单氰胺对甜樱桃休眠解除及开花过程树体碳氮营养的影响

【目的】探讨单氰胺对甜樱桃休眠解除与开花的影响。【方法】以甜樱桃‘萨米脱’为试材,对喷施单氰胺后‘萨米脱’的物候期、碳水化合物含量、氮素营养等变化进行研究。【结果】单氰胺的施用引起‘萨米脱’休眠解除提早约半个月,萌芽提早11 d,花期提前5 d,且花期持续缩短2 d,更重要的是坐果率增加了11.6%。单氰胺的施用促进了甜樱桃‘萨米脱’休眠解除过程中淀粉、蔗糖和山梨糖醇等含量的降低,葡萄糖、果糖和总氮的含量升高,抑制蛋白态氮的含量降低。【结论】单氰胺可以作为甜樱桃‘萨米脱’在冬季低温累积较低区域商业生产的一个重要手段。     

甜樱桃花芽分化后期特征观察

通过品种比较、地区比较和人工环境模拟3个关联的试验设计,观察甜樱桃从落叶后至谢花后的花芽分化发育的特征,探求其南引试栽、结实困难的原因。结果表明,郑州的早红宝石、红灯和拉宾斯,烟台、郑州和金华的红灯,以及花芽分化期置于露地和日光温室中的早红宝石在多个物候期阶段的最终分化发育的基本特征一致。因此,造成甜樱桃南引试栽、结实困难的主要原因可能与生长季的花芽分化无关,不能仅限于与花前高温引发的胚珠、胚囊发育不良有关,低温累积量不足也是不可被忽视的因素。     

温度对南方地区甜樱桃开花结实影响的研究进展

我国南方地区甜樱桃引种栽培生产中存在坐果率低、落果严重、产量不稳、果实畸形等问题,严重影响了甜樱桃产业在南方地区的发展。从需冷量、甜樱桃花芽分化进程和速率、花芽分化后期胚发育、花芽分化质量与坐果等方面阐述了温度对南方地区引种甜樱桃开花结实的影响,并提出了南方地区引种甜樱桃提高坐果率的相应对策。认为今后可加强甜樱桃在不同生态条件下生长结果习性的研究,选育需冷量低的品种,优化配套栽培措施,以促进甜樱桃栽培的向南顺利发展。     

乌克兰甜樱桃授粉品种筛选试验

乌克兰甜樱桃品种授粉组合试验结果表明:‘先锋’‘雷尼’‘拉宾斯’等是乌克兰甜樱桃的最佳授粉品种,‘抉择’对授粉品种的选择性比较严;棚内授粉后结实率低于露地,应注意合理搭配授粉树,且花期放蜂和人工授粉相结合;合理配置授粉树是提高甜樱桃坐果率的关键措施之一。     

甜樱桃新种质种内及与中国樱桃种间杂交效率分析

【目的】探索甜樱桃新种质种内及种间杂交育种规律,提高南方甜樱桃杂交育种效率。【方法】以适宜浙江省种植的甜樱桃新种质为母本,以甜樱桃和中国樱桃为父本开展甜樱桃种内及种间杂交试验,调查坐果率、有胚率、胚败育率和F0果实品质等指标,进行杂交效率分析。【结果】授粉7 d后,供试母本的种内及种间坐果率都比较高,随果实发育,至授粉后28 d及成熟期都有不同程度较大幅度的下降。同母本种内杂交坐果率高于种间的。供试母本中‘朝阳一号’的种内、种间杂交坐果率均最高;坐果率最低的为‘长丰一号’的种间杂交组合。同一母本种内组合比种间组合有胚率高、败育率低。杂种胚成熟时败育率高,仅有4个组合可以得到未败育胚。杂交果未成熟胚败育率低这为胚培养提供了可能。供试母本‘朝阳一号’未成熟胚最好,坐果率高有胚率高败育率低‘;江南红’有胚率低,败育程度最高‘;长丰一号’及‘先锋’居中,母本优选‘朝阳一号’;供试父本未成熟胚中‘朝阳一号’和‘紫晶’较好。F0果实成熟期推迟,颜色及形状均表现出了母本果实开放授粉的色泽及形状;可溶性固形物种含量间杂交果低于种内的,均低于开放授粉的母本果实。为获得杂交后代,南方甜樱桃杂交育种可以采用3种方法:利用主产区的杂交后代在南方进行筛选;在南方杂交后进行胚挽救或者尝试混合花粉的开放授粉。【结论】甜樱桃种新种质种内及种间组合不同坐果率、杂种胚发育均存在较大差异。同一母本种内杂交坐果率高且败育率低。供试种质中‘朝阳一号’是较好的父母本。     

受冻'富士'苹果花期应用植物生长调节剂和矿质营养试验

‘富士’苹果花期遭遇晚霜冻危害后，花粉活力、花粉萌发率降低，花粉管生长延缓，胚囊寿命和柱头接受花粉的时间缩短，影响花朵的授粉受精过程，导致坐果率下降，严重影响果品的产量和质量，甚至造成绝产绝收。为探索提高霜冻后‘富士’苹果花朵坐果率的有效途径．2008年我们对受霜冻危害的‘富士’苹果花朵采用矿质营养和植物生长调节剂进行了田间处理试验。     

‘台农1号’西番莲的成花坐果特性及与气象因子的关系

【目的】探究国内主栽西番莲品种的成花坐果特性及与温度、光照强度等气象因子的关系,明确其优势坐果枝蔓和节位以及影响成花坐果的关键气象因素和主要影响时段。【方法】以国内主栽西番莲品种‘台农1号’为研究对象,采用单因素随机区组法,调查不同节位、不同枝蔓的花芽分化率、花芽退化率及坐果率,并分析不同生长季各级枝蔓的成花坐果特性及与温光等气象因子的相关关系。【结果】(1)‘台农1号’西番莲夏秋季平均花芽分化率为77.2%,平均花芽退化率为41.4%,平均坐果率为36.5%,整体表现为花芽分化多退化也多,坐果率较低。不同节位间呈现基部节位花芽分化少,端部节位花芽退化多的特征;其中,4～7节位花芽分化数较多且坐果率稳定,为优势坐果节位。二级蔓的花芽分化基数较大,且坐果数较多;基部1～3节位着生的一级蔓和二级蔓的花芽性状优于第3节位之后着生的枝蔓。(2)相关关系分析结果显示,在开花前20～35 d日最高温度和日平均温度与单株花芽分化率和花芽退化率均呈显著负相关;其次,开花当日最高温度和平均温度分别高于36.19℃和26.24℃时坐果率随温度升高而下降,且开花后5～20 d的日最高温度与一级蔓和二级蔓坐果率均呈显著负相关。进一步分析表明,花芽形成期最高温/最低温34.2/20.4℃～36.7/23.4℃条件下,不利于二级蔓和三级蔓花芽形成;而越接近花芽分化后期,日平均光照强度为4.00～4.79 klx,光照强度越大则二级蔓和三级蔓的花芽分化率和退化率越高,而低温加弱光条件下花芽分化则受到抑制。此外,日平均相对湿度与二级蔓成花坐果性状呈负相关关系。【结论】‘台农1号’西番莲优势坐果节位为4～7节位,优势坐果枝蔓为二级蔓,且花前20～35 d和开花当天及花后5～20 d的高温分别是限制其花芽形成和坐果的最主要气象因素。     

温室栽培甜樱桃应注意的几个问题

温室栽培甜樱桃时,须在完成自然休眠后再扣棚,适时供水,升温后修剪,严格控制各生育期的温湿度,采用人工授粉等措施提高坐果率,注意病虫害防治,加强花果管理,采后加强肥水管理,适时撤膜,及时修剪,促进花芽分化,才能确保栽培成功。     

辽宁大连甜樱桃主要病毒检测初报

为了解辽宁省大连地区甜樱桃中樱桃病毒的发生情况,选取大连市旅顺口区、甘井子区甜樱桃品种‘红灯’‘砂蜜豆’为研究对象,以休眠枝条为材料,运用RT-PCR分子方法进行检测,主要检测3种病毒,即李属坏死环斑病毒(PNRSV)、李属矮缩病毒(PDV)、苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(ACLSV)。结果表明,大连市部分地区甜樱桃病毒病发生情况不容乐观,尤其在‘砂蜜豆’品种上,在旅顺口区侵染率达40.0%,在甘井子区达35.0%,但‘红灯’品种病毒侵染率低于‘砂蜜豆’。     

四个甜樱桃品种的开花生物学特性研究

以八年生甜樱桃品种‘布鲁克斯’‘美早’‘早大果’‘晚红珠’为试材,对其开花物候期、花器官特征、花粉特性、柱头可授性等指标进行测定,系统了解甜樱桃在阿拉尔地区开花生物学特征,以期为阿拉尔地区甜樱桃的高效栽培提供参考依据。结果表明：4个甜樱桃品种花期相近,‘布鲁克斯’的发育速率较快,‘早大果’和‘晚红珠’的花期较长。‘美早’的花冠直径、花瓣纵横径均为最大,‘布鲁克斯’和‘早大果’易出现多雌蕊现象。4个甜樱桃品种均为中等型花粉,其中‘布鲁克斯’的极轴长最大为49.07μm,赤道轴长‘美早’最大为24.53μm,花粉粒的外壁纹饰均呈条纹状。‘晚红珠’的柱头可授性最强,‘早大果’的单花花粉量最多,蔗糖浓度在10 g·L^-1时花粉萌发率最高,其中‘早大果’的花粉活力最高。不同品种甜樱桃的开花生物学特性存在差异,生产上建议选择物候期相近且花粉活力高的品种搭配种植来提高坐果率和产量。     

甜樱桃温室栽培技术研究

通过品种比较试验,筛选出适宜温室栽培的主栽品种为红灯和拉宾斯,授粉品种为红艳或佳红.测定出不同品种低温需求量,确定了花芽分化时期,适宜的栽植密度、树形和摘心长度等温室栽培的关键技术,并提出了解决温室甜樱桃隔年结果的有效措施.     

The influence of fruiting on the bud sprouting and flower induction responses to chilling in Citrus

Summary

The effect of chilling temperatures on bud sprouting and flower formation was compared on fruiting and non-fruiting ‘Owari’ satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc) trees. On non-fruiting trees, bud dormancy was weak, and a significant proportion of buds were able to sprout at high temperatures without being chilled. Separate effects of low temperatures on bud sprouting and flower induction were demonstrated. On fruiting trees these two effects of low temperatures were also demonstrated on summer-flush buds, but not on older (spring-flush) buds. The spring-flush buds from fruiting trees scarcely sprouted without being chilled. These buds required a longer chilling period for dormancy release than for flower induction, and it was not possible to separate the effect of low temperature on flower induction from the effect on dormancy release. The presence of fruit reduced flower formation by reducing bud sprouting. Furthermore, fruit had a direct inhibitive effect on vernalization which resulted in increased formation of vegetative shoots. The effect of fruit and low temperature on flowering was unrelated to carbohydrate accumulation in the leaves or the roots.     

Low leaf to fruit ratio delays fruit maturity of ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry on Gisela 5

Canopy leaf to fruit ratio (L:F) of 6-year-old ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry trees on Gisela 5 rootstock was manipulated at the end of stage II (38 DAFB) of fruit development. While control trees showed a L:F ratio of 0.7:1 without alteration, on other trees young fruit were manually removed to yield L:F ratios of 2:1 and 3:1, respectively. All leaves and young fruit on trees were counted 30 DAFB. The effect of altering the source–sink ratio of whole trees on sweet cherry fruit quality parameters (fruit increment, fruit mass, color, total soluble solids content, contents of individual sugars and organic acids) was evaluated in the study. High leaf area to fruit (LA:F) ratios influenced significantly darkest fruit color, higher fruit mass, higher total soluble solids content and higher ratio between sugars and acids, which corresponded to better ripening stage. Contents of glucose, fructose and sorbitol, but not sucrose, sum of individual sugars, and the content of malic acid differed significantly among fruit of the different treatments. Fruit of the most advanced maturity stage (treatment 3:1) had the highest quality. Each day of improved L:F ratio counts towards better sweet cherry fruit quality. The results show that low L:F ratio influenced prolonged ripening process and delayed fruit maturity of ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry.     

黄土高原苹果树各生育期需水特征研究

【目的】准确界定苹果树在各个生育期的需水量及需水特征的季节性变化是指导果园节水灌溉的重要依据。【方法】利用热扩散树干液流测定技术,连续2年监测了旱作果园苹果树(盛果期)的树干液流速率,计算了单株的耗水强度,并与同步观测的叶面积指数、物候特征进行关联分析。【结果】2017、2018年苹果树年耗水量分别为295.5 mm、215.3 mm,分别占同期降水量的88%和58%。在整个年生育周期中,果实膨大期耗水量最多,占果树整个生育期耗水总量的51%(2017年)和41%(2018年),其次依次为果实成熟期、幼果形成期、花期、萌芽期、落叶期和休眠期,不同生育期果树的耗水量与同期降水量具有相似的季节变化趋势。在萌芽期,果树耗水强度快速上升,到果实膨大期时最高可达2.17 mm·d^-1;之后逐渐下降,在落叶期时耗水强度最高值为1.19 mm·d^-1;休眠期树液仍有流动,此阶段的耗水量占年蒸腾总量的5%,日蒸腾强度最高为0.53 mm·d^-1。冠层叶面积指数(LAI)的季节变化表现为从4月初展叶开始快速增加,到5月上旬达到3.2,日增速平均为0.07;之后LAI基本维持不变,日增速仅为前期的1%,最高值为3.4。在11月中旬左右遇到大风天气后快速落叶,LAI在数天内降至零。【结论】苹果树在不同生育期的需水特征有明显的差异,且与叶面积指数的季节变化并不完全同步,需结合不同生育期的水分需求特征开展合理的灌溉、控水等管理措施。     

上海地区栽培的欧洲甜樱桃花器发育的观察

 为了探讨上海地区甜樱桃结实不良的原因，以5年生欧洲甜樱桃(Prunus avium L．)为试验 材料，就其花器发育状况进行了探讨。结果表明，上海地区生长的甜樱桃花芽形成良好，雌蕊、雄蕊外观形态无异常。花粉粒形态正常，发芽率达50％左右，但有98．2％的子房发育不正常，其中无胚珠分化的子房占26．3％ ，有胚珠而无胚囊分化的子房占71．9％ 。胚珠、胚囊发育不良是上海甜樱桃不能正常结实的主要原因。     

Effect of high temperature exposure time during flower bud formation on the occurrence of double pistils in ‘Satohnishiki’ sweet cherry

Exposure time of trees to high temperatures during flower differentiation influenced the occurrence of double pistils in ‘Satohnishiki’ sweet cherry. Mature trees were grown under both early and late forcing, and under non-forcing conditions until harvest in a commercial orchard located in Kagawa, southwestern Japan. In mid-July, when the maximum temperature began to rise rapidly following the rainy season, petal and stamen primordia had been formed in the buds under early forcing (93%) and late forcing (69%) conditions, but under non-forcing conditions most of the buds were still at the stage of sepal differentiation. Pistil doubling rarely occurred under forcing conditions, whereas 10.3% of the flowers developed double pistils under non-forcing conditions. In another experiment, potted trees were exposed to high temperatures (35°C/25°C, day/night) for 15 days at intervals of 15 days during the period from late-June to early-September. High temperature induced double pistils most severely in the buds that contained sepal and petal primordia at the beginning of the treatment, and the frequency of occurrence of double pistils was slightly lower in the buds treated at the earlier stage of flower differentiation. On the other hand, high temperature had little effect on pistil doubling in buds with differentiated stamen and pistil primordia. These results suggest that (1) the buds are most sensitive to the induction of double pistils at high temperatures at the transition stage from sepal to petal differentiation, and (2) forcing culture can be applied to sweet cherry production in warm areas to reduce double pistil formation by avoiding the exposure of buds to high temperatures while the buds are still in the sensitive period.     

休眠期甜樱桃幼树体内氮素的运转

以盆栽2a生甜樱桃庄园为试材,运用同位素示踪法研究了甜樱桃幼树在休眠期植株体内氮素的运转。结果表明,当年秋季吸收的15N积累趋势和总氮积累趋势一致,即根部大于地上部,而且更趋向于在根中积累。2005年12月8日与10月25日相比,芽、1a生木质、多年生木质、砧段木质、大根木质中氮含量减少,而1a生枝皮、多年生枝皮、砧段皮、大根皮、粗根、细根中氮含量增加,此期所有部位的NDFF值均降低。2006年2月12日与2005年12月8日相比除砧段皮氮含量降低外,其他部分的氮含量都有所增加,NDFF值均增加;与2006年2月12日相比,2006年4月21日芽、砧段皮、大根皮、细根的氮含量增加,各部位NDFF值均降低。秋季吸收的氮素可贮藏在根和枝干中,但贮藏在细根和粗根中的量大于枝干中的量。甜樱桃植株在休眠期间也具有吸氮能力,只是在不同的阶段其吸氮能力不同;同时此期氮素发生了再分配,由木质部运往皮部。     

南亚热带果梅自然休眠特性的研究

为了解南亚热带广东果梅品种的自然休眠特性,采用插枝法对6个主栽果梅品种的自然休眠特性进行了连续4年的观察。结果表明,供试的品种可划分为较短休眠期和较长休眠期2个品种组,横核、大核青属较短休眠期品种组,花芽的休眠期为34.5d、叶芽的休眠期为44.8d;软枝大粒梅、白粉梅、李梅和桃梅属较长休眠期品种组,花芽的休眠期为46.7d、叶芽的休眠期为60.9d。果梅最早进入自然休眠在10月5日,花芽结束休眠最晚在11月30日,叶芽最晚在12月15日。果梅自然休眠期间的日均气温平均值是花芽22.1℃、叶芽21.5℃,日最低气温平均值是花芽18.4℃、叶芽17.6℃,果梅的自然休眠是在较高气温条件下通过的。认为可采用0～14℃低温模式来研究南亚热带果梅品种的低温需求量,在这个模式下,较短休眠期品种组的低温需求量为花芽55.8h,叶芽110h,较长休眠期品种组的低温需求量为花芽94.3h,叶芽180.3h。     

The influence of autumn temperature on flowering time and cropping of Pyrus communis cv. Conference

The influence of autumn temperatures on flowering and cropping date was examined for Pyrus communis cv. Conference. Warming potted trees in both October and November delayed bud development and the date of blossoming, relative to unheated control and field-grown trees. The later the warming treatment was applied in the autumn, the more the flowering date was delayed. The delay in flowering date is suggested to be due to an increase in bud dormancy in response to a reduction in winter chilling. Mean fruit yields and fruit number per tree were greater in trees warmed during October compared with unheated control trees, but declined with heating in November. Some evidence is presented which suggests that flower number per cluster may decline with warming. Both the initial and final set increased with warming. Fruit set was also likely to have been influenced by treatment differences in fruit number per tree. The results of this work are discussed in relation to attempts to provide a physiological understanding of recently reported effects of temperature on the year-to-year variation in cv. Conference cropping.