青海省同仁县草地生态环境综合治理项目调查及效益分析

通过实施草地生态环境综合治理项目，共防治高原鼢鼠65866．6hm2，灭效达96．85％；防治高原鼠兔5315hm。，灭效达96．2％；治理“黑土滩”871．7hm^2，牧草覆盖率增加30％；草地围栏封育315hm^2，牧草产量增加119．9kg／hm^，取得了显著的生态、经济和社会效益。     

宁夏云雾山草原自然保护区

宁夏云雾山草原自然保护区始建于1982年，是我国西北地区保护最完整、黄土高原保护最早的一个“本氏针茅典型草原自然保护区”，历经25年的自然修复与改良试验，完善了草原核心区、缓冲区和试验区的研究与管理体系．面积由2300hm^2扩大到7000hm^2，草原植物种数由10种／m^2增加到23种／m^2,植被覆盖度由20％提高到95％;生物量由1200kg／hm^2提高到12750kg／hm^2，生态、经济、社会效益显著．为我国半干旱区植被的自然修复和退耕还草禁牧工程实施提供了科学依据和示范样板.     

泰安启动名特优果品科技示范工程

一项旨在打造果品知名品牌、增加农民收入的名特优果品科技示范工程，最近在山东省泰安市启动。项目启动后，将用3-5年的时间，建设著名的“肥桃”示范面积3．33～6．67hm^2，每667m^2产值达到1．5万元，带动面积66．67hm^2；枣示范面积3．33-6．67hm^2，每667m^2产值达到1万元，带动面积66．67hm^2；大樱桃示范面积3．33-6．67hm^2，每667m^2产值达到3万元，带动面积66．67hm^2。     

宁夏固原支雾山草原自然保护区

宁夏云雾山草原自然保护区始建于1982年是我国西北地区保护最完整黄土高原保护最早的一个“本氏针茅典型草原自然保护区”历经25年的自然修复与改良试验完善了草原核心区缓冲区和试验区的研究与管理体系面积由2300hm^2扩大到7000hm^2草原植物种数由10种/m^2增加到23种/m^2;植被覆盖度由20％提高到95％生物量由1200kg/hm^2提高到12750kg/hm^2生态经济、社会效益显著为我国半干旱区植被的自然修复和退耕还草禁牧工程实施提供了科学依据和示范样板。     

阳春市水果业发展现状与对策

发展现状 规模较大2004年，广东省阳春市水果种植总面积为3．26万hm^2。投产面积2．1万hm^2．总产量13．4万t。总产值4．2亿元．占种植业总产值的30％。占农业总产值的8．2％。其中。柑桔种植面积0．91万hm^2，产量4万t（其中，马水桔0．42万hm^2、1．6万t）；龙眼0．73hm^2．3万t：荔枝0．55万hm^2。1．7万t：香蕉0．2万hm^2，2．8万t；酸梅0．12万hm^2,     

内蒙古西部地区禁牧、休牧、划区轮牧的情况调查

内蒙古西部3个盟市自实施禁牧、休牧、划区轮牧生态建设工程以来，取得了明显的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。3个盟市禁牧、休牧、划区轮牧面积231万hm^2，占草场总面积的9．37％。草场实施禁牧后，草原生态恶化趋势得以遏制，牧区草场植被覆盖度由禁牧前的10％提高到禁牧后的15％；牧草株高由20cm增加到25cm，产草量由300kg／hm^2提高到375kg／hm^2。牧民生活水平普遍提高，牧民接受科学养畜知识的积极性提高、市场意识增强了，传统的饲养方式和经营管理观念逐步转变。牧户能繁母畜比例由47．6％提高到58．3％，出栏率由36％提高到52％。实施禁牧后，草原畜牧业生产经营方式得到转变；畜牧业基础设施条件得到改善；农牧民传统的生产生活方式得到改变。     

安家沟小流域综合治理效益评价

采用层次分析法,对安家沟小流域5年的综合治理效益进行了分析和评价。结果表明,2005年较2001年,流域综合效益指标值提高了168.57％,生态效益值增加了56％;流域内植被覆盖率由2001年的10.1％增加到2005年的21.3％,水土流失治理度由72.6％增加到84.0％,土壤侵蚀模数由4 627 t/(km²·a)下降到1 300 t/(km²·a);农业投入产出比由2001年的0.95降低到2005年的0.82,劳动生产率由8 074元/(人·a)提高到9 167元/(人·a),土地生产率由267元/667 m²增加到343元/667 m²,平均增幅为28.46％;流域内人均纯收入从2001年的1 620元增加到2005年的1 748元,提高了7.9％。据此认为,通过实施一系列治理措施,流域内生态、经济和社会效益均有不同程度的提高,流域生态环境和农业生产环境发生了很大变化,人民生活水平有了显著改善,农林牧各业得到了协调发展,小流域的生态经济和社会复合系统正在向持续、稳定和协调的方向发展。     

2005年“中国·蒙自石榴节”即将举办

云南富民县日前成立了杨梅、葡萄和茭瓜三个行业协会。近年来，富民县依据独特的资源和区位优势，在农业产业结构调整中，盯住“绿”字做文章，大力发展特色经济林果种植。到2004年初，全县经济林果种植面积达0．73万hm^2，其中，特色经济林果0．51万hm^2，总产量1．12万t，实现产值2835万元，尤其是杨梅、葡萄和茭瓜种植发展十分迅猛，经济林果已成为当地农民增加收入的一项重要产业。目前，全县9个乡（镇）种植杨梅和葡萄，其中，杨梅种植面积达0．13万hm^2，葡萄近533．33hm^2，已成为昆明地区最大的鲜食葡萄基地。     

国家支农资金整合扶持江永香柚产业项目

从湖南省江永县支农资金整合领导小组办公室获知,“江永县1万hm^2香柚产业优化建设项目”由财政部立项,400万元国家支农资金整合扶持已到位。通过该项目的实施,完成了低产柚园改造0．13万hm^2,带动全县1万hm^2香柚的绿色、无公害食品生产,全面提高江永香柚产业的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益;实现了柚园增产3t／hm^2以上,总产量13万t,鲜果销售收入2亿元,     

桑树新品种高效育苗技术的研究1 不同品种、方法嫁接体育苗成活率差异及效益分析

根据桑树嫁接原理，对现行嫁接技术进行改革。研究表明，不同桑树品种间，育苗成活率从高到低依次为农桑8号、盛东1号、农桑14号、农桑12号、荷叶白、海宁桑，分别为91.1％、89.4％、86.3％、84.6％、82.0％和80.5％：利用本技术，自行育苗，经济效益为3535元／667m^2；生产嫁接体出售，出售单位经济效益1000元／667m^2（2.5万株），种植农户经济效益2290元／667m^2。     

民勤县苜蓿生产效率的DEA-Tobit模型分析

以民勤县农户层面调研数据为基础,采用两阶段DEA-Tobit分析方法,对农户苜蓿生产效率进行测度,并对影响技术效率的因素进行分析。DEA测度结果表明,样本地区苜蓿种植成本效率为0.532,存在较大提升空间;规模效率为0.872,表明苜蓿种植规模已趋于成熟,规模收益可扩展空间及发展潜力不大,仅为12.8%。Tobit分析结果显示,温度、户主受教育程度、机械使用次数以及新技术的使用均对苜蓿种植技术效率有显著的正向作用。     

Effect of setting a maximum milking time,from peak lactation,on production,milking time and udder health

Abstract

AIM: To examine the effect of setting a maximum milking time, from peak lactation until drying-off, on production, duration of milking, and udder health of dairy cows.

METHODS: Forty cows were assigned in twin-pairs to be either milked until cups were removed at a milk flow-rate threshold of 0.35 kg/minute (Control), or until cups were removed at a milk flow-rate threshold of 0.35 kg/minute, or maximum time, whichever came first (MaxT). The maximum time was set by determining the milking time of the 70th percentile cow when ranked from fastest to slowest, irrespective of yield. The milking routine was typical of that practised on dairy farms in New Zealand, and involved no pre-milking preparation. The study began at peak lactation (68 (SD 7) days in milk; DIM) and continued for 26 weeks. Duration of milking and milk yield were measured for each milking. Composition of milk was determined from weekly herd tests, and milk quality from fortnightly somatic cell counts (SCC). Completeness of milking and teat condition were assessed during the study. The bacterial status of quarter milk samples was determined at the beginning and end of the study, and all treated cases of clinical mastitis recorded. ANOVA was used to examine the effect of treatment group on variables of interest.

RESULTS: Total milk, fat and protein yields during the study period did not differ between treatments. On average, 30.3% of the morning and 27.6% of the afternoon milkings of MaxT cows reached the maximum time at which cups were removed, and were therefore shortened. While the average milking time of the slowest-milking cow was longer for the Control compared with MaxT group in Weeks 1–18, the average milking time did not differ between treatments. There was no difference in overall SCC, and the incidence of clinical mastitis, or the percentage of infected quarters at drying-off, was similar for the MaxT and Control cows.

CONCLUSION: The results show that setting a maximum milking time can reduce the milking time of slower-milking cows in a herd without compromising overall herd production and udder health.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although the numbers of cows in the study were small there was no evidence of a major increase in SCC, or subclinical or clinical mastitis when a maximum milking time was set for slower-milking cows.     

Productive efficiency, environmental efficiency and their determinants in farrow-to-finish pig farming in Taiwan

Two sub-technologies, pig production and wastewater control, in pig farm operation are considered. This paper develops a multi-activity DEA (data envelopment analysis) model to simultaneously measure productive efficiency (PE) and environmental efficiency (EE) in farrow-to-finish pig production in Taiwan, and to explore several theorized causal relationships between performance and farm-specific knowledge. The empirical results prove that the estimated PE and EE do not belong to the same distribution. That suggests that using an identical ‘technical efficiency’ index to represent PE and EE would get a biased result when undesirable outputs are considered. PE is higher than EE, but the two are positively correlated. Analytical results support the presence of economies of scale in sample farms. Providing training to farmers and computerizing farm operations are critical determinants of PE; providing training to operators of wastewater control facilities and the operator's education level showed a positive impact on EE. Such information is valuable for both farmers and the authorities in making decisions to enhance productivity and environmental protection in the pig sector in Taiwan.     

光质对草珊瑚幼苗生长及其生理生化基础的影响

研究3种不同光质[白光(WL)、红光(RL)和蓝光(BL)]对草珊瑚幼苗的生长状态和相关生理生化指标的影响。选取不同光质处理下的草珊瑚幼苗,测定生长状态(株高、地径、总鲜重、总干重、根系形态指标、根冠比)和相关生理生化指标[叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、还原糖含量、淀粉含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、净光合速率(P_n)、最大光能利用率(LUE_max)、最大水分利用率(WUE_max)和最大光合效率(F_v/F_m)],并结合方差统计方法进行分析比较。在不同光质处理下,大部分试验指标均有显著差异,与白光和蓝光处理相比,红光除了能促进幼苗株高及WUE_max增加外,其他相关指标都显著减少;与白光相比,蓝光的根系各形态指标、根冠比、可溶性蛋白含量、MDA含量、POD活性、SOD活性、WUE_max等相关指标显著增加,其他指标都相应减小。红光处理能够促进草珊瑚幼苗的株高和WUE_max增加,但导致其他指标显著降低。蓝光处理不仅显著增加幼苗根系的各形态指标,而且提高了其最大水分利用率,结果可为利用LED光质调控技术提高草珊瑚幼苗的培育技术提供一定的理论基础。     

家蚕饲料效率的遗传学研究

试验采用不同蚕品种和不同世代设计,研究了饲料效率在不同系统间、世代间,品种间的表现,发现F_1的饲料效率介于两亲本之间,几乎不存在杂种优势,回交后代表现取决于回交亲本。经饲料效率的遗传研究查明,控制叶丝转化率的基因在7对以上,控制茧重转化率的基因在12对以上。基因效应中上位性效应起重要作用,叶丝转化率主要受显性效应、加性效应和显性×加性效应控制;茧重转化率主要受显性效应、加性×加性效应、显性×加性效应控制,确定了叶丝转化率和茧重转化率的位点互作属重叠型。此外还估算了遗传力、平均显性度和基因数目等遗传参数,并对有关问题作了讨论。     

柞蚕食下量、消化率与饲料效率的相关性研究

选择饲料效率水平层次不同的 16个柞蚕品种 ,春、秋期分别单头饲育 ,各重复 8次 ,调查食下量、消化率 ,并分析与饲料效率的相关性。食下量理论上与饲料效率有一定的负相关关系 ,而在供试品种中却无明显的负相关关系 ,高饲料转化效率的品种食下量都较高 ,表明控制食下量培育高饲料转化效率品种的可能性不大。消化率与饲料效率呈现较明显的正相关关系 ,供试品种的茧重转化率平均约是消化率的 87% ,茧层生产率平均约是消化率的 9 6 4 % ,其中 :茧重转化率较低的高饲料效率品种 ,茧重转化率占消化率的百分比较平均水平高出 1～ 3百分点 ,茧层生产率占消化率的百分比要高出 0 5百分点 ;多丝量品种的茧层生产率占消化率的百分比达平均水平 ,而茧重转化率占消化率的百分比却要比平均水平低 5百分点。     

锌、硒、钴水平及复合饲料添加剂对肉牛增重的影响

制备含锌、硒、钴高水平 (10 0、0 .4、0 .4 PPM)和低水平 (30、0 .2、0 .1PPM)两种复合饲料添加剂 ,并以某商品饲料添加剂为对照。选用 2 8头体重 2 75～ 30 0 kg的夏洛来×南阳牛 F1,在饲喂氨化麦秸、日补混合精料 1.75kg条件下进行饲养试验。结果表明 ,在该饲料类型下牛的日增重处于0 .5～ 0 .7kg;锌、硒、钴高水平组、低水平组和商品饲料添加剂组的平均日增重分别为 0 .6 6 8、0 .4 94和 0 .56 4 kg,三组的精料增重比分别为 2 .6 2 :1、3.54:1和 3.0 2 5:1     

品种,性别和日龄对肉兔饲料转化率的影响

试验选用大耳白，加里福尼亚兔和比利时兔，通过对试验兔７５－１５０日龄生长阶段饲料转化率的测定，结果表明：日龄是影响试兔饲料转化率的主要限制性因素（Ｐ＜０．０１）。由此得出：要提高商品兔的生产效率，必须注重兔的早期饲养管理，使之在较短的时间同进入生长高峰，加快周转，而饲养“长寿兔”将使商品兔生产的经济效益显著降低。     

优质与高效是桑学科研究的主攻目标

桑是蚕业生产的基础。选用桑树良种不仅能提高单位面积产叶是,而且对提高茧丝质量有重要作用。以全年条桑收获、饲育为中心 提高栽桑效率。优质与高效是桑学科研的主攻方向。     

The effect of plant bioactive compounds on lamb performance,intake, gastrointestinal parasite burdens,and lipid peroxidation in muscle

Plant extracts have been widely used in animal production systems due to the benefits promoted by their bioactive components, mainly through their antioxidant effects and positive effects on animal growth, health, and meat quality. We determined whether bioactive compounds (BC) from grape (Vitis vinifera), olive (Olea europaea), and pomegranate (Punica granatum) have beneficial effects on lamb growth while controlling gastrointestinal parasitism and reducing skeletal lipid peroxidation in muscle. Fourteen lambs (4 to 5 mo of age) were housed in individual pens and assigned to two treatment groups (seven animals/group), where they received: 1) a basal diet of beet pulp:soybean meal (90:10) (CONTROL) and 2) the same diet, but containing 0.3% of BC extracted from grape, olive, and pomegranate (BNP). After 21 d of consuming their respective rations (period 1), all lambs were dosed with 10,000 L₃ stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Intake, production, and physiological parameters were determined before infection (period 1), after oral dosage with L₃ (period 2), and during early (period 3) and later (period 4) developmental stages of infection. Groups of animals did not differ in their ration intake or average daily gain, either before or after the infection, or in their parasitic burdens estimated through fecal egg counts (P > 0.05). Lambs under BNP showed greater feed efficiency before infection (P < 0.001), but the pattern reversed after infection. In addition, the inclusion of plant bioactives to the diet did not have an effect (P > 0.05) on blood or lipid peroxidation in muscle or on hemogram, serum concentration of haptoglobin, and immunoglobulin E. These results could be explained by low dietary doses and constrained absorption or ruminal inactivation of these compounds. Changes in feed efficiencies suggest a negative interaction between BC in the diet and parasitism, which warrants further research.