除草剂在绿化中的应用

如何养护好绿化带中的黄杨、葱兰、水带草及马尼拉草坪,避免野杂草生长呢? 最好的措施是合理使用除草剂。笔者在浙江省临海市府大院内种植的瓜子黄杨、葱兰、水带草及马尼拉草坪等绿化树草的养护管理过程中,摸索出用除草剂按配比(草甘磷)除草,对绿化树草无危害(注意剂量大有危害)的养护方法,现介绍如下: 我们作过多种配比试验。对瓜子黄杨开始用300:1(即300斤水1斤草甘磷,以下类同)喷雾试验,草甘磷对瓜子黄杨无影响,野杂草只有轻微发黄;第二次加     

台湾加工大板瓜子新工艺

兰州大板瓜子又名打瓜子。这种瓜子个大、籽仁饱满、皮薄易嗑，深受广大消费的喜爱。台湾客商对兰州大板瓜子更是情有独钟。近年来，台湾纷纷投资兴办炒货加工厂，使得许多知名品牌的瓜子名扬海内外，“正林瓜子”就已成为家喻户晓的产品。现将台湾加工大板瓜子的最新技术介绍如下。     

不同产地波棱瓜子萌发特性比较研究

以3个不同产地的波棱瓜子为对象,研究不同处理条件下种子外部形态特征、千粒重及发芽率和发芽势的变化情况。结果表明,不同产地波棱瓜子外部形态及千粒重差异较大;康定产地的波棱瓜子,用20℃温水浸泡24 h的发芽率最高达76.6%、发芽势为36.6%,其最有效的萌发温度为20℃,浸泡对波密产地的波棱瓜子的萌发影响不大,20℃恒温和15/20℃变温下发芽率较高;吉隆产地的波棱瓜子在25℃时发芽率最高达到26.6%。GA3对不同产地波棱瓜子的萌发没有明显的促进作用。各个产地波棱瓜子均有一定程度的休眠特性,低温沙藏后发芽率显著提高,康定产地的发芽率达93.4%,波密产地的发芽率达64.2%,吉隆产地的发芽率达49.4%。     

安徽瓜子“由炒变煮”

近日，中国坚果炒货食品工业协会翁洋洋秘书长透露，2010年春节前瓜子市场消费者表现对煮瓜子较为青睐，预计今年的煮瓜子市场可能会与原味瓜子平分秋色。     

花青素瓜子的加工工艺

以南瓜子为主要原料,以白砂糖、柠檬酸、蓝莓香精和花青素为辅料,开发一种花青素南瓜子。以感官评分为评价指标,通过单因素试验确定白砂糖、柠檬酸、花青素和蓝莓香精的添加量。在此基础上,通过L_9(3~4)正交试验,确定原辅料的最佳配方为:白砂糖、柠檬酸、花青素和蓝莓香精的质量分数分别为3%,0.4%,12%,0.2%。进一步研究生产花青素瓜子的主要工艺条件为:喷香液(正交试验最佳配方)喷洒量为25 mL/30 g(瓜子);瓜子去膜良好后煮制入味,在100℃下烘烤225 min,在130℃下爆炒8 min。为花青素瓜子的工业化生产提供理论依据。     

花青素瓜子的加工工艺

以南瓜子为主要原料,以白砂糖、柠檬酸、蓝莓香精和花青素为辅料,开发一种花青素南瓜子.以感官评分为评价指标,通过单因素试验确定白砂糖、柠檬酸、花青素和蓝莓香精的添加量.在此基础上,通过L9(34)正交试验,确定原辅料的最佳配方为:白砂糖、柠檬酸、花青素和蓝莓香精的质量分数分别为3％,0.4％,12％,0.2％.进一步研究生产花青素瓜子的主要工艺条件为:喷香液(正交试验最佳配方)喷洒量为25 mL/30 g(瓜子);瓜子去膜良好后煮制入味,在100℃下烘烤225 min,在130 ℃下爆炒8 min.为花青素瓜子的工业化生产提供理论依据.     

洽洽瓜子背后的创业故事

<正>瓜子现在在市场上是家喻户晓、众人皆知的休闲小食品,每个人都喜爱品尝。纵观瓜子品牌商场,洽洽食品股份有限公司(以下简称"洽洽")洽洽牌瓜子几乎已经独撑市场大半片天。"洽洽瓜子的成功主要就是创新。"陈先保说,在工艺、配方、营销、渠道等很多方面进行了创新,因此洽洽书写了炒货整个行业的"革命"。"百煮瓜子"第一徽商陈先保1995年辞去某机关科长职务,先是经营儿童冷饮棒棒冰,迅速积累资本后开始创新,推     

白瓜子微波真空干燥的试验研究

为了增加农产品的附加值,提高干燥品质和降低干燥能耗,采用微波真空的方法对白瓜子进行干燥试验。经单因素试验与3因素3水平二次回归正交试验,研究了微波功率、干燥温度、真空度对白瓜子微波真空干燥特性和瓜子干燥后蛋白质、脂肪酸的保存率以及单位耗电量的关系,建立了各试验因素与指标之间的数学模型。结果表明,微波功率、干燥温度、真空度对白瓜子干制品的蛋白质、脂肪酸的保存率以及单位耗电量均有显著影响,且影响主次顺序不同。     

炒货食品氧化霉变的原因及解决措施

炒货食品氧化霉变原因分析(1)原料葵花瓜子的收获季节一般来说在9月—11月。葵花子在采后到真正生产之前,都有一个较长时间的贮藏期。因瓜子自身富含高油脂以及低水分,在贮藏     

茶叶也需要伴侣

正一杯醇香的茶配以精致的茶食,既可带来心灵上的放松,闲暇之余也能更好地体味到茶的韵味。具体怎么做呢?休闲时喝茶,搭配茶食可遵循"甜配绿,酸配红,瓜子配乌龙"的口诀。所谓甜配绿,是指甜食要搭配绿茶,如各式甜糕、凤梨酥等;酸配红是指口味酸的食物要搭配红茶,如山楂、柠檬等;瓜子配乌龙是指咸的食物搭配乌龙茶,如咸味瓜子、花生等。     

应用SRAP标记鉴定甜瓜种子纯度

以甜瓜的3份代表性种质资源为供试亲本,制定2个杂交组合,用SRAP( sequence related amplified polymorphism)标记对2种甜瓜杂交种子纯度进行鉴定与分析,筛选出适合该杂交种纯度鉴定的多态性SRAP引物,从而为甜瓜的分子标记辅助育种研究奠定基础.结果显示:在42个引物组合对2个杂交品种的亲本筛选中,共有37对引物组合具有多态性,多态性引物组合达到88.1％.杂交组合皇后×安农(A)和杂交组合K-413×安农(B)的种子纯度分别为94.19％和94.05％.     

甜瓜种子老化对种子活力的影响

采用人工老化处理的方法对当年采收的甜瓜种子进行48h～216h中8个时间段的处理,加对照、1993和1986年种子,经恒温发芽、低温发芽、TTC测定和田间出苗试验,结果显示:甜瓜种子活力随人工和自然老化的时间延长而降低,其中短期处理种子的发芽率,出苗率下降不太明显,而反映发芽速度、幼芽生长状况的相应指标出现变化提前。长期处理的种子上述几种指标均有明显下降。种子活力越低,种子的适应性越差。POD、CAT活性随种子老化程度的加重而降低;MAD含量则随种子的活力降低而升高。认为室内选用发芽率与发芽速率或幼芽生长指标相结合的方法能够较为实际的反映出种子的活力。     

甜瓜白粉病抗源鉴定与抗性遗传分析

在空调温室利用风媒接种方法对从国内外搜集的357份甜瓜种质资源进行了白粉病抗性鉴定，鉴定出69份抗源，其中国外抗源品种有52份；国内种业市场或育种单位搜集的当前推广的品种只有10份抗白粉病；在所鉴定的133份中国薄皮甜瓜和菜瓜地方品种资源中有6份甜瓜和1份菜瓜抗白粉病，表明中国甜瓜地方品种资源中蕴涵着潜在的改良甜瓜白粉病抗性的基因。抗源自交后代抗病株明显多于感病株，初步认为抗源基因的遗传可能表现为显性。     

Variability in Namibian landraces of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)

An on-station experiment was carried out in northern Namibia to compare local landraces of watermelon to modern varieties. Three groups of local watermelon are distinguished by farmers in Namibia: watermelons for fresh consumption, cooking melons used for porridge, and seed melons for oil pressing. The present study was carried out to estimate agronomic potential of the local landraces and verify whether agronomic characteristics would justify the local groupings. Important agronomic and fruit-quality traits (yield, earliness, fruit weight, fruit number, rind thickness, soluble solids, seed weight, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress) were measured in seven landraces (three watermelons, three cooking melons and one seed melon)and compared to three modern cultivars frequently grown in Namibia. The study revealed that well-adapted, productive Citrullus lanatuslandraces are available, and cultivated by local farmers throughout the northern regions of Namibia. Based on a combination of agronomic characteristics these local varieties could be grouped into three distinct types: watermelons, cooking melons, and seed melons, in agreement with farmers classification. Landrace water melons were characterized by smaller, less sweet fruits with larger seed and a thicker rind compared to modern varieties. Yield level was comparable but development was later and fruit number in some cases higher. Cooking water melons were less sweet than local water melon with large fruits comparable in size to modern cultivars. The only included seed watermelon had small fruits with large seeds and low soluble sugars. Yield varied from 118 t/ha for a giant cooking melon, out yielding all other accessions, to only 10t/ha for the seed melon type, but with considerable variation within groups. The earliness of commercial varieties maybe of interest in developing a mixed portfolio of short- and long-cycle landraces, whereas plant vigour, resistance and seed characters in some of the Namibian landraces may be important traits for breeding for both local purposes and for commercial varieties. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Diversification and genetic differentiation of cultivated melon inferred from sequence polymorphism in the chloroplast genome

Molecular analysis encouraged discovery of genetic diversity and relationships of cultivated melon (Cucumis melo L.). We sequenced nine inter- and intra-genic regions of the chloroplast genome, about 5500 bp, using 60 melon accessions and six reference accessions of wild species of Cucumis to show intra-specific variation of the chloroplast genome. Sequence polymorphisms were detected among melon accessions and other Cucumis species, indicating intra-specific diversification of the chloroplast genome. Melon accessions were classified into three subclusters by cytoplasm type and then into 12 subgroups. Geographical origin and seed size also differed between the three subclusters. Subcluster Ia contained small-seed melon from Southern Africa and South and East Asia and subcluster Ib mainly consisted of large-seed melon from northern Africa, Europe and USA. Melon accessions of subcluster Ic were only found in West, Central and Southern Africa. Our results indicated that European melon groups and Asian melon groups diversified independently and shared the same maternal lineage with northern African large-seed melon and Southern African small-seed melon, respectively. Cultivated melon of subcluster Ic may have been domesticated independently in Africa. The presence of 11 cytoplasm types in Africa strongly supported African origin of cultivated melon and indicated the importance of germplasm from Africa.     

赤霉素对陈年包瓜种子发芽的影响

前人研究表明,使用赤霉素药液处理甜瓜、西葫芦等植物的陈年种子,可对其萌发有促进作用。然而,国内外关于赤霉素处理包瓜种子的报道很少。本试验设置了150 mg/L、250 mg/L和350 mg/L三种不同浓度的赤霉素以及8 h和12 h两种不同浸种时间对陈年包瓜种子进行浸泡处理,筛选出最佳浸种浓度和时间来改善包瓜陈年种子的萌发情况,为指导蔬果生产提供理论依据。试验的结果显示,用浓度为350 mg/L赤霉素药液处理种子8 h后陈年包瓜种子的发芽势最高,为0.42。用150 mg/L、250 mg/L和350 mg/L三种赤霉素浓度处理8 h后可促进陈年包瓜种子根重增加。各处理组合较对照组能明显提高陈年包瓜种子的发芽势,但对陈年包瓜种子发芽率的影响并不明显。     

3种葫芦科作物种质资源中黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒的检测

为确定黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒在葫芦、西瓜、甜瓜3种葫芦科(Cucurbitaceae)作物种质中的携带部位、最低检测量及不同检测技术的检测效果,对3种作物的不同种质资源以及同种种质资源的不同处理进行了DAS-ELISA和RT-PCR检测,结果显示受侵染葫芦种子的种皮、种仁可带毒;受侵染西瓜的瓜叶、瓜皮、瓜瓤、种皮、种仁、瓜蔓均可带毒;受侵染甜瓜的叶片可带毒。RT-PCR检测灵敏度高于ELISA。     

新疆籽瓜副产物加工利用研究现状及前景

籽瓜是西瓜的分支品种,丰富的籽瓜资源是制作炒瓜子的主要原料。取籽后的籽瓜瓜皮和瓜瓤中含有大量的氨基酸、维生素和矿物质等营养成分,充分利用籽瓜废弃物有利于提高籽瓜产品的附加值。本文介绍籽瓜的营养成分,综述籽瓜副产物加工利用的研究现状,展望籽瓜及其加工产业的发展前景。     

Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships in East and South Asian melons, Cucumis melo L., based on the analysis of five isozymes

Genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships in East and South Asian melons were analyzed, based on the geographical variation of five isozymes. The analysis of Indian melon accessions showed a continuous variation in seed length, ranging from 4 to 13 mm. Most of the East Asian melons, vars. makuwa and conomon, were classified as the small seed type with seed length shorter than 9 mm. The frequency of the small seed type increased from the west to the east in India. Allelic variation was detected at a total of nine loci of five isozymes among 114 melon accessions. Gene diversity calculated for the nine loci indicated that Indian melon was rich in genetic variation, which decreased from India towards the east. Clear geographical variation was detected in two enzymes, APS and6-PGDH. Pgd-1 ¹ and Ap-3 ¹ were frequent in India and Myanmar, while most of the melons in Laos, China, Korea and Japan carried Pgd-1 ³ and Ap-3 ³, except var. inodorusin China. Among the latter two alleles, the frequency of Ap-3 ³ was more than 50% in the small seed type in north and east India, indicating that vars. makuwa and conomon were related to the small seed type in these areas. It was also suggested that the small seed type with wet tolerance originated in central India and was selected under wet condition in the east. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Characterization of six varieties of Cucumis melo L. based on morphological and physiological characters, including shelf-life of fruit

Seventy-two accessions covering six varieties of Cucumis melo were characterized by using 35 morphological characters with emphasis on shelf-life, and the relationships between shelf-life and related characters was investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that development period of plant and fruit, size of seed and fruit, shelf-life, stem hair, flesh juiciness, netting, abscission of peduncle, rapid yellowing of epidermis at maturity, Brix value, and color of flesh and epidermis etc. were the principal characters to discriminate melon accessions examined in the present study. According to the scatter diagram, vars. acidulusand makuwa, both of which belong to the Oriental melon, are closely related because of their short growth duration, small seed, thin pericarp and poor shelf-life, while American cantaloupe (var.reticulatus) and European cantaloupe (var. cantalupensis) are rather closely related due to their climacteric fruit with orange flesh, slipped peduncle and rapid yellowing of epidermis at maturity, which is closely related with their shelf-life. PCA also indicated that var. saccharinus was closer to var. inodorus than to the other varieties, due to their requirement of long period for development, large size of seed and fruit, and half- or non-slipped peduncle. Shelf-life of melon fruit was significantly correlated with the following characters: quality of flesh, size of seed and fruit, abscission of peduncle, development periods of plant and fruit, rapid yellowing of epidermis at maturity, Brix value and color of flesh and epidermis. Accessions with good shelf-life were mostly found in vars. saccharinus and inodorus. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.