滴灌条件下不同播期对甜菜生长的影响

为了解新疆尤其是北疆地区不同播期下甜菜营养生长变化规律，评价播期对甜菜营养生长性状的影响，明确北疆地区甜菜适宜的播期，为甜菜高产优质生产实践提供理论依据。本研究通过设置3个播期(4月4日、4月14日、4月24日),间苗后动态监测甜菜生长规律，分析植株地上部分生长以及地下部分生物量变化状况。研究结果表明：4月4日播种的甜菜叶片数，叶丛鲜重、块根直径、周长、块根鲜重、含糖率均大于其他播期。8月27日以前各播期间株高和功能有效绿叶数差异显著，8月27日以后各播期间无明显差异；播期4月4日的块根鲜重和含糖率始终显著大于其他播期，10月11日收获时，播期4月4日比4月14日、4月24日块根鲜重增加4.91%和22.51%,含糖率增长了0.56、1.54个百分点。新疆北疆石河子垦区甜菜适宜播种时期为四月中上旬，适当提早播期对甜菜产量和含糖率均有促进作用。     

氮素不同用量对甜菜产质量的影响

氮素的不同用量对甜菜的块根产量、含糖率、产糖量均有一定影响。通过试验得出,当甜菜施氮量达到180kg/hm2时,甜菜块根产量、含糖率、产糖量最高,分别为35038.5kg/hm2、17.2%、5073kg/hm2。     

甜菜的几种栽培方式研究

为探讨内蒙赤峰市北部甜菜产区的防风、保墒、增产、增糖栽培新措施，进行了４种栽培方式试验：纸筒育苗覆膜后移栽、纸筒育苗移栽、直播覆膜栽培、直播（对照）。结果表明，纸筒育苗覆膜移栽甜菜产量、含糖率、产糖量比直播分别提高１５３．５％、０．４度、１６２．４％，每亩农业和工业纯收入居４种栽培方式之首。纸筒育苗移栽甜菜产量、含糖率、产糖量比直播务别提高７５．６％、０．５度、８２．８％，每亩农业和工业纯收入在４种栽培方式中居第二位。直播覆膜栽培甜菜根产量、产糖量比直播分别提高５０．０％、４８．２％，含糖率下降了０．４度，每亩农业和工业纯收入在４种栽培方式中居第三位。     

不同栽培方式对甜菜产质量的影响

2006～2007年进行了2年4个点的甜菜覆膜直播栽培(CK)、甜菜纸筒育苗平地移栽、甜菜纸筒育苗覆膜移栽、甜菜纸筒育苗起高垄移栽4种种植方式试验.结果表明,后3种种植方式,根产量、含糖率和产糖量,除了纸筒育苗覆膜移栽的含糖率低于覆膜直播外,均比对照增产增糖.农户种植纯收入比覆膜直播增加1095～3315元/hm2,企业效益除纸筒育苗覆膜移栽低于覆膜直播,其它高于对照.     

甜菜大垄双行覆膜品种对比试验

进行了8个甜菜品种的大垄双行覆膜比较试验,筛选适于密植的高产、含糖率高、综合性状好的品种。结果表明,块根产量较高的为KWS2409(76770 kg/hm2)、ADV0401(76575 kg/hm2)、XJZ9903(75600 kg/hm2);含糖率较高的为KWS2409(19.34%)、ADV0401(19.28%)、XJZ98-1(20.14%);产糖量较高的为KWS2409(14847.32 kg/hm2)、ADV0401(14763.66 kg/hm2)、XJT9903(14197.68 kg/hm2)。适于大垄双行覆膜的品种有KWS2409、ADV0401、XJZ9903。     

"大西北"牌多元微肥在甜菜上应用试验简报

甜菜喷施“大西北”牌多元微肥、丰甜液体肥和高效腐殖酸的大区对比试验结果表明,3种肥料对甜菜增产增糖均有促进作用,比对照提高根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别为4.7%～19.7%、0.13～1.05度和7.1%～27.4%,其中“大西北”牌多元微肥以200g加水30kg处理的效果最佳,平均比对照提高根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别为19.7%、1.05度和27.4%。3种肥料对降低甜菜有害氮含量也有一定作用。     

洮南低糖产区甜菜生育动态的研究

低糖产区甜菜含糖率的峰值出现在8月中旬,这以后是马鞍型的动态变化;叶面积指数在3.0以上的时间较正常生长的甜菜少35～20天;总光合势少100(万m~2·d)/ha左右.8月份的平均叶面积指数或光合势可做为判断收获期含糖率的参数;低糖甜菜和正常甜菜干、鲜重冠根比的动态曲线趋于一致。     

灌水量对滴灌甜菜生长发育及产质量的影响

为了明确膜下滴灌甜菜的需水规律,指导生产科学灌溉,开展灌水量对滴灌甜菜生长发育及产质量的影响研究.结果表明灌水量对甜菜的叶片数影响不大但对甜菜的叶丛高度有明显影响,随着灌水量的增加叶丛高度也增高,在灌水量为360m3/667m2时甜菜叶丛最高.甜菜块根膨大和产质量受灌水量影响显著,在灌水量为120m3/667m2时甜菜的块根直径、根体长度、产量、含糖率及产糖量都处于较低水平,随着灌水量的增加,甜菜的块根大小、产量和含糖率都呈现出上升趋势,但当灌水量大于360m3/667m2时甜菜的产量略有减少,含糖率急剧下降.因此,在玛纳斯产区膜下滴灌甜菜灌水量控制在360m3/667m2左右较为合理.     

甜菜平衡施肥技术研究

本试验运用一次回归正交设计法,对氮、磷、钾、锌4种肥料与糖用甜菜块根产量、含糖率及产糖量的关系进行了综合分析.结果表明1)4种肥料对甜菜块根产量均有极显著的增产作用.对块根产量贡献依次为N＞K2O＞P2O5＞Zn;2)对含糖率的作用大小不同.其中,增施钾肥有助于提高含糖率,氮肥与磷肥对含糖率呈负效应,锌肥效果不明显.对含糖率贡献依次为K2O＞Zn＞P2O5＞N;3)对产糖量的作用主要表现在钾肥与锌肥有极显著的正效应,氮肥与磷肥作用不明显.对产糖量贡献依次为K2O＞Zn＞P2O5＞N.因此,综合评价平衡施肥技术为每公顷施纯N240.00kg、P2O5240.00kg、K2O168.75kg、Zn33.75kg,对增加甜菜块根产量、提高含糖率及产糖量效果较优.     

甜菜新品种新甜18号的选育

新甜18号是石河子甜菜研究所选育的抗丛根病二倍体雄性不育多粒型杂交种,在2006～2007年新疆维吾尔自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,两年14个点次的块根产量平均为82156.5kg/hm2,比对照KWS2409增产3.99%,含糖率平均15.21%,比对照低0.09度.产糖量平均12745.5kg/hm2,比对照增糖4.3%.在丛根病抗性鉴定中,两年平均块根产量为102182.3kg/hm2,比对照KWS2409增产33.92%,含糖率15.10%,比对照低0.08,度产糖量平均18475.5kg/hm2,较对照增糖35.0%.该品种丰产性能稳定,抗病性强,适应范围广.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.