不同有机培肥方式对红壤性水稻土磷素的影响

基于红壤性水稻土有机肥长期定位试验,分析了红壤双季稻种植模式下,不施肥、NPK、紫云英+猪粪+化肥、紫云英+猪粪+秸秆+化肥、紫云英+秸秆+化肥处理耕层土壤全磷、Olsen-P、磷素有效性和磷素利用率35年的变化特征,以及Olsen-P与水稻产量的响应关系。结果表明:不施肥处理土壤全磷含量显著降低,有效磷含量及磷素有效性略微下降。配施猪粪显著提高全磷、Olsen-P含量和磷素有效性,但显著降低磷肥利用率,增加磷的环境污染风险。化肥配合紫云英及稻草还田处理土壤全磷、有效磷含量以及磷素有效性保持稳定,但显著提高磷肥利用率。Olsen-P的产量农学阈值为16.36 mg kg-1。     

生物炭对不同类型土壤中Olsen-P和CaCl_2-P的影响

为了解生物炭施入不同类型土壤后对Olsen-P和CaCl2-P的影响,通过室内土壤培养试验,研究施用2%(20 t hm-2)、4%(40 t hm-2)、8%(80 t hm-2)比例的生物炭条件下土壤中Olsen-P、CaCl2-P含量变化,以探讨不同类型土壤中施入生物炭后Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量变化的差异。结果表明:(1)红壤、水稻土、潮褐土、潮土中施用生物炭后,土壤中Olsen-P含量显著增加(P<0.05),并随着生物炭施用比例增加而增大。(2)培养42天后,施用生物炭对红壤中CaCl2-P含量无显著的影响,水稻土、潮褐土、潮土中CaCl2-P含量则随着生物炭施用比例增加而显著增大。(3)在同一生物炭施用量条件下,潮褐土和潮土中Olsen-P和CaCl2-P的增加量均显著(P<0.05)高于红壤和水稻土。     

有机肥对稻田土壤磷素潜在环境风险的影响

采用灭菌和非灭菌相结合的室内淹水培养方法,在施用有机肥后,测定土壤及水层磷含量动态变化特征,以探明有机肥对稻田土壤磷素潜在环境风险的影响。结果表明:两处理土壤速效磷(Olsen-P)、水溶性磷(CaCl2-P)含量均随有机肥施用量增加而显著升高;水层总磷(TP)浓度与土壤Olsen-P(r=0.957**)、CaCl2-P(r=0.871**)含量呈显著正相关关系。水稻土施用有机肥后,土壤磷素有效性提高,磷素潜在环境风险增强,在6～18 d达到高峰,磷素流失潜能最大。低量施用有机肥(0.5%、1%)时,磷素环境风险增强主要由于有机酸对磷素的活化作用;高量施用有机肥(2.5%、5%)时,主要由于有机质对磷素的活化作用,两者作用比例分别为35%～50%、50%～65%。     

不同温度热解牛骨炭对菜园土壤磷素转化及小白菜产量的影响

生物质废弃物热解炭化及生物质炭农业应用已经成为全球废弃物安全处理与养分资源循环利用的前沿方向。动物骨骼炭对土壤磷素组分及生物有效性的影响尚不清楚。收集了某市厨余废弃牛骨,采用500℃、600℃和700℃三个温度梯度进行热解炭化制备成牛骨炭,并将其添加到已采集的菜园土中进行小白菜盆栽试验,对比研究了牛骨炭和磷肥施用对菜园土壤小白菜产量、磷组分含量及其有效性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)不同温度热解牛骨炭能够明显改善土壤性质与养分状况。与对照相比,施用牛骨炭的土壤pH提高了0.5个单位,CEC和全磷含量分别显著增加了9.6%和7.4%,活性磷组分和钙结合态磷含量显著提高、分别提高了20.5%和54.2%,不同温度热解牛骨炭处理间无显著差异。(2)牛骨炭显著增加土壤磷酸酶的活性,与对照相比,不同温度热解牛骨炭处理磷酸酶活性分别提高了26.8%、31.9%和35.2%。(3)不同温度热解牛骨炭显著增加小白菜产量和磷素利用率。与对照相比,添加三个温度(500℃、600℃和700℃)制备的牛骨炭使小白菜产量显著增加了42.6%、51.5%和68.8%,磷素当季利用率是过磷酸钙处理的两倍以上;与磷酸氢二铵和过磷酸钙相比,施用牛骨炭使小白菜产量增加10%～30%,且磷素利用率增加15%～25%。综合来看,700℃热解牛骨炭在改善土壤性质、提高生产力和磷素利用率的效果最优。     

生物碳对土壤磷素和棉花养分吸收的影响

通过两年温室盆栽试验,研究了不同磷肥用量下生物碳对土壤磷素含量、 棉花生长和养分吸收的影响。试验以棉花秸秆为原料制备生物碳,制成三种热解温度（450℃、 600℃和750℃）的生物碳,分别以BC450、 BC600和BC750表示,同时以空白土壤为对照（CK）; 磷肥（P2O5）用量设3个水平0、 0.25、 0.5 g/kg（分别以P0、 P1、 P2表示）。研究结果表明,施用生物碳可显著提高土壤磷素含量及其有效性,随着生物碳热解温度的升高,土壤水溶性磷、 速效磷及全磷含量均显著增加,且对三种磷素含量的影响表现为水溶性磷 全磷 速效磷。施用生物碳处理两年棉花的干物质重均显著高于对照,但不同热解生物碳处理对两年棉花干物质重的影响各异。施用生物碳可显著增加棉花养分吸收量,总体表现为750℃ 600℃ 450℃。因此,施用生物碳可显著提高土壤磷素含量,促进棉花生长和养分吸收; 热解温度是影响生物碳质量的重要因素,生物碳的热解温度越高（450~750℃）,其促进作用越好。     

花生秸秆生物炭输入对棕壤中铜形态转化及其有效性的影响

人工模拟铜污染棕壤,通过添加不同裂解温度(350℃、500℃和650℃)和不同施用量(2%和4%)的花生秸秆生物炭,探究生物炭输入对土壤pH和铜形态(Tessier连续提取法)的影响,分析生物炭输入对棕壤铜生物有效性的影响机制。结果表明:随着制备温度的升高,生物炭产率、平均孔径减小,pH、灰分、阳离子交换量(CEC)和比表面积增大;施加生物炭提高了土壤pH,土壤pH与交换态铜含量成负相关,且随生物炭裂解温度和添加量的增加而升高;施炭量一定条件下,随着输入生物炭裂解温度的升高,土壤交换态铜、铁锰氧化物结合态铜含量显著减少(P0.05),有机化合态铜含量显著增加(P0.05),残渣态含量增多,其中650℃裂解温度生物炭处理对降低土壤铜有效性效果最好;在相同的裂解温度下,随着施炭量增加,土壤交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态铜含量减少,有机化合态铜和残渣态铜含量增多,其中以4%施炭量处理对降低土壤有效态铜的效果最优。研究结果表明,生物炭裂解温度和添加量是影响棕壤pH和铜生物有效性的因子,其中SP4-650处理最有利于降低棕壤中铜生物有效性。     

不同类型生物炭理化特性及其对土壤持水性的影响

[目的]对比分析不同原料制备的生物炭的理化性质及其对土壤持水性的影响,为选择合适的生物炭改良和修复土壤提供理论依据。[方法]以鸡粪、浒苔及稻草为原料,分高、中、低3种不同温度制备生物炭,运用元素分析、盆栽培养等试验研究其特性。[结果]稻草中C,H及灰分的含量较高,鸡粪中N含量较高,浒苔中C含量低,O含量较高;而在制备的生物炭中,鸡粪基生物炭C和N含量较高,浒苔基生物C含量却比较低。另外,3种类型生物炭的H/C摩尔比值随着热解温度的升高而逐渐降低,C/N比随着热解温度的升高而增大。不同原料制备的生物炭pH值随着热解温度的升高而增大,pH值从6.82~8.35升高至9.33~10.29;3种类型的生物炭pH值随着灰分含量的增大而增大,但增长速率不同,稻草基生物炭浒苔基生物炭鸡粪基生物炭。并且,随着热解温度的升高,鸡粪、浒苔及稻草基生物炭引起土壤持水性逐渐增强。[结论]在土壤提供营养成分方面,鸡粪基生物炭显然更具优势,而且在促进土壤持水性方面,鸡粪生物炭也相对更强一些。     

添加稻草生物质炭对滨海水稻土有机质活性的影响

为明确腐熟稻草、直还稻草与稻草生物质炭3种不同的稻草还田方式对滨海盐渍型水稻土中碳组分的影响,采用为期270d的室内恒温培养试验,研究了施用等碳量的腐熟稻草、直还稻草(指稻草直接还田)与稻草生物质炭对水稻土有机碳累积及其氧化稳定性、土壤水溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量的影响。稻草生物质炭处理显著提高了土壤有机碳累积量及其氧化稳定性,并增加了土壤微生物生物量碳含量,但对水稻土水溶性有机碳含量并无影响。腐熟稻草与直还稻草处理皆可在短时间内提高土壤水溶性有机碳及微生物生物量碳含量,但对土壤碳累积影响较小,腐熟稻草处理甚至会降低土壤抗氧化能力。稻草生物质炭的施用会增加土壤碳的积累,但若长期施用会降低土壤碳库活性,其可与腐熟稻草或直还稻草配施来减少这一问题。     

制炭条件对生物炭碱性基团含量及酸性土壤改良效果的影响

采用不同粒径(0.5,0.25~0.5,0.25mm)的4种原材料(椰糠、木薯秸秆、桉树枝、猪粪),通过不同热解温度(300,400,500,600℃)炭化不同时间(1,2,3,5h)制备生物炭,探讨制炭条件对生物炭碱性基团含量的影响,并探索生物炭改良酸性土壤pH的影响因素。结果表明,不同制炭条件所制备的生物炭均呈碱性,碱性基团含量范围为0.40~1.05mmol/g。不同原材料生物炭碱性基团含量呈现猪粪木薯秸秆椰糠桉树枝的规律。随着热解温度的升高、热解时间的延长及原材料粉碎粒度的减小,生物炭碱性基团含量呈增加趋势。研究还表明,添加生物炭能显著提高酸性土壤pH,其改良酸性土壤的能力随碱性基团含量的增加而增强。原材料粉碎粒度减小、热解温度升高和热解时间延长及用量增加,均能有效提升生物炭改良酸性土壤pH的效果。     

生物炭对不同酸化水平稻田土壤性质和重金属Cu、Cd有效性影响

针对南方稻田土壤酸化严重,导致养分流失有毒重金属活化,严重影响稻米质量安全的重大现实问题。以水稻秸秆和谷壳等农业废弃物为原料制备生物炭(分别记为RSC和RHC),研究不同原料生物炭对酸化土壤改良及其对重金属有效性的影响。设置3个生物炭用量(0,20,50 g/kg,分别记为CK、C1、C2),4种土壤酸化水平(pH 4.01,4.25,4.33,4.58,分别记为L1、L2、L3、L4),生物炭与重金属污染土壤共同培养60天后测定土壤pH、全氮、有机质、有效磷、速效钾和有效态Cu、Cd含量。结果表明:RSC对酸化土壤pH的改良效果明显优于RHC,且施炭量越高提高幅度越大,RSC的C2处理使4种酸度水平的土壤pH分别提高了0.68,0.97,1.29,1.71个单位。2种生物炭均能提高土壤的全氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量,其中各施炭处理有机质显著提高,尤以速效钾的增幅最为显著,RSC对4种养分的提高均优于RHC。RHC对土壤有效态Cu含量无显著影响;RSC的C2较C1处理更能降低土壤中有效态Cu含量,使4种酸度水平的土壤分别降低了13.62%,6.57%,4.36%,7.88%。RHC处理的L3、L4土壤中有效态Cd含量显著降低,最大分别降低了13.79%,19.23%。RSC使4种酸度土壤有效态Cd含量最大分别降低了20.00%,25.81%,20.69%,19.23%。相关分析表明,土壤pH与有效态重金属含量呈显著负相关关系。水稻秸秆炭用于改良酸化土壤、降低重金属Cu和Cd有效性的效果更佳,且降低污染土壤中Cd的有效性较Cu好;生物炭对酸化程度越低的土壤pH和有效磷含量的提高以及有效态Cd含量的降低效果较好,而有效态Cu含量的降低效果则在酸化程度越高的土壤中表现更佳;土壤pH是生物炭调控重金属Cu、Cd有效性的主要影响因素。     

Soil Phosphorous Status and Phosphorus Cycling as Influenced by Soybean Genotypes on an Acidic Low-Phosphorus Soil of Southern China

Low soil phosphorus (P) availability is the primary limiting factor to soybean production in southern China. Field experiments with P-efficient (BX10 and BX11) and P-inefficient (BD2 and GD3) soybean genotypes were conducted to study the effects of soybean cultivation on P status and budget. The results showed that after four seasons of cultivation (2003–5), zero application of P resulted in a decrease of soil-available P and total P but high-P (80 kg ha^?1) treatment resulted in an increase; there were no significant differences among genotypes. All genotypes had deficit of P under zero application of P, P-efficient genotypes had a larger deficit, and there was significant difference between BX10 and BD2. There was surplus P under high-P application, but there were no significant differences among soybean genotypes. These findings imply that it is necessary to apply P fertilizer for P-efficient genotypes although they can better adapt to low-P soil.     

Phosphorus Fractionations in Acidic Piedmont Rice Soils

Piedmont lands in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and many other Asian countries are important rice-growing soils, but most of the soils are potentially phosphorus (P) deficient because of low pH. Phosphorus fractions of rice-growing acidic piedmont soils were determined. Soil samples were amended with 100 and 200 mg P kg^?1 soil, and a control soil without P amendment was maintained. The samples were analyzed for the following fractions: solution P, labile pool [sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) P], alkali-extracted inorganic pool [sodium hydroxide (NaOH) P_i], organic pool (NaOH P_o), acidic pool [sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)?hydrochloric acid (HCl) P], and residual P. About 98% of the applied P in soils was extracted by the sequential extraction employed in the present experiment. The mean total P concentration in 10 acidic Piedmont soils was 247 ppm, of which only 0.12% was in solution, 8% labile (NaHCO₃), 16% NaOH-extracted inorganic, 32% resistant organic, 18% relatively recalcitrant acidic, and 25% residual. Application of P fertilizer increased mainly the labile P fraction, which would be easily available to wetland rice. Solution P was positively and significantly correlated with pH_KCl (r = 0.64, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with clay (r = ?0.77, P < 0.01). A negative and significant correlation of NaHCO₃-P was observed with pH_H2O (r = ?0.62, P < 0.05). Solution P showed a negative and significant relationship with NaOH-P_i (r = ?0.63, P < 0.05). A significant and negative relationship of solution P was also observed with acid P (r = ?0.78, P < 0.01) and residual P (r = ?0.82, P < 0.01). The relationship of NaHCO₃-P with NaOH-P_i was positive (r = 0.70, P < 0.05) and significant. Similarly, a positive and significant relationship (r = 0.89, P < 0.01) between NaOH-P_i and acid P was observed, and acid P was positively and significantly correlated with residual P (r = 0.84, P < 0.01).     

Comparing two theories about the nature of soil phosphate

Two theories about the nature of phosphate in soil are current. One holds that soil phosphate is mostly present as particles of iron, aluminium and calcium phosphates: the precipitate-particulate theory. The other holds that phosphate is mostly adsorbed and penetrates heterogeneous, variable-charge particles: the adsorption-penetration theory. This is the only theory that is consistent with and can be deduced from observations. It is my contention that the persistence of the precipitate-particulate theory leads to: wasted research effort in trying to identify the supposed phosphate fractions; failure to recognize the long-term changes in soil phosphate due to repeated applications, and thus to over-fertilisation; and misapprehension about the effects of pH on phosphate availability.     

农业用地施用生物固体废弃物---对全球P循环的贡献：综述

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient required for plant development.Continuous population growth and rising global demand for food are expected to increase the demand for phosphate fertilizers.However,high-quality phosphate rock reserves are progressively becoming scarce.Part of the increased pressure on P resources could be alleviated by recycling P present in biosolids.Therefore,it is crucial to understand the dynamics of P in biosolid-amended soils,the effects of residual biosolid-borne P in soils,the way in which microorganisms may control P dynamics in biosolid-amended soils and the environmental implications of the use of biosolids as a source of P.Further research is needed to maximize biosolid-borne P uptake by crops and minimize its loss from biosolid-amended soils.The analysis of the microbiological control of P dynamics in biosolid-amended soils indicates interactions of biosolid P with other nutrients such as carbon (C) and nitrogen (N),suggesting that harmonization of the current regulation on the use of biosolids in agriculture,mainly based on total N and pollutant contents,is needed to better recycle P in agriculture.     

Phosphorus balances for arable soils in Southern England 1986–1999

The behaviour of P in a range of English arable soils was examined by plotting the change in resin P in the topsoil (ΔPres) at the end of a 3‐ to 5‐year period, against the P balance over the same period (fertilizer P applied minus offtake in crops, estimated from farmers’ reported yields and straw removal). Based on the assumption that values for offtake per tonne of crop yield used for UK arable crops are valid averages, 20–60% of ΔPres was explained by the balance. Applying excess P fertilizer increased Pres, and reducing P fertilizer use decreased it; typically 3–4 kg P ha^?1 was required for each mg L^?1ΔPres (6–8 kg ha^?1 for each mg L^?1 of Olsen P). About half the P balance seems to be resin extractable and this differed little between soil groups, except in cases of very low P (index 0) in which the P buffering was stronger, and on very high P soils (index 4/5) when buffering was less. However, on calcareous soils and red soils, when fertilizer was applied in accord with offtake, Pres fell by up to 4 mg L^?1 year^?1 (2 mg L^?1 yr^?1 olsen P) and to prevent this an extra 3–10 kg P ha^?1 year^?1 fertilizer was required. But on most non‐calcareous soils, replacing offtake maintained Pres, with perhaps slight rises on soils of low clay content or greater organic matter content. In soils under arable rotations, the apparent recovery of P from fertilizer was often around 100%, falling to 85% on Chalk soils and 75% on medium–heavy soils on limestone or Lower Chalk. The fate of the ‘missing’ P needs clarification. The case for corrections to current P fertilizer recommendations in the UK on certain soil types is discussed.     

Soil legacy phosphorus after 10 years of annual dairy liquid manure application in a no-tillage system

The benefits of manure as a source of nutrients for plants and to improve soil quality are well-known. Monitoring of manure application is needed if environmental issues are to be prevented. In particular, the availability and accumulation of phosphorus (P) has to be subject to rigorous monitoring. This study aims to both evaluate the efficacy of the resin method in extracting inorganic labile P in soils under the long-term application of dairy liquid manure (DLM), and verify the influence of DLM on the recovery of applied P and soil legacy P. To realize our objectives, two long-term field experiments were established under a no-tillage system with annual DLM application on sandy clay loam (sandy Oxisol) and clayey (clayey Oxisol) soils. Treatment consisted of DLM applications (0, 60, 120, 180 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), independent of mineral fertilizer. Soil samples were taken from the 0–5, 5–10 and 10–15 cm layers after 10 years from the beginning of the trial. A single extraction with resin underestimated inorganic labile P; however, successive extractions were able to take up 43% and 26% of the total P in sandy and clayey Oxisols, respectively, whereas in a single extraction the take-up was 17% and 8% from the same soils, respectively. The resin method was more effective in extracting P from the sandy Oxisol. Thus, when interpreting soil P contents for fertilizer planning, the soil texture should be taken into account. DLM application decreased P recovered from applied P, ranging from 54% to 83% (sandy), and 43% to 67% (clayey), and substantially increased soil legacy P.     

Changes in Soil Phosphorus Fractions Resulting from Crop Residue Removal and Phosphorus Fertilizer

It is crucial to know how management factors influence soil test phosphorus (P) since non-point P sources for surface waters are becoming recognized as a problem throughout the USA. Phosphorus fertilizer and crop residue can impact the cycling of P in soils. An eight-year crop residue removal and P fertilization (0, 7.3, 14.7 and 29.4 kg P/ha) as triple superphosphate (TSP) experiment were conducted to determine the effect of P applications on soil P fractions. Significant differences in Bray-l extractable P were observed after only one year of P applications. Extractable P at the highest P rate was significantly higher than all the other rates. For each 5.6 kg P/ha added or removed, Bray-l P changed by 1 mg/kg. Fertilizer P applications did not significantly change the organic P (P_o) levels, microbial P (P_m) or soil pH, whereas residue treatments had effects on them except for soil pH. Residue-retained plots had significantly higher P_m in the last two years of study, and P_o in the 8^th year, compared with residue-removed plots.     

Soil phosphorus dynamics along a loess–limestone transect in Mihla,Thuringia (Germany)

The distribution of phosphorus (P) along a loess–limestone soil transect were investigated to delineate the spatial variation of the nutrient vertically in the soil profiles and laterally in the landscape. We hypothesized that spatial P patterns result from translocation caused by P mobilization, although P fixation would be expected along the slope. To depict this, three P fractions clearly differing in solubility were determined. Soil samples were treated with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), with 12.1 M HCl, and with aqua regia (AR). In the profiles the spatial P distribution slightly corresponds to the occurrence of different bedrocks and substrata. Thus, a native “P loading” might not primarily explain the spatial P patterns. Especially the strong enrichment of the toeslope with easily soluble P indicates P translocation and prior mobilization. The enrichment is detectable throughout the profiles. Thus, superficial translocation (e.g ., erosion) cannot sufficiently explain that pattern. Instead, underground processes must be the cause for this. They cause relatively high vertical and lateral variation in the spatial P distribution, e.g ., within soil horizons and substratum layers. Hence, mixed sampling of soil sections might not produce data accurate enough for some kinds of P research and for P management. Also, the lateral P distribution should be detected more precisely prior to fertilization of agricultural land.     

再论中国磷肥需求预测——基于农业绿色发展视角

磷肥产业发展关乎我国粮食安全、资源利用和环境保护。近40年来由于化学磷肥的持续施用，我国农田土壤有效磷快速提升，在这一背景下基于农业绿色发展的要求，调整未来我国磷肥的需求预测十分必要。本文综合分析了我国农田土壤有效磷的变化，明确了在粮食作物上我国农田土壤有效磷平均已经达到或超出了作物生产的农学阈值(15～25 mg·kg^-1)，在蔬菜和果树等经济作物上土壤有效磷已经全面超过农学阈值。农业绿色发展要求在保障作物高产的同时，要充分发挥作物的根系/根际生物学潜力以提高磷资源利用效率、同时改善农产品营养品质和降低环境风险，为此，应将磷肥施用策略从培肥地力保增长调整到以农学阈值为目标的维持施磷保增产、升效率、提品质。同时，农业绿色发展需要从工艺和农艺两方面最大限度提高农业废弃物中磷资源的再利用效率。据此，考虑我国粮食和其他农产品需求，继2007年基于土壤磷肥力变化预测我国磷肥需求的基础上，本文对我国未来农业磷肥需求进行了再预测。结果表明，到2030和2050年，我国化学磷肥的需求量分别为1084万吨和742万吨。因此，在各项措施持续优化基础上，我国化肥磷的需求在短期(203...     

Soil Phosphorus Distribution as Affected by Manure Compost Phosphorus Concentration and Incorporation

Phosphorus (P) from manure can become an environmental pollutant if applied to soil at rates in excess of plant uptake. This research examined the effects of composted beef cattle manures from two feeding regimens on soil P storage and forms. Composted manures were applied in the spring before planting (preplant) with incorporation, in spring after planting (postplant) without incorporation, or in winter without incorporation. Soils were sampled following 1 and 2 years of treatment at depths to 15.0 cm. All P fractions from both composted manures increased over pre-amended levels. High-P composted manure increased total P (TP) and inorganic P (IP) more than low-P composted manure. Total P and IP were greater in soils receiving low-P composted manure postplant than in those receiving manure preplant. Accumulation of TP and IP in uppermost depths was greater in the second year of composted manure application than in the first year. Appropriately managing composted manure requires integrating P concentration, time of application, and incorporation.