytotoxicity, resulting in drying up of banana plants before fruiting, or in ‘chokethroat’,i.e., inflorescence emergence failure.     

Suppression ofbactra venosana,a potential natural enemy ofcyperus rotundus,bytrichogrammatoidea bactrae in Bangalore,India

Bactra venosana Zeller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is the predominant natural enemy ofCyperus rotundas L. in Bangalore, India. Although the insect was found to have potential, it was incapable of suppressing the weed due to low incidence. Laboratory studies involving field-collected insect stages revealed that heavy parasitism of eggs byTrichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was the most important mortality factor suppressing its potentiality.