云龙县团结乡草畜平衡工作中存在的问题及对策

由于超载过牧以及草地自身对外界环境变化的敏感性,导致云龙县团结乡出现大面积退化草地。究其驱动力因子,草畜之间的平衡关系首当其要,在可持续发展前提下,仅仅根据牧草生产力架构下的草畜平衡关系管理放牧系统是不准确,也是不全面的,科学的低排放放牧系统还需要兼顾"地下生物量"和"土壤侵蚀"状况。     

放牧草地可食牧草生物量的预测方法

理论和实验证明放牧地上单位面积牧草生物量的频度分布服从伽马分布,该分布含有2个参数:分布平均值μ和分布形状p,且通过实验确定出二者的关系为;p=o.0314μ+o.2661(μ:干重g/0.25m~2)。另一方面,在分析和预测放牧草地的生产能力时,要建立放牧草地生物量格局的系统模型。该模型含有下列变量:自地表起高于5cm的牧草生物量(μ),牧草地下部分生物量,家畜体重等。用该模型可以预测随时间变化的牧草地上部分的生物量。将以上结果结合起来即可以计算随时间变化的牧草生物量的频度分布,进而预测出家畜可食牧草生物量。     

不同牦牛放牧率下江河源区垂穗披碱草/星星草混播草地第一性生产力及其动态变化

江河源区2龄和3龄混播草地（垂穗披碱草＋星星草）牦牛放牧试验结果表明：在两个放牧季内，不同处理组的地上生物量开始阶段逐渐增加。之后逐渐下降。且随放牧率的增加同一时期地上生物量减小；2003年从7月20日开始、2004年从8月5日开始至9月20日，不同放牧率下同一时期的地上生物量差异显著（P〈0．05）；各放牧处理区2003年同一时期的地上生物量均高于2004年。且牧草生长季节地上平均生物量及其年度变化之间的差异显著（P〈0．05）。此外，不同放牧率下同一时期各土壤层地下生物量及其百分比组成、相同放牧强度下不同时期各土壤层地下生物量及其百分比组成均没有明显的趋向性变化；牧草生长季节地上平均生物量与放牧强度之间呈线性回归关系。0～30cm的地下生物量（包括活根和死根）与放牧强度之间呈二次回归关系；牧草生长季节地上与地下平均生物量之间呈二次回归关系，说明轻度放牧和中度放牧能刺激牧草的生长，具有补偿或超补偿生长的特点。     

牦牛放牧率与小嵩草高寒草甸暖季草地地上、地下生物量相关分析

通过对牦牛放牧率与小嵩草Kobrecia parva高寒草甸暖季草地地上、地下生物量相关分析得出,牦牛放牧率对小嵩草高寒草甸地上、地下生物量有显著的影响.随着放牧率的增加, 总地上生物量和优良牧草地上生物量及其比例减小,杂类草比例增加;总地上生物量和优良牧草地上生物量与放牧率呈线性回归关系, 杂类草地上生物量与放牧率呈二次回归关系,且当放牧率为2.30头/hm2时, 1998年杂类草的地上生物量达到最大;放牧率为2.04头/hm2时, 1999年杂类草的地上生物量达到最大.各土壤层地下生物量与放牧率呈线性回归关系;1998和1999年对照组0～30 cm地下生物量分别是轻度、中度和重度放牧的1.1,1.4,1.5倍和1.1,1.6,1.7倍;1998年各放牧处理不同土壤层地下生物量占0～30 cm地下生物量的比例为:0～10 cm占87.18%～88.38%,10～20 cm占8.19%～9.55%,20～30 cm占2.87%～3.44%;1999年各放牧处理0～10 cm地下生物量占0～30 cm总地下生物量的88.04%～89.37%,10～20 cm占7.14%～9.34%,20～30 cm占2.25%～3.5%;另外,1999年各处理组0～10 cm地下生物量的比例均高于1998年,而10～20和20～30 cm地下生物量的比例均低于1998年.不同土壤层地下生物量与地上生物量呈线性回归关系.     

牦牛放牧强度对甘南高寒草甸群落特征与牧草品质的影响

为探究长期牦牛放牧干扰对高寒草地的影响,本研究分析了不同放牧强度下的牧草地上、地下生物量,植物物种丰富度、种群密度,表层(0-10 cm)土壤含水量、土壤温度,以及牧草营养品质等。结果表明,1)牦牛放牧强度对牧草地上、地下生物量有极显著影响(P0.01)。其中,在放牧压力为零的对照区牧草地上生物量最大,约418.15 g·m-2;在高强度(6.5牦牛·hm-2)放牧下,牧草地下生物量显著高于其他各处理(P0.05);2)高强度放牧干扰降低了植被物种丰富度,但对植被群落密度、可食与不可食牧草生物量比重影响不显著(P0.05);放牧强度对高寒草甸表层土壤(0-10 cm)含水量和地表温度(0-10 cm)有显著影响(P0.05),随着放牧强度增大,表层土壤含水量总体呈下降趋势,地表温度呈递增趋势;3)放牧强度对牧草品质也有一定影响,但各放牧强度之间差异不显著(P0.05)。因此,适宜强度的牦牛放牧可能会促进牧草地下生物量生长,潜在影响不同经济类群的比重,维持高寒草甸生态系统健康。     

黑麦草—白三叶放牧地第一性生产力研究

基于对南方草地放牧条件下草地季节调查，对草地地上生物量，地下生物量，枯死体，家畜移出量，第一性生产力以及牧草生长速率与气候因子的关系进行了研究。     

不同利用强度对混播草地牧草产量与组分动态的影响

本试验中,放牧绵羊对草地的实际利用率(采食率)各为40％、60％、70％、80％左右以及适时刈割这五种处理方法,对多年生黑麦草、红三叶、白三叶混播草地不同季节牧草地上生物量、全年产量和植物组分动态等均产生了明显的处理效应。试验期内(1987～1989年),连续刈割条件下,草群中多年生黑麦草和白三叶草比例逐年下降,而红三叶草比例逐年上升;中等偏高的放牧强度(实际利用率为70％左右)下,多年生黑麦草和白三叶在草群中的比例相对稳定,豆、禾比率保持在1:2左右;放牧本身有降低红三叶在草群中的比例的作用,各放牧处理中红三叶比例仅达10％左右。在实际放牧强度为40％～70％的范围内,草地牧草产量较高(各年份情况相似),其中以适度放牧强度(利用率60％左右)下草地产量最高;过度放牧强度(利用率80％左右)明显降低了草地牧草产量,并产生了不可逆转的年度间变化。本试验中,割草处理产生的综合效应与过度放牧强度类似。不同放牧强度对春、夏、秋各季节牧草地上生物量都产生了极显著处理效应,春、秋二季,以适度放牧强度(利用率60％左右)下牧草地上生物量最高;夏季以割草处理下牧草地上生物量最高;过度放牧强度(利用率80％左右)下,春、夏、秋季测得的牧草地上生物量均极显著低于适牧处理。本试验为当地选出的适宜放牧强度是实际利用率为60％左右,相应的牧后地上牧草剩余量约为900公斤干物质/公顷左右。     

短期放牧强度对半干旱草地植物群落多样性和生产力的影响

本文以晋北农牧交错带半干旱草地生态系统为研究对象,于2016年设置不放牧、轻度、中度和重度放牧4个不同放牧强度试验,研究短期放牧强度下羊对草地植物群落多样性与生产力的影响,以确定最佳放牧强度。研究结果表明,植物群落多度随放牧强度增加呈先升后降趋势,高度与盖度则随放牧强度的增加逐渐降低;物种多样性在中度放牧最高,重度放牧时最低;植物地上生物量随放牧强度增加呈抛物线形式变化,中度放牧时最高,分别为757.04 g·m^-2和398.37 g·m^-2,植物地下生物量随放牧强度增加逐渐降低;草地土壤容重随放牧强度的增加逐渐增大。短期放牧下中度放牧的植物群落多度、物种多样性与地上生物量最高,轻度放牧植物群落高度、盖度和地下生物量最高,重度放牧的物种多样性与生产力较低,因此适度放牧有利于保持草地植物群落稳定。     

放牧和土壤水分对温性草甸草原群落结构及植被碳库的影响

以辉河保护区天然牧草地、盐碱地和沼泽草地为对象,通过野外调查采样结合室内分析研究放牧影响下不同土壤水分梯度草地的植物群落结构、生物量及碳储量变化。结果显示：植被群落结构受放牧影响较小,放牧与围封条件下的草地物种数相差甚微,群落结构与土壤水分关系密切,物种数随土壤水分增加而减少;放牧、土壤水分和二者的交互作用对地上生物量及其碳储量影响不显著,但对地下生物量及其碳储量产生了显著影响(P<0.05),放牧、土壤水分和二者的交互作用极显著影响0～10 cm地下生物量及其碳储量(P<0.01),土壤水分和二者的交互作用极显著影响10～20 cm地下生物量及其碳储量(P<0.01),土壤水分显著影响20～30 cm地下生物量及其碳储量(P<0.05);不同样地地上生物量碳储量在23.52～70.47 g C/m²之间,地下生物量碳储量在143.30～1750.07 g C/m²之间,地下生物量碳储量远高于地上生物量碳储量,说明地下植被碳库占据植被碳库的主导地位,放牧对植被碳库的影响会在土壤水分条件变化的情况下发生转变。     

暖季放牧犊牦牛对高寒草甸地区人工草地的影响

为更好地了解青藏高原高寒草甸区暖季放牧条件下人工草地牧草的生长特点,为制定合理放牧制度提供依据,于2001~2003年开展了暖季放牧牦牛对多年生人工草地影响的试验。结果表明:放牧2年后轮牧人工草地播种牧草比例为95.27%,连续放牧人工草地为86.15%,无放牧人工草地为58.01%。轮牧人工草地牧草月风干重最高值3 198.8 kg/hm2,连续放牧人工草地为3 023.2 kg/hm2。放牧可以提高人工草地牧草生长率,轮牧人工草地的牧草生长率高于连续放牧人工草地。放牧还影响着第2年播种牧草的生长,轮牧能促进种子出苗数,播种牧草的鲜重,风干重和种子产量分别达到了5 088.88 kg/hm2,3 053.33 kg/hm2和480 kg/hm2,均高于连续放牧人工草地和无放牧草地,轮牧人工草地杂草鲜草产量最低,为193.33 kg/hm2。适宜的放牧是保持人工草地可持续利用的手段之一。     

Effects of Livestock Grazing Management on Grassland Birds in a Northern Mixed-Grass Prairie Ecosystem

Grassland birds have undergone substantial population declines throughout much of their historic ranges in North America. Most of the remaining grassland bird habitat is restricted to rangelands managed for livestock production, so grazing management has strong implications for grassland bird conservation efforts. We conducted 1 830 point-count surveys at 305 sites during 2016–2017 to evaluate the relative effects of three livestock grazing systems on the abundance and community composition of grassland birds in a northern mixed-grass prairie ecosystem of eastern Montana, United States. Our objectives were to 1) evaluate effects of grazing management on abundance and community composition of grassland obligate birds, focusing specifically on grazing systems, stocking rates, and interactions with rangeland productivity; 2) evaluate the importance of local vegetation characteristics for grassland birds within grazing systems; and 3) assess the effectiveness of rest-rotation grazing to create patch-heterogeneity in rangeland vegetation through the alteration of structural components and the response of grassland birds to these treatments. Overall, we found inconsistent responses in abundances of grassland birds relative to livestock grazing systems and no discernable differences among grazing systems relative to community composition. However, local abundances were often driven by interactions between grazing system and rangeland production potential, suggesting the effects of livestock grazing management were generally mediated by rangeland productivity. In addition, associations between avian abundance and grazing management parameters (e.g., stocking rate) were species specific. Ubiquitous guidelines for livestock grazing systems may be inappropriate for grassland bird conservation efforts in the northern mixed-grass prairie, and high stocking rates may negatively impact populations of dense-grass obligate grassland birds in this region.     

草地放牧系统优化模型的研究进展

生态学研究的定量化发展,以及环境资源管理的迫切需求,伴随着计算机的广泛使用,生态模型作为生态系统研究的重要工具,从19世纪20年代至今发展十分迅速,在生态系统研究的各个领域都有很好的应用。草地放牧系统作为生态系统重要组成部分,对其研究自然也离不开模型的应用。本研究对草地放牧系统优化模型的研究进行了评述。具体阐述了以下几个方面:1)草地放牧系统的概念以及与草地生态系统的区别与联系;2)基于环境资源的不断恶化以及生产实践的迫切要求讨论了草地放牧系统优化的意义;3)从植物生产亚系统、动物生产亚系统、管理亚系统3个方面阐述草地放牧系统优化模型的研究进展,以及其中存在的问题;4)主要集中在模型目标、技术手段和实证问题几个方面对于草地放牧系统的发展方向进行了展望。     

草原放牧系统的类型与生产力

根据草原综合顺序分类法(Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System,CSCS)划分了高寒、荒漠、半荒漠、亚热带森林灌丛、典型草原、草甸草原、温带森林灌丛、热带森林灌丛8个类型的放牧系统。放牧系统经历了原始游牧、粗放游牧、过度放牧和现代化放牧4个演替阶段,根据3个类型放牧系统生产力长期动态,我国主体仍为过度放牧系统,但开始向现代化放牧系统转变。我国放牧系统生产力平均18.04APU·hm~(-2),总计63.50亿APU,每年可产肉295.9万t。我国放牧系统存在结构性超载,即整体超载,但是部分区域、部分季节存在放牧利用不足。目前,我国草原增产潜力为0.5~2倍,关键途径是实现草原放牧系统的现代化转型。     

A study of animal production under different grazing regimes in the False Upper Karoo at Grootfontein

Three systems of animal production on the fragile Karoo veld, i.e. multi-paddock rotational grazing, pauci-paddock rotational grazing and continuous grazing were studied. Of these systems, multi-paddock rotational grazing gave the best results with continuous stocking resulting in the worst. All three systems studied had long histories of both continuous stocking- and of pauci-paddock rotational grazing. The veld, under both these previous systems of management has stabilised, but at different seral stages. The continuously stocked range stabilised in the early developmental seral stage, consisting mainly of annual grasses. The veld under pauci-paddock rotational management stabilised in the early to mid-developmental seral stage, consisting mainly of perennial grasses. Experimentation on veld in a stable condition is a prerequisite if valid conclusions in respect of rotational grazing and continuous stocking are to be drawn. Rotational grazing on overgrazed veld will result in poor animal performance, while it is generally accepted that continuous stocking on pristine veld will result in excellent animal performance for a number of years. Multi-paddock rotational grazing outperformed both pauci-paddock rotational grazing as well as continuous stocking on both types of veld. This is surprising taking into account the mid-seral stage condition of the vegetation. This supports the argument that with improved veld management, an improved production potential is possible on veld even in a degraded or current condition.     

放牧绵羊牧食习性的比较研究

本试验在短花针茅荒漠草原采用跟群放牧全日制观察法,研究了不同放牧强度和放牧制度下绵羊的牧食习性,结果表明,随着放牧强度的增大,绵羊的采集时间增加,反刍卧息时间减少,放牧强度相同时,划区轮牧绵羊的采食时间较季节连牧短,反刍卧息时间和游走时间增加,随着放牧强度的增加,绵羊采食量下降,放牧强度相同时,划区轮牧绵羊的采食量较季节连牧高。     

不同放牧制度对荒漠草原表层土壤氮素空间异质性的影响

以荒漠草原不同放牧制度下表层土壤氮素含量为研究对象,采用GS+软件和地统计学分析方法对其空间异质性分布进行了研究.结果显示,划区轮牧区表层士壤碱解氮含量显著低于对照区和自由放牧区,土壤全氮含量没有发生显著性变化.样点间土壤氮素含量差异表明,表层土壤氮素含量存在空间异质性.划区轮牧使得土壤碱解氮含量和土壤全氮含量空间分布受随机因素影响大,自由放牧使土壤全氮含量空间分布受随机因素影响大,围封状态的对照区土壤碱解氮含量和土壤全氮含量空间分布几乎不受随机因素影响.划区轮牧能够减小土壤氮素空间分布的异质性,自由放牧导致表层土壤碱解氮含量空间差异较大.在划区轮牧区,土壤碱解氮含量和土壤全氮含量空间分布都比较均匀,呈片状分布,自由轮牧区土壤碱解氮整体呈破碎斑块分布.     

The effect of grazing management on livestock exposure to parasites via the faecal–oral route

In grazing systems, heterogeneous distributions of forage resources and faeces result in localised accumulations of nutrients and parasites (both macroparasites and microparasites), creating trade-offs between the costs of exposure to infestation or infection and the benefits of nutrient intake. Each contact between livestock and faeces in the environment is a potential parasite/pathogen transmission event. Thus, herbivores must make foraging decisions in complex environments which will affect their intake of both nutrients and parasites. However, the pattern of forage and faecal resources in agricultural environments will also be affected by the grazing management system in place. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of grazing management on the risk of infection/infestation to livestock. We used a spatially explicit individual based stochastic foraging model to simulate livestock contact (both grazing and investigative) with faeces in the environment. The model was parameterised to simulate cattle grazing under three types of grazing management: set stock (i.e. where sward growth and cattle intake are in equilibrium in a single field); a two pasture rotation grazing system with increasing number of rotations; and a rotational grazing system with two rotations and increasing subdivisions of the pasture. Overall the amount of cattle contact with faecal-contaminated patches was similar in both set stocking and rotational grazing scenarios, suggesting no difference in the risk of infection or infestation between the different systems. However, the timing and absolute amounts of peak contact varied greatly indicating that different grazing management systems expose livestock to risks of different types of parasites at different times of the grazing season. Intensive rotational systems with small pasture blocks (especially the first grazing period) maximised livestock contact with fresh faeces, and thus exposure to microparasites (e.g. bacterial pathogens). Livestock re-entering pasture blocks in rotational systems and set stocked livestock had the highest contact with old faeces and thus have a greater risk of macroparasite transmission (gastrointestinal nematodes). This study highlights how livestock management affects the highly dynamic interaction between livestock and distributions of parasites in the environment and thus the levels of livestock exposure to parasites and pathogens via the faecal–oral route.     

The grazing capacity of Sweetveld: 1 A technique to record grazing capacity

A technique is proposed for measuring the grazing capacity of sweet grassveld. The suggested procedure is to record the parameter on plots simulating individual camps in rotational grazing systems. This allows considerably smaller experimental areas to be used than in conventional stocking rate trials. Grazing capacity is assumed to be the number of grazing days per hectare that can be obtained on a sward, provided animals perform at their maximum capabilities for that sward. This is determined from the point where the rate of herbage disappearance deviates from linearity during periods of occupation. The technique was tested, and found to work well, under two simulated grazing management systems in the False Thornveld of the Eastern Cape.     

Remote Sensing of Spatial and Temporal Vegetation Patterns in Two Grazing Systems

One constraint that range scientists must face in grazing studies is the lack of accurate and repeatable techniques for discriminating grazing effects from both temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of vegetation. Both forms of variability contribute to inconsistent grazing system effects on vegetation response and forage production in semiarid ecosystems. Remote sensing may be an efficient tool for detecting differences in spatial and temporal patterns of grazing impact on vegetation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spectral data derived from satellite images as a tool for comparing grazing system impacts on spatial and temporal vegetation patterns. We evaluated the effect of two grazing systems, “Continuous” (C) and “Two-Paddocks Rest-Rotation” (TPRR), on vegetation cover from 1996 to 2006 in a semiarid ecosystem of Argentina. We compared grazing effects on vegetation cover using two indices derived from the Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from Landsat Thematic Mapper images. We observed a slight advantage in NDVI improvement for the TPRR over the C. Even though, in both grazing systems, an upward vegetation trend occurred only in areas located far from the watering points, TPRR showed higher relative vegetation cover near the watering point than C. We consider this methodology an important step for monitoring vegetation changes and making management decisions in livestock systems of semiarid regions because grazing system impacts may be compared for both spatial and temporal vegetation patterns. However, we think that the key next step is to develop procedures that discriminate between forage and nonforage components.     

Influence of grazing management on the production of an irrigated grass/legume pasture in the Rûens area of the Southern cape

Abstract

The production of an irrigated grass/legume pasture was determined using Merino ewes on rotational and continuous grazing systems. The clover content of the pasture declined, while the grass content increased under both systems. The lucerne content of the rotationally‐grazed pastures did not change, but lucerne failed to persist under continuous grazing. Rotational grazing resulted in a lower clover content and, consequently, in a lower production per individual animal at low stocking rates during two seasons, but in a higher pasture production and grazing capacity, than under continuous grazing. At high stocking rates the individual animal production was, however, highest under rotational grazing, resulting in a higher animal production per ha than under continuous grazing.